The document discusses UK wetlands and conservation efforts by the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT). It notes that over 172 Ramsar sites exist in the UK, providing crucial habitat for migratory birds and endangered species. However, UK wetlands have deteriorated in quality and size over the last century due to land development and climate change. The WWT now manages nine wetland sites in the UK and works to restore habitats and protect species through captive breeding programs. Examples highlighted include successful reintroduction of Hawaiian Geese and establishment of a captive breeding program for the critically endangered Baer's Pochard.
The Role Played By Chester Zoo in the Captive Breeding and Reintroduction of ...Nicola snow
1) Chester Zoo has established a captive breeding program for the harvest mouse since the 1980s in collaboration with the Cheshire Wildlife Trust. They breed mice in captivity and release them into suitable habitat in Cheshire to reestablish wild populations.
2) Chester Zoo houses captive bred mountain chicken frogs according to specific guidelines to optimize breeding. They are part of a cooperative effort with other zoos and organizations to establish a captive "safety population" and reintroduce frogs to the wild in Montserrat as part of conservation efforts for this critically endangered species.
3) Both programs demonstrate how captive breeding and reintroduction can help recovery of wild populations by establishing stable populations that offset declines and through release of captive-bred individuals
Threats to wildlife biodiversity species of special concern initiatives to pr...Noor Zada
Group #02 presented on threats to wildlife biodiversity in Pakistan. Major threats included deforestation, overgrazing, hunting, and loss of habitat from agriculture. As a result, at least 12% of flora and several faunal species are threatened. Specific threats discussed were population growth, irrigated agriculture, hunting, and deforestation. Pakistan has taken steps to promote conservation by establishing protected areas, institutions, and participating in international agreements. The National Conservation Strategy aims to expand protection of ecosystems, species, and involve local communities.
The Eastern Barred Bandicoot is a small marsupial found in southeastern Australia that is now extinct in the wild. It has been threatened by habitat loss and introduced predators like foxes. Conservation efforts have included captive breeding programs and reintroduction into protected areas where predators are controlled. Monitoring of reintroduced populations shows some success, but further protection of habitat is still needed to ensure the species' recovery.
The Red-cockaded Woodpecker was downlisted from Vulnerable to Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List due to successful conservation efforts such as habitat management and nest provisioning. It inhabits fire-maintained pine forests and nests in cavities of old-growth trees over 100 years old, laying eggs from late April to early June.
Assessing the impact of overgrazing on the habitat structure and food availab...Sahara Conservation Fund
Presented during the 17h Annual Sahelo-Saharan Interest Group Meeting organized by the NGO Sahara Conservation Fund in Senegal, from 4 to 6 May 2017. The Sahara Conservation Fund (SCF) gathers every year about a hundred people who are interested in the field of Sahelo-Saharan species conservation.
This document discusses the declining population of Hen Harriers in Ireland and the threats faced by the species. Hen Harriers are threatened by habitat loss due to agricultural intensification and afforestation. Over 1,000 hectares of protected Special Protection Areas designated for Hen Harriers have been afforested. Afforestation is considered the primary threat as mature plantations replace suitable habitat. While some nest in second rotation forestry, the habitat is temporary and breeding success is lower than in moorland. The future of Hen Harriers is uncertain unless steps are taken to address threats such as habitat loss from afforestation and agricultural changes.
Wildlife refers to non-domesticated species of animals, plants and fungi that live in areas without human introduction. Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems and while often associated with untouched areas, most scientists agree wildlife is affected by human activity. Historically, early humans relied on wildlife for food and some species may have been hunted to extinction. Today, hunting and fishing are still food sources in some areas or seen as sport. India has a wide variety of native wildlife preserved in hundreds of protected areas and is home to rare and threatened species. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 established protected species schedules and outlawed hunting of many plants and animals.
The document discusses the threats facing the endangered Bank Cormorant population in southern Africa and potential implications of its extinction. It outlines several threats driving the species' decline, including oil spills, shifts in prey distribution from overfishing, and increased predation from seals. Conservation efforts discussed include marine protected areas, rehabilitation of oiled birds, population surveys, and attempts to establish an ex situ breeding population to supplement wild numbers. The loss of Bank Cormorants could trigger a trophic cascade affecting other species through reduced control of mesopredators like lobsters and gobies. With continued conservation actions, the document argues it is possible to halt their decline.
The Role Played By Chester Zoo in the Captive Breeding and Reintroduction of ...Nicola snow
1) Chester Zoo has established a captive breeding program for the harvest mouse since the 1980s in collaboration with the Cheshire Wildlife Trust. They breed mice in captivity and release them into suitable habitat in Cheshire to reestablish wild populations.
2) Chester Zoo houses captive bred mountain chicken frogs according to specific guidelines to optimize breeding. They are part of a cooperative effort with other zoos and organizations to establish a captive "safety population" and reintroduce frogs to the wild in Montserrat as part of conservation efforts for this critically endangered species.
3) Both programs demonstrate how captive breeding and reintroduction can help recovery of wild populations by establishing stable populations that offset declines and through release of captive-bred individuals
Threats to wildlife biodiversity species of special concern initiatives to pr...Noor Zada
Group #02 presented on threats to wildlife biodiversity in Pakistan. Major threats included deforestation, overgrazing, hunting, and loss of habitat from agriculture. As a result, at least 12% of flora and several faunal species are threatened. Specific threats discussed were population growth, irrigated agriculture, hunting, and deforestation. Pakistan has taken steps to promote conservation by establishing protected areas, institutions, and participating in international agreements. The National Conservation Strategy aims to expand protection of ecosystems, species, and involve local communities.
The Eastern Barred Bandicoot is a small marsupial found in southeastern Australia that is now extinct in the wild. It has been threatened by habitat loss and introduced predators like foxes. Conservation efforts have included captive breeding programs and reintroduction into protected areas where predators are controlled. Monitoring of reintroduced populations shows some success, but further protection of habitat is still needed to ensure the species' recovery.
The Red-cockaded Woodpecker was downlisted from Vulnerable to Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List due to successful conservation efforts such as habitat management and nest provisioning. It inhabits fire-maintained pine forests and nests in cavities of old-growth trees over 100 years old, laying eggs from late April to early June.
Assessing the impact of overgrazing on the habitat structure and food availab...Sahara Conservation Fund
Presented during the 17h Annual Sahelo-Saharan Interest Group Meeting organized by the NGO Sahara Conservation Fund in Senegal, from 4 to 6 May 2017. The Sahara Conservation Fund (SCF) gathers every year about a hundred people who are interested in the field of Sahelo-Saharan species conservation.
This document discusses the declining population of Hen Harriers in Ireland and the threats faced by the species. Hen Harriers are threatened by habitat loss due to agricultural intensification and afforestation. Over 1,000 hectares of protected Special Protection Areas designated for Hen Harriers have been afforested. Afforestation is considered the primary threat as mature plantations replace suitable habitat. While some nest in second rotation forestry, the habitat is temporary and breeding success is lower than in moorland. The future of Hen Harriers is uncertain unless steps are taken to address threats such as habitat loss from afforestation and agricultural changes.
Wildlife refers to non-domesticated species of animals, plants and fungi that live in areas without human introduction. Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems and while often associated with untouched areas, most scientists agree wildlife is affected by human activity. Historically, early humans relied on wildlife for food and some species may have been hunted to extinction. Today, hunting and fishing are still food sources in some areas or seen as sport. India has a wide variety of native wildlife preserved in hundreds of protected areas and is home to rare and threatened species. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 established protected species schedules and outlawed hunting of many plants and animals.
The document discusses the threats facing the endangered Bank Cormorant population in southern Africa and potential implications of its extinction. It outlines several threats driving the species' decline, including oil spills, shifts in prey distribution from overfishing, and increased predation from seals. Conservation efforts discussed include marine protected areas, rehabilitation of oiled birds, population surveys, and attempts to establish an ex situ breeding population to supplement wild numbers. The loss of Bank Cormorants could trigger a trophic cascade affecting other species through reduced control of mesopredators like lobsters and gobies. With continued conservation actions, the document argues it is possible to halt their decline.
This document summarizes the potential for native bee species to provide pollination in agricultural landscapes in Australia. It discusses how native bees require both foraging habitat with food sources and nesting habitat. Hedgerows can provide valuable foraging habitat for native bees if managed properly with native plantings. The document recommends enhancing hedgerows and minimizing insecticide use to encourage native bee populations and support their potential role in agricultural pollination.
Scientists warn that the current mass extinction of species is human-caused. The major drivers of extinction are habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, overharvesting, hunting and poaching. Some areas like tropical rainforests have exceptionally high biodiversity and endemic species. Conservation efforts include captive breeding programs, preserving genetic material, protecting ecosystems, and establishing protected areas and regulations like the U.S. Endangered Species Act and the international CITES treaty. However, balancing conservation with human needs and development remains an ongoing challenge.
Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants, animals and other organisms. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 established protected species and outlawed hunting many plants and animals in India. Wildlife provides food and traditional medicines for humans in some areas and is also hunted for sport, though overhunting can threaten populations. Habitat destruction and introduced invasive species also endanger wildlife.
1
Tourist
(Main)
246 May–June
2010
Self-administered
questionnaire
Demographic characteristics; motivations to visit Palau; satisfaction and expenditures on: diving, shark
diving, accommodation, other activities and living costs while in Palau; knowledge of the shark sanctuary and
influence on decision to visit
Dive operator 10 May–June
2010
Face-to-face
interview
Business profile; number of clients; shark-diving activities; revenues and costs; employment; perceptions of
the shark-diving industry and shark sanctuary
Dive guide 20 May–June
2010
Face-to-face
interview
Employment profile; number
IUCN (international union for conservation of nature presentationshifahirani
The Mediterranean monk seal is critically endangered with a population of only 350-450 individuals. The species has faced threats including commercial harvesting, displacement from habitat due to human activities, pollution, and ship accidents. Conservation strategies include international agreements to protect the species, restricting fishing practices, establishing nature reserves, and education programs for local communities.
Pakistan has a diverse range of wildlife habitats and 219 protected areas including 29 national parks and 100 wildlife sanctuaries. The largest national park is Hingol National Park, which supports over 3,000 mammals including Sindh Ibex and Chinkara Gazelle. Kirthar National Park is also large and protects populations of Sindh Ibex. Wildlife faces threats from climate change, hunting, pollution, habitat loss, and increasing human population. Protected areas aim to conserve ecosystems and wildlife for their ecological, economic, recreational, scientific, social, and aesthetic values.
This document provides information about snakes in 3 paragraphs:
1) It describes the basic anatomy of snakes, noting their elongated bodies, single lung, ability to swallow prey whole, and lack of certain organs like ears and movable eyelids.
2) It explains how non-venomous snakes kill prey through constriction, wrapping their body around the prey and suffocating it. Venomous snakes inject venom from fangs to kill prey from a distance.
3) It describes how snakes use their bifurcated tongue and Jacobson's organ to detect smells and tastes to locate prey or avoid predators, even in darkness. The document outlines the different modes of locomotion in snakes.
Animal extinction is caused by several factors including excessive hunting, environmental degradation, and habitat loss. Many species are currently endangered, such as the African elephant whose population has declined 25% in recent decades. Other critically endangered species include the Iberian lynx, Tasmanian devil, and Grevy's zebra whose habitats and food sources are threatened by human activity. Conservation efforts are needed to protect endangered animals and prevent further extinctions.
This document discusses terrestrial ecology and provides details on various terrestrial biomes. It describes the key differences between terrestrial and aquatic habitats. It then covers different terrestrial biomes in detail including tundra, alpine, forest, grassland and desert biomes. For each biome, it discusses geographical and climatic features, vegetation characteristics, and prominent animal life.
Across New Jersey, more than 80 species—from birds to bobcats—are imperiled by loss of habitat and other man-made threats. Wildlife advocates and state agencies are rushing to their rescue, but funds are limited.
a great presentation on environment {wild life}
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The document discusses threats to wildlife in Northern Areas of Pakistan. Key threats include population depletion from hunting and lack of enforcement of hunting laws, degradation of habitat from agricultural practices like pesticide and fertilizer use, lack of awareness in communities about conservation, limited resources for conservation departments, and insufficient research. A number of endangered species found in Northern Areas are mentioned, including the Indus River dolphin, blue whale, Markhor wild goat, snow leopard, cranes, and Baluchistan bear. National parks that help protect habitat for wildlife in Pakistan are also listed.
Existing wild life in Pakistan presentation by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
The document discusses existing wildlife and threats to biodiversity in Pakistan. It describes various animal species found in different regions of the country, including snow leopards, ibex, and markhor in mountainous areas. It also lists the national animal (markhor) and bird (chakor). Major threats include population growth, irrigated agriculture, hunting, competition with livestock, and loss of habitat from deforestation, overgrazing, and agricultural expansion. Severe climatic conditions also impact wildlife in desert regions. Overall, many species are endangered or have had populations reduced due to human activities.
Biodiversity refers to genetic, species, and ecosystem variation within a specific area or planet. It is measured by both species richness, the number of species, and evenness, the number of individuals belonging to each species. Several factors influence biodiversity patterns, including geological history, climate, resource availability, and competition. The tropics generally have the highest species diversity due to high productivity, complex habitat structures, and survival of fragments during past climate changes. Both random processes and necessity, through competition and interaction laws, along with historical factors shape current species diversity patterns in a given location.
Forest and wildlife is a very nice understandable ppt a nice ppt it tells about forest and wildlife for class 10 a nice ppt very understandable ppt class 10
Conservation of biodiversity in india & endangered,endemic species of indiasatish dulla
contains a brief description about the endangered and endemic species of India.This ppt also provides the information regarding the reasons of this sitation and conservation techniques to save them.Empower and enrich the prosperity of India.
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The document summarizes a study assessing the conservation status of all known mammal species globally. Some key findings include:
- 25% of mammal species are threatened with extinction, while populations of 50% are declining.
- Marine mammals concentrate in coastal and offshore tropical and temperate areas. Land mammals show high diversity in mountainous regions.
- Although mammals are well studied, new species continue to be discovered, with 349 added since 1962. New species are poorly understood and face threats before being classified.
- Unless conservation actions are taken, the overall status of mammals will likely continue to deteriorate in the future due to threats such as habitat loss and overexploitation. However, populations of 5% of threatened species are currently
This presentation briefly covers human impacts on wildlife such as habitat destruction and pollution, along with the importance and benefits of wetlands. Most of the imformation leads into several Pennsylvania species labeled as threatened or endangered. Being that my main interests are in snakes, I throw additional color photos of a few PA snakes into the end of the presentation. Hope you enjoy.
Endangered and Extinct Plants and AnimalsSanjam Kanwar
The document discusses several key threats to biodiversity: habitat loss due to deforestation and urbanization, global warming, introduction of exotic species, and overexploitation of species. It provides examples of each threat and argues that protecting habitats, enforcing anti-poaching laws, educating youth, and individual actions like reducing energy usage can help address these threats and protect endangered plants and animals. Biodiversity is important for human health and future advancement, so saving endangered species from extinction is crucial.
This document discusses several key causes of wildlife endangerment such as habitat destruction, introduction of exotic species, and overexploitation. It also outlines some efforts to protect species through governmental acts and the establishment of wildlife refuges and wilderness areas. Some examples provided include the conservation of bald eagles and regulations put in place to protect whale populations. The document stresses that human activities are often the root cause of threats to wildlife and that increased education and support of conservation organizations can help protect species.
The document discusses several endangered species around the world and the main threats facing them, including habitat destruction and loss due to human activities like deforestation, urbanization, and construction. Specific endangered species mentioned include the Puerto Rican parrot, leatherback sea turtle, golden coqui frog in Puerto Rico, giant panda bear, and Komodo dragon in Indonesia. Conservation efforts aim to protect habitats, reduce threats, and increase populations of these at-risk species.
This document summarizes the potential for native bee species to provide pollination in agricultural landscapes in Australia. It discusses how native bees require both foraging habitat with food sources and nesting habitat. Hedgerows can provide valuable foraging habitat for native bees if managed properly with native plantings. The document recommends enhancing hedgerows and minimizing insecticide use to encourage native bee populations and support their potential role in agricultural pollination.
Scientists warn that the current mass extinction of species is human-caused. The major drivers of extinction are habitat loss, invasive species, pollution, overharvesting, hunting and poaching. Some areas like tropical rainforests have exceptionally high biodiversity and endemic species. Conservation efforts include captive breeding programs, preserving genetic material, protecting ecosystems, and establishing protected areas and regulations like the U.S. Endangered Species Act and the international CITES treaty. However, balancing conservation with human needs and development remains an ongoing challenge.
Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants, animals and other organisms. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 established protected species and outlawed hunting many plants and animals in India. Wildlife provides food and traditional medicines for humans in some areas and is also hunted for sport, though overhunting can threaten populations. Habitat destruction and introduced invasive species also endanger wildlife.
1
Tourist
(Main)
246 May–June
2010
Self-administered
questionnaire
Demographic characteristics; motivations to visit Palau; satisfaction and expenditures on: diving, shark
diving, accommodation, other activities and living costs while in Palau; knowledge of the shark sanctuary and
influence on decision to visit
Dive operator 10 May–June
2010
Face-to-face
interview
Business profile; number of clients; shark-diving activities; revenues and costs; employment; perceptions of
the shark-diving industry and shark sanctuary
Dive guide 20 May–June
2010
Face-to-face
interview
Employment profile; number
IUCN (international union for conservation of nature presentationshifahirani
The Mediterranean monk seal is critically endangered with a population of only 350-450 individuals. The species has faced threats including commercial harvesting, displacement from habitat due to human activities, pollution, and ship accidents. Conservation strategies include international agreements to protect the species, restricting fishing practices, establishing nature reserves, and education programs for local communities.
Pakistan has a diverse range of wildlife habitats and 219 protected areas including 29 national parks and 100 wildlife sanctuaries. The largest national park is Hingol National Park, which supports over 3,000 mammals including Sindh Ibex and Chinkara Gazelle. Kirthar National Park is also large and protects populations of Sindh Ibex. Wildlife faces threats from climate change, hunting, pollution, habitat loss, and increasing human population. Protected areas aim to conserve ecosystems and wildlife for their ecological, economic, recreational, scientific, social, and aesthetic values.
This document provides information about snakes in 3 paragraphs:
1) It describes the basic anatomy of snakes, noting their elongated bodies, single lung, ability to swallow prey whole, and lack of certain organs like ears and movable eyelids.
2) It explains how non-venomous snakes kill prey through constriction, wrapping their body around the prey and suffocating it. Venomous snakes inject venom from fangs to kill prey from a distance.
3) It describes how snakes use their bifurcated tongue and Jacobson's organ to detect smells and tastes to locate prey or avoid predators, even in darkness. The document outlines the different modes of locomotion in snakes.
Animal extinction is caused by several factors including excessive hunting, environmental degradation, and habitat loss. Many species are currently endangered, such as the African elephant whose population has declined 25% in recent decades. Other critically endangered species include the Iberian lynx, Tasmanian devil, and Grevy's zebra whose habitats and food sources are threatened by human activity. Conservation efforts are needed to protect endangered animals and prevent further extinctions.
This document discusses terrestrial ecology and provides details on various terrestrial biomes. It describes the key differences between terrestrial and aquatic habitats. It then covers different terrestrial biomes in detail including tundra, alpine, forest, grassland and desert biomes. For each biome, it discusses geographical and climatic features, vegetation characteristics, and prominent animal life.
Across New Jersey, more than 80 species—from birds to bobcats—are imperiled by loss of habitat and other man-made threats. Wildlife advocates and state agencies are rushing to their rescue, but funds are limited.
a great presentation on environment {wild life}
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The document discusses threats to wildlife in Northern Areas of Pakistan. Key threats include population depletion from hunting and lack of enforcement of hunting laws, degradation of habitat from agricultural practices like pesticide and fertilizer use, lack of awareness in communities about conservation, limited resources for conservation departments, and insufficient research. A number of endangered species found in Northern Areas are mentioned, including the Indus River dolphin, blue whale, Markhor wild goat, snow leopard, cranes, and Baluchistan bear. National parks that help protect habitat for wildlife in Pakistan are also listed.
Existing wild life in Pakistan presentation by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
The document discusses existing wildlife and threats to biodiversity in Pakistan. It describes various animal species found in different regions of the country, including snow leopards, ibex, and markhor in mountainous areas. It also lists the national animal (markhor) and bird (chakor). Major threats include population growth, irrigated agriculture, hunting, competition with livestock, and loss of habitat from deforestation, overgrazing, and agricultural expansion. Severe climatic conditions also impact wildlife in desert regions. Overall, many species are endangered or have had populations reduced due to human activities.
Biodiversity refers to genetic, species, and ecosystem variation within a specific area or planet. It is measured by both species richness, the number of species, and evenness, the number of individuals belonging to each species. Several factors influence biodiversity patterns, including geological history, climate, resource availability, and competition. The tropics generally have the highest species diversity due to high productivity, complex habitat structures, and survival of fragments during past climate changes. Both random processes and necessity, through competition and interaction laws, along with historical factors shape current species diversity patterns in a given location.
Forest and wildlife is a very nice understandable ppt a nice ppt it tells about forest and wildlife for class 10 a nice ppt very understandable ppt class 10
Conservation of biodiversity in india & endangered,endemic species of indiasatish dulla
contains a brief description about the endangered and endemic species of India.This ppt also provides the information regarding the reasons of this sitation and conservation techniques to save them.Empower and enrich the prosperity of India.
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The document summarizes a study assessing the conservation status of all known mammal species globally. Some key findings include:
- 25% of mammal species are threatened with extinction, while populations of 50% are declining.
- Marine mammals concentrate in coastal and offshore tropical and temperate areas. Land mammals show high diversity in mountainous regions.
- Although mammals are well studied, new species continue to be discovered, with 349 added since 1962. New species are poorly understood and face threats before being classified.
- Unless conservation actions are taken, the overall status of mammals will likely continue to deteriorate in the future due to threats such as habitat loss and overexploitation. However, populations of 5% of threatened species are currently
This presentation briefly covers human impacts on wildlife such as habitat destruction and pollution, along with the importance and benefits of wetlands. Most of the imformation leads into several Pennsylvania species labeled as threatened or endangered. Being that my main interests are in snakes, I throw additional color photos of a few PA snakes into the end of the presentation. Hope you enjoy.
Endangered and Extinct Plants and AnimalsSanjam Kanwar
The document discusses several key threats to biodiversity: habitat loss due to deforestation and urbanization, global warming, introduction of exotic species, and overexploitation of species. It provides examples of each threat and argues that protecting habitats, enforcing anti-poaching laws, educating youth, and individual actions like reducing energy usage can help address these threats and protect endangered plants and animals. Biodiversity is important for human health and future advancement, so saving endangered species from extinction is crucial.
This document discusses several key causes of wildlife endangerment such as habitat destruction, introduction of exotic species, and overexploitation. It also outlines some efforts to protect species through governmental acts and the establishment of wildlife refuges and wilderness areas. Some examples provided include the conservation of bald eagles and regulations put in place to protect whale populations. The document stresses that human activities are often the root cause of threats to wildlife and that increased education and support of conservation organizations can help protect species.
The document discusses several endangered species around the world and the main threats facing them, including habitat destruction and loss due to human activities like deforestation, urbanization, and construction. Specific endangered species mentioned include the Puerto Rican parrot, leatherback sea turtle, golden coqui frog in Puerto Rico, giant panda bear, and Komodo dragon in Indonesia. Conservation efforts aim to protect habitats, reduce threats, and increase populations of these at-risk species.
Extinct species of animals from India were discussed. Key extinct species included the Zanzibar leopard, Baiji river dolphin, and Indian cheetah. The main causes of extinction were loss of habitat due to human activities like agriculture, overhunting, and pollution. Conservation efforts in India and internationally include establishing marine protected areas and legislation to protect threatened wildlife. However, human factors continue to threaten biodiversity if not addressed.
The Puerto Rican parrot population declined dramatically due to deforestation but conservation efforts have helped increase the population, though it remains endangered. The leatherback turtle faces threats from coastal development and disorientation from artificial lighting, while conservation laws protect them. The golden coqui's only habitat has been cleared, likely causing its disappearance.
This document provides information on the Manda Wilderness Biodiversity Project's Phase 2 from April 2015 to March 2017. It focuses on protecting the biodiversity in Lake Niassa and its surrounding areas in Mozambique. Key points include that the lake contains an estimated 1,000 freshwater fish species, 15% of the world's total, and over 100 are considered threatened. The project aims to partner with local communities to protect wildlife habitats while improving livelihoods through activities like ecological farming training.
The document discusses various topics related to wildlife conservation including:
1. Biosphere reserves are large protected areas that conserve biodiversity and support traditional tribal communities, with 18 established in India.
2. Endemic species are those only found in a particular area and nowhere else, such as sal and wild mango trees and flying squirrels in Pachmarhi.
3. Project Tiger was launched in India in 1973 to ensure viable Bengal tiger populations in natural habitats by establishing tiger reserves across different ecosystems.
Aquatic and Semi Aquatic Birds, Threats and Conservation of Bird Fauna of Bal...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Wildlife conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species around the world. In the US, there are nearly 1,000 endangered animal and plant species. Habitat destruction is the primary cause of endangerment, as human activity rapidly destroys habitats. Other threats include invasive species, overexploitation, disease, and pollution. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 and establishment of wildlife refuges help protect species. Specific conservation successes include the recovery of the American bald eagle from pesticide poisoning and international whaling regulations helping whale populations rebound.
(FINAL) ROUGH DRAFT FOR SENIOR RESEARCH Jennifer Edit 4-14-15Jennifer Cherry
This document is a senior research paper that analyzes temporal and spatial trends in sea turtle strandings and nesting in Volusia County, Florida from 1989-2012. It finds that sea turtle strandings in Volusia County have increased over time and are correlated with increases in both the county and state human populations. Strandings are dominated by loggerhead and green sea turtles. Despite rising strandings, nesting numbers have also increased, likely due to the county's aggressive nest protection programs. The analysis aims to better understand relationships between strandings, nesting, human activities, and environmental factors like temperature to inform sea turtle conservation efforts.
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION-converted (1).pdfakriti335173
This document discusses biodiversity at multiple levels ranging from genes to ecosystems. It notes that biodiversity is highest in the tropics due to greater evolutionary time and more stable environments. Species diversity decreases with increasing latitude away from the equator. While over 1.5 million species have been described, the actual number on Earth is estimated to be much higher. The main threats to biodiversity are habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, and coextinctions. Efforts are underway to conserve biodiversity through protected areas and genetic repositories.
Divides up the history of the earth based on life- forms that have existed during specific times since the creation of planet.
Is an important tool used to portray the history of the Earth.
Also known as the Great Dying .
96 percent of species died out.
Life on earth descended from the four percent that survived.
CAUSES: Asteroid impact, flood basalt eruptions, catastrophic methane release ,a drop in oxygen levels ,sea level fluctuations.
Ice melts in polar regions which is home to many animals like penguins and polar bears. Melted ice also leads to the rise in sea levels as well as submerging low-dying islands
Global warming gives rise to the El Niño and La Niña phenomenon which brings major disasters such as floods ,drought heatwaves ,and forest fires; destroying habitats and killing its inhabitants.
Change in temperature forces many species to flee from their comfortable habitat. They migrate and invade other territories that are similar to their old ones.
Increases in carbon dioxide concentration also cause our oceans to become more acidic .Acidic water dissolves the shells of many sea creatures such as crabs, shrimps, oysters ,and soon even coral reefs which are home to numerous marine lives.
The name dinosaur comes from the Greek words deinos (“terrible” or “fearfully great”) and sauros (“reptile” or “lizard”). The English anatomist Richard Owen proposed the formal term Dinosauria in 1842 to include three giant extinct animals (Megalosaurus, Iguanodon, and Hylaeosaurus) represented by large fossilized bones that had been unearthed at several locations in southern England during the early part of the 19th century. Owen recognized that these reptiles were far different from other known reptiles of the present and the past for three reasons: they were large yet obviously terrestrial, unlike the aquatic ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs that were already known; they had five vertebrae in their hips, whereas most known reptiles have only two; and, rather than holding their limbs sprawled out to the side in the manner of lizards, dinosaurs held their limbs under the body in columnar fashion, like elephants and other large mammals. The extensive fossil record of genera and species is testimony that dinosaurs were diverse animals, with widely varying lifestyles and adaptations. Their remains are found in sedimentary rock layers (strata) dating to the Late Triassic Epoch (approximately 237 million to 201.3 million years ago). The abundance of their fossilized bones is substantive proof that dinosaurs were the dominant form of terrestrial animal life during the Mesozoic Era (about 252.2 million to 66 million years ago). It is likely that the known remains represent a very small fraction (probably less than 0.0001 percent) of all the individual dinosaurs that once lived. Before Richard Owen introduced the term Dinosauria in 1842, there was no concept of anything even like a dinosaur. Large fossilized bones quite probably had been observed long period by
The document discusses several endangered species of both animals and plants and some of the key threats they face, such as habitat loss, poaching, climate change, and overhunting. It provides examples of 10 endangered animal species, including tigers, polar bears, Pacific walruses, Magellanic penguins, leatherback turtles, bluefin tuna, mountain gorillas, monarch butterflies, Javan rhinoceros, and giant pandas. It also lists 10 endangered tree species and describes threats such as logging, fires, grazing, and human settlement that are reducing their populations. In closing, it suggests some actions that could be taken to help protect endangered species, such as enacting hunting laws, providing safe
This document discusses wildlife conservation and endangered species. It provides statistics showing many animal and plant species are endangered or threatened both in the US and worldwide. The main causes of species endangerment are described as habitat destruction, introduction of exotic species, overexploitation, disease, pollution, and limited distribution. Efforts to protect species include the US Endangered Species Act of 1973, wildlife refuges established across the US beginning in the early 1900s, and work of organizations like Greenpeace and the Endangered Wildlife Trust.
The document discusses several topics related to endangered species conservation, including:
1) The main causes of species endangerment are habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, disease, and climate change due to human activity.
2) Efforts to conserve biodiversity and endangered species include creating protected areas, environmental education, captive breeding programs, and international agreements.
3) While captive breeding and private farming have helped some species recover, they also pose risks like inbreeding from small populations and providing incentives for poaching wild animals. Overall conservation requires balancing human and wildlife needs.
1. The document discusses field research conducted at Kimmeridge Bay, Dorset, which involved mapping the marine biotopes and assessing species assemblages in relation to habitat classifications. Several distinct biotopes were identified and classified.
2. It also assesses the conservation importance of two barnacle species, Chthamalus montagui and C. stellatus, which reach their northern distribution limits in the area. These species are important indicators for studying recruitment and survival under natural conditions.
3. The discussion section justifies the use of marine protected areas along the Dorset coast to conserve habitats and species of conservation interest, noting the need for balanced management that considers socio-economic impacts.
The document summarizes information about the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), including its taxonomy, natural history, conservation status, threats, husbandry requirements, and veterinary challenges. It discusses how the Komodo dragon was originally thought to kill prey with toxic bacteria but is actually venomous. Conservation efforts include the Komodo National Park and captive breeding programs. Husbandry requires large enclosures that mimic natural habitats. Veterinary challenges include administering anesthesia due to their size and treating common issues like parasites, injuries, and arthritis.
Tracey Gray, fropm Port Fairy Consolidated School, delivered this presentation to VCE Environmental Science stuednts in May, 2008 as part of the Unit 3: Biodiversity course.
This document discusses biodiversity hotspots around the world. It begins by defining biodiversity and explaining that species are going extinct much faster due to human impacts. It then discusses what qualifies as a biodiversity hotspot, including having at least 1,500 endemic plant species and having lost 70% of primary vegetation. Three regions in India qualify as hotspots: the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, the Eastern Himalayas, and Indo-Burma. These regions have high levels of endemism and species diversity but are also highly threatened.
1. The document outlines various statutory instruments that protect environmental values at Sydney Olympic Park, including threatened species, migratory birds, and their habitats.
2. Key threats to waterbirds and migratory shorebirds include inadequate habitat, mangrove encroachment, and disturbance from public access. Management strategies involve habitat restoration and limiting access during migration periods.
3. Woodland birds at the park face threats such as habitat loss and modification, and aggressive interactions with other bird species. Conservation efforts include removing weeds, planting diverse habitat, and increasing habitat connectivity.
Similar to UK Wetlands and Waterfowl decline WWT conservation efforts (20)
The Paleoecology of Holme Moss Human interference influences on habitat changeNicola snow
This study aims to investigate habitat changes over time at Holme Moss using paleoecology techniques. Peat cores were taken from different habitats and analyzed for pollen and metal concentrations at various depths. Results show variations in lead, copper, potassium and magnesium concentrations between fresh and dry weights in both cores. Core Plat generally had higher metal levels than Core T1. Statistical analysis found several strong correlations between metal concentrations in the two cores and with depth, suggesting human interference has impacted Holme Moss habitats over time.
The Degraded Peatland Ecosystem of the Southern Pennines reportNicola snow
This document summarizes research on the degraded peatland ecosystem of the Southern Pennines region in England. Peatlands provide important ecosystem services but degradation from factors like drainage, erosion, and overgrazing have negatively impacted plant communities and carbon storage. Restoration efforts aim to restore water levels and vegetation to recover ecosystem functions like carbon sequestration, but success varies depending on location and methods used. Further research is needed to fully understand impacts of degradation and most effective restoration approaches.
Taxonomy and classification Implications for avian identificationNicola snow
The document discusses various methods that have been used for taxonomy and species identification, including Linnaeus's original morphological classification system, cladistics, numerical taxonomy, DNA-DNA hybridization, DNA barcoding, and microsatellites. It argues that an integrated approach combining modern molecular methods like DNA barcoding with traditional morphology-based taxonomy is needed to fully understand biodiversity as species populations decline due to human impacts.
Small scale vs large scale tropical agriculture impacts on frugivorous avian ...Nicola snow
This document reviews the impacts of small-scale and large-scale tropical agriculture on frugivorous bird species. Small-scale practices like agroforestry have less negative impacts by retaining some primary forest, but often require more land and thus contribute to more deforestation. Large-scale monoculture like oil palm plantations severely reduce biodiversity by removing all primary forest habitat. While it protects some land as forest reserves, it provides no suitable habitat for specialist species like frugivorous birds. To best conserve biodiversity, a balanced approach is needed that uses diverse agriculture near intact forest buffers to support transition species while also protecting large forest areas.
Osmoregulation Signal Crayfish (Pacifasstacus leniusculus) response to change...Nicola snow
This document summarizes a study on the osmoregulatory response of signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) to changes in environmental salinity. The study found that as salinity increased, the concentration of sodium in crayfish haemolymph also increased, indicating uptake of sodium to regulate osmotic pressure. It also found that as salinity increased, the concentration of ammonia in tank water increased, showing the crayfish were excreting more ammonia to regulate pH. Behavioral observations showed that at higher salinities, the crayfish reduced activity levels and antennal movements, likely to conserve energy for osmoregulation.
Habitat characteristics and bird species richness relationships within five s...Nicola snow
- The study examined relationships between bird species richness, habitat characteristics, and endemic bird species across 5 sites on Tenerife.
- Results showed bird species richness was positively correlated with plant species richness and biomass. Endemic bird species were positively correlated with overall bird species richness and biomass.
- The laurel forest had the highest bird species count but lowest endemic species count. The scrubland had the highest total species richness and endemic species.
This document discusses endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and their effects. It provides background on how EDCs impact the endocrine system and examples of common EDCs such as bisphenol A, DDT, and phthalates. Sources of EDCs are identified as agriculture, landfills, littering, waterways, and oceans. Case studies demonstrate the bioaccumulation of EDCs in polar bears and sea birds, leading to health effects. Implications for human health are discussed, including concerns about the "cocktail effect" of simultaneous exposure to multiple EDCs and bioaccumulation over a lifetime.
Effects of plant competition on shoot versus root growth and soil microbial a...Nicola snow
This study investigated the effects of intraspecific and interspecific competition on plant growth in two different soil types - allotment soil and contaminated brownfield soil. Three plant species - Lolium perenne, Festuca ovina, and Trifolium pratense - were grown individually and together in both soil types. The results found that biomass production varied between species and was generally higher in allotment soil. Intraspecific competition increased biomass for some species but decreased it for others. Soil type affected root growth and self/non-self discrimination for some species but not others. Overall, the findings were inconclusive and more research is needed to better understand the impacts of competition and soil contamination.
Effects of plant competition on shoot versus root growth and soil microbial a...
UK Wetlands and Waterfowl decline WWT conservation efforts
1. Fig 1. Ramsar UK wetland site map.
http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/Files/UK_Ramsar_DATA_20111128.zip
UK Wetlands and Waterfowl decline: WWT conservation efforts
UK Wetlands and the WWT
In accordance to articles 1.1 and 2.1 under the convention on Wetlands created by Ramsar in
Iran in 1971 (Ramsar convention secretariat 2013) a wetland is defined as “.. Marsh, fen,
peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is
static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at
low tide does not exceed six metres.” This may also include “.. riparian and coastal zones
adjacent to the wetlands, and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than six metres at low
tide lying within the wetlands.”
In the UK many of wetland sites are crucial stopover
points and overwintering grounds for many non-native
migratory birds and wildfowl commuting throughout the
East Atlantic flyway (Worral et al 1997). Wetlands also
act as important habitats for some of the most endangered
bird species within the UK such as the Bitten, Hen
Harrier and Great Scaup all of which have been in rapid
population decline over the last decade (Birdlife
international 2001).
Within the UK there are 172 designated Ramsar wetlands
sites (figure 1). The extent of UK wetlands
predominantly comprise of floodplains, estuaries, reed
beds and ephemeral regions. Most of these wetlands are distributed along coastal regions of
the UK, supplying an abundance of physical barriers from tidal disruption as well as acting as
biological filters and sediment traps which sustain large communities of waterfowl and
waders (Ramsar 2015). Some of the most important wetlands in the UK are the Ouse Washes
and the Somerset Levels. The Ouse Washes is a special protection area and a SSSI site due to
its importance as a overwintering ground for in excess of 20,000 birds which include
wildfowl and waders (Simons 2007: Holt et al 2012). The Somerset Levels are a national
nature reserve, special protected area and SSSI site. A number of rare invertebrate species
reside within this habitat as well as the site being important for overwintering wildfowl of
which numbers can exceed 73,000 (Holt et al 2012).
2. Figure 2. WWT wetlands within the UK.
https://www.wwt.org.uk/wetland-centres/
Over the last hundred years the quality and abundance of wetlands within the UK has
deteriorated due to disruption and anthropogenic impacts on wetland hydrology. Land
development for agriculture and urban/industrial practices has led to the drainage of wetlands
so that the area can be used more “productively”, thus removing entire wetland habitats
(Purseglove 1989). These same land-use practices furthermore disrupt and damage wetland
habitat via its production and utilisation of environmentally detrimental chemicals such as
pesticides, which leech and run-off into groundwater and water systems; resulting in poorer
water quality from water sources which supply the wetlands (Callaway et al 1998). In
addition, anthropogenic impacts such as climate change are changing the distribution of UK
wetlands by altering water rainfall patterns, increasing the frequency of severe weather events
such as flooding and contributing to rising sea levels
(Landes et al 2013). Consequently UK coastal wetlands
are threatened by tidal flooding and inland wetlands are
being exploited by draining and flood management
practices which disrupt the naturally occurring habitat.
Decline in wetland habitat threatens almost one third of
British flora which are wetland dependent (Palmer &
Newbold 1983) in conjunction with removing crucial
breeding habitat for migratory and native wildlife.
The wildfowl and wetland trust (WWT) is a conservation
charity whose efforts focus on the protection and restoration of wetland habitats as well as the
conservation and re-establishment of declining waterfowl species within the UK (WWT
2015). The WWT manage nine sites throughout the UK (figure 2) by the utilisation of
specially designed land use practices which aid the restoration of wetland habitats. One such
land use practice is the implementation of reed beds as a natural filtration system, which is
fed sewage water from the wetlands so that it can be purified and returned back into the water
supply (C Whitehead, pers. Comm., 23 February). Species conservation efforts by the WWT
include captive breeding of severely threatened species such as Spoonbill sandpipers and
Hawaiian geese which were close to being extinct in the wild until the WWT successfully
captive bread a number of individuals which were consequently release into the wild (WWT
2015).
3. Plate 3. Hawaiian Goose
(Branta sandvicensis)
http://www.arkive.org/nene/branta-
sandvicensis/image-G1912.html
Endangered species; status, decline and conservation efforts
The Hawaiian Goose (Branta sandvicensis) is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and is similar
to the Canadian Goose in its appearance. The Hawaiian goose has distinctive gold neck and
cheek feathers with a solid black mask and hood (Plate 3). The
geese lay eggs during the winter months with most egg laying
occurring through November to January (Banko et al 1999). On
average females lay three eggs, incubated over 30 days in a nest
made of ground vegetation surrounded by lava rock; as the
females naturally nest around volcanoes occurring throughout
the Hawaiian Islands. Goslings are extremely vulnerable to
predation as they are flightless for three months under the care
of both parents. Hawaiian geese are historically found in rocky,
semi-barren, poorly vegetated terrain commonly occurring on
volcanic gradients (Black et al 1997). However, the species has
adapted to inhabit natural shrubland and farmland. The adult
diet consists mainly of grass and fruit which is the primary reason for their adaptation to
natural shrubland and farmland. The IUCN red list identifies the species as vulnerable,
assessing populations as at risk of further/rapid decline in the wild (Birdlife international
2012). In 2011 over 2000 individuals were recorded in the wild with most of the population
occurring on three islands within the Hawaiian archipelago; Maui, Big Island and Moloka’I
(Birdlife International 2012). The population is currently considered stable on these three
islands however previously captive bred and reintroduced birds located on other islands have
been unsuccessful in breeding in the wild and subsequently species recovery is slow and
under threat. Historically the Hawaiian Goose has been in decline due to anthropogenic
factors such as hunting and habitat loss through increased land use for agriculture and
settlements by the Polynesians and further more so by European settlers (Olson & James
1991). Currently the largest threat to the species is decline of suitable habitat for nesting
which consequently increase exposure to predators such as cats, dogs and an invasive species;
the Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropuncatus) (Black et al 1998). Following the decline of
the Hawaiian Goose population to just 30 individuals in the wild in the 1960’s, the WWT
captive bred 28 birds at their Slimbridge site which were then reintroduced to their natural
habitat in Hawaii in 1962. This effort instigated the recovery of the Hawaiian Goose species
which is now established at over 2000 individuals.
4. Plate 4. Baers Potchard (Aythya baeri)
http://www.arkive.org/baers-pochard/aythya-baeri/image-G18740.html
The Baers Pochard (Aythya baeri) is a diving duck with grey/black head feathers and light
brown/red flight feathers with a white band. They’re most identifiable by their white eye
colouration which is in sharp contrast to its dark head feathers (Plate 4). Baers Pochards settle
in breeding grounds from mid-April to June, with
egg laying occurring from May (Barter et al
2004). Nests are usually close together and in situ
with over species, even sharing nests with
Common Pochard (Birdlife International 2001).
After almost 28 days of incubation both parents
raise the offspring for up to 3 weeks after which
they will be left to learn foraging and diving skills
independently (Collar et al 2013). During the
hatching stage, if the nesting site is disturbed the parents will abandon any remaining
unhatched eggs in favour of moving to a safer site to rear their young (Birdlife International
2001). The Baers Pochard is native to many regions throughout Asia including Thailand,
Nepal, China, India and has even been established within the Russian Federation (Todd
1996). With fewer than 1000 individuals in the wild, the IUCN red list currently identifies the
species as critically endangered, determining a serious risk of extinction in the wild if efforts
aren’t taken to preserve the species (Birdlife International 2013). Rapid decline in population
has been attributed to a number of threats including hunting and wetland destruction; which
the species use as wintering breeding grounds (Chowdhury et al 2012). Hunting occurs
during the breeding season throughout Bangladesh were birds are targeted using poisoned
bait at a number of breeding sites (Chowdhury et al 2012). The complete removal of wetland
habitat via draining or water redistribution has resulted in reduced availability of suitable
breeding grounds for nesting and rearing young.
The WWT has established a captive breeding programme for the Baers Pochard at two sites
in the UK, Slimbridge and Martin mere. Established in 2013, a breeding pair of Baers
Pochard successfully bred a brood of 4 to 8 offspring which remain within the captive
breeding programme at Martin mere. The WWT’s captive breeding programme aims to
establish a safety net population of Baers Potchard in the hope of releasing captive
individuals into the wild in addition to preventing the complete extinction of the species
globally (C Whitehead, pers. Comm., 23 February).
5. Species count and identification of wildfowl and bird species of Martin mere
Table 1. Wildfowl
Wildfowl
Migratory
(M) or
non-
migratory
(NM) Count
Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) M 4
Wigeon (Anas penelope) M 9
Teal (Anas crecca) NM 10
Canada goose (Branta canadensis) NM 16
Pink footed Goose (Anser brachyrhynchus) M 21
Pintail (Anas acuta) M 26
Greylag Goose (Anser anser) NM 49
Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) NM 51
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) NM 148
Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus) M 481
Table 2. Other bird species
Other bird species
Migratory (M) or
non-migratory
(NM) Count
Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) NM 1
Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) NM 1
Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) NM 1
Carrion Crow (Corvus corone) NM 2
Raven (Corvus corax) NM 3
Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) NM 8
Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) M 9
Coot (Fulica atra) NM 10
Avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta) NM 11
Black backed gull (Larus fuscus) NM 27
Oystercatcher (Haematopus
ostralegus) NM 28
Observations from Martin Mere indicate that the diversity of wildfowl species is lower than
other bird species; however the wildfowl species that do occur are greater in abundance and
with more occasions of migratory birds. Wildfowl identified in table 1 are comprised mainly
of migratory bird species, of which nearly all (in particular the Whooper Swan), were present
6. at Martin Mere during the time of the observation primarily due to the time of year (February
2015) and the species utilisation of the wetland as a overwintering or breeding ground. The
presence of large volumes of overwintering wildfowl in combination with the WWT’s
wetland conservation efforts and feeding regime for wildfowl which inhabit the mere during
the winter months could be an indication as to the presence of some of the other bird species
recorded during the observation. In particular the raptors observed were seen to be preying on
Teal that inhabited the reed beds of the mere.
From table 1 there are three species of migratory wildfowl of particular interest to Martin
Mere. The Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus) utilise Martin Mere as an overwintering ground
in preparation for the breeding season which occurs on breeding grounds in Iceland
(Stirnemann et al 2012). The Swans migrate back to the breeding grounds in April. This
migratory route causes the birds to collide with power cables during times of low light such
as dawn and dusk, subsequently causing the death of a number of individuals every winter.
Damage done to the power cables as a result of any collision, often leaves local residents
without power. To counteract these impacts the WWT are working with local councils to
install bird deflectors which glow at low light levels (WWT 2015). The Pink footed Goose
(Anser brachyrhynchus) also utilises Martin Mere as an overwintering ground in preparation
for the breeding season which occurs from April to late June on breeding grounds located in
Greenland and Iceland (Scott & Rose 1996). The birds arrive in October at Martin Mere to
utilise the surrounding grassland and farmland for foraging and grazing. In preparation for the
arrival of the geese the WWT annually flood the wetlands to ensure optimal water levels for
the high numbers of overwintering wildfowl. This is maintained and regulated by on-site
pump houses which ensure the wetlands do not flood onto the surrounding agricultural land
(WWT 2015).
The Wigeon (Anas penelope) overwinter on Martin Mere from October until late April, after
which they return to their breeding grounds in northern Russia. The Widgeon is particularly
sensitive to disturbance of its overwintering grounds and has experienced a decline in
population as a result of decreased availability of suitable wintering grounds as a
consequence of wetland drainage for agricultural purposes (Birdlife International 2012). The
Widgeon utilise wetlands for both grazing and protection from predators, using the waters as
a safe haven. The WWT consequently ensure that water levels on the mere are at a sufficient
height to accommodate the Widgeon and protect them from predation from predators such as
the fox (WWT 2013).
7. References
Banko, P., Black, J., Banko, W. (1999) Hawaiian Goose (Nene) (Branta sandvicensis). In:
Poole, A. and Gill, F. (Eds) The Birds of North America, No. 434. The Birds of North
America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA
Barter, M., Chen, L., Cao, L. and Lei, G. (2004) Waterbird survey of the middle and lower
Yangtze River floodplain in late January and early February 2004. Beijing, China Forestry
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BirdLife International. (2001) Important Bird Areas and potential Ramsar Sites in Europe.
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