This is a presentation given at the Tourism Trends and Advances Conference in Rhodes, Greece, June 2013. It gives an overview and brief analysis of the UK Government's most recent tourism policy.
International climate finance aims to address developing countries' needs for mitigation and adaptation funding while meeting targets set in the Copenhagen Accord. Estimates vary but developing countries may need tens to hundreds of billions annually for adaptation alone. The Accord set a goal of $100 billion per year by 2020 from public and private sources to help developing countries take climate action. Mobilizing sufficient finance faces challenges due to economic difficulties in many countries, but opportunities also exist in new climate-related markets and technologies that financial instruments could help support.
This document discusses the Eurozone crisis that began in 2009. It provides background on the formation of the Eurozone, then outlines the key countries affected, known as the PIIGS (Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, Spain). It describes how the unified monetary policy led to problems and how austerity measures were implemented. Solutions proposed included establishing mechanisms like the European Financial Stability Facility and European Central Bank interventions. Reforms suggested improving competitiveness and addressing imbalances, but it would require enduring austerity for many years. The conclusion states the crisis showed flaws in having a monetary union without a political union to avoid internal economic imbalances.
The document discusses challenges and opportunities related to extractive industries like minerals, oil, and gas in ACP countries. It notes that ACP countries face multiple challenges including high dependency on revenue from extraction, poor governance, and environmental issues. However, it also points out that ACP countries have been resilient during the financial crisis and prices for extractive resources are higher than ever before. The document outlines ways to improve management of extractive resources, including increasing transparency, pursuing economic reforms, addressing capital flight, and prudent budgeting of resource revenues.
Ppt presentation of swot analysis of Greece & ItalyShailesh shetty
The document discusses tourism in Italy. It receives over 36.5 million tourists annually, making it the 5th most visited country. Tourism employs 3 million people, or 12% of the workforce, and contributes 12% to GDP. Popular destinations include Rome, Milan, Venice, Florence, Pompeii, Naples, and coastal areas. Tourism dates back to ancient Rome and involves both cultural sites and geographic attractions like the Alps.
The document discusses the European Union, Eurozone, and the European sovereign debt crisis. It provides details on the countries that make up the Eurozone and EU. It then summarizes the sovereign debt crisis that began in Greece in 2009 and spread to other European countries like Portugal, Ireland, Italy, and Spain. It explains some of the key events and impacts of the crisis, as well as measures taken by the EU and European Central Bank to address the financial crisis.
The document discusses arguments for fiscal centralization in the European Union based on lessons from other federal states. It argues that having decentralized fiscal policy alongside centralized monetary policy in the EU causes problems with adjustment to economic shocks and freeriding. The authors conclude that the EU should consider enforcing a no-bailout clause, allowing some independence for member states' revenue and spending, a system of fiscal transfers during crises, developing a euro bond market, and maintaining some flexibility.
International climate finance aims to address developing countries' needs for mitigation and adaptation funding while meeting targets set in the Copenhagen Accord. Estimates vary but developing countries may need tens to hundreds of billions annually for adaptation alone. The Accord set a goal of $100 billion per year by 2020 from public and private sources to help developing countries take climate action. Mobilizing sufficient finance faces challenges due to economic difficulties in many countries, but opportunities also exist in new climate-related markets and technologies that financial instruments could help support.
This document discusses the Eurozone crisis that began in 2009. It provides background on the formation of the Eurozone, then outlines the key countries affected, known as the PIIGS (Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, Spain). It describes how the unified monetary policy led to problems and how austerity measures were implemented. Solutions proposed included establishing mechanisms like the European Financial Stability Facility and European Central Bank interventions. Reforms suggested improving competitiveness and addressing imbalances, but it would require enduring austerity for many years. The conclusion states the crisis showed flaws in having a monetary union without a political union to avoid internal economic imbalances.
The document discusses challenges and opportunities related to extractive industries like minerals, oil, and gas in ACP countries. It notes that ACP countries face multiple challenges including high dependency on revenue from extraction, poor governance, and environmental issues. However, it also points out that ACP countries have been resilient during the financial crisis and prices for extractive resources are higher than ever before. The document outlines ways to improve management of extractive resources, including increasing transparency, pursuing economic reforms, addressing capital flight, and prudent budgeting of resource revenues.
Ppt presentation of swot analysis of Greece & ItalyShailesh shetty
The document discusses tourism in Italy. It receives over 36.5 million tourists annually, making it the 5th most visited country. Tourism employs 3 million people, or 12% of the workforce, and contributes 12% to GDP. Popular destinations include Rome, Milan, Venice, Florence, Pompeii, Naples, and coastal areas. Tourism dates back to ancient Rome and involves both cultural sites and geographic attractions like the Alps.
The document discusses the European Union, Eurozone, and the European sovereign debt crisis. It provides details on the countries that make up the Eurozone and EU. It then summarizes the sovereign debt crisis that began in Greece in 2009 and spread to other European countries like Portugal, Ireland, Italy, and Spain. It explains some of the key events and impacts of the crisis, as well as measures taken by the EU and European Central Bank to address the financial crisis.
The document discusses arguments for fiscal centralization in the European Union based on lessons from other federal states. It argues that having decentralized fiscal policy alongside centralized monetary policy in the EU causes problems with adjustment to economic shocks and freeriding. The authors conclude that the EU should consider enforcing a no-bailout clause, allowing some independence for member states' revenue and spending, a system of fiscal transfers during crises, developing a euro bond market, and maintaining some flexibility.
The document discusses the Eurozone crisis, its causes, and proposed solutions. It began with low interest rates fueling housing bubbles in countries like Greece, Ireland, Spain and Portugal. When the global financial crisis hit in 2008, it exposed flaws in the eurozone design like lack of fiscal coordination and inability of countries to use monetary policy. This led countries like Greece to face debt crises. The EU implemented emergency measures like bailout funds (EFSF, EFSM) and long-term reforms like the European Stability Mechanism and European Fiscal Compact to address fiscal profligacy. Proposed long-term solutions include a European fiscal union, eurobonds, and debt restructuring to reduce unsustainable debt levels
The Greek government-debt crisis (also known as the Greek depression) started in late 2009. It was the first of five sovereign debt crises in the euro-zone – later referred to collectively as the European debt crisis.
The 1999 introduction of the euro as a common currency reduced trade costs among the Eurozone countries, increasing overall trade volume. However, labor costs increased more in peripheral countries such as Germany, making Greek exports less competitive. As a result, Greece saw its current account (trade) deficit rise significantly.
Causes:
Government spending
Current account balance
Tax evasion
Misreported debt statistics
SOLUTIONS IMPLEMENTED:
First Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece (May 2010 – June 2011)
Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece (July 2011 – present)
RECOMMENDATION TO THE CRISIS:
Exit the Eurozone or "Grexit"
Digital currency cards
Negotiate another bailout
European debt conference
This document provides a PESTEL analysis of Greece. It discusses the political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors affecting Greece. Key points include: Greece has a population of over 11 million people and its capital and largest city is Athens. Greece uses the euro as its currency and has a primarily service-based economy focused on tourism. Orthodox Christianity is the dominant religion. The legal system is influenced by European, German, and French civil law.
Greece experienced a debt crisis due to reckless government borrowing and spending that increased its debt to 175% of GDP. The US subprime crisis further impacted Greece by restricting its ability to borrow from international markets. This led the EU, ECB, and IMF to provide bailout loans totaling over €200 billion and impose austerity measures to reduce Greece's debt, but the bailout money mainly paid off loans rather than helping the economy, and austerity hurt growth. Despite bailouts, Greece's debt problems remain an ongoing crisis for the EU.
Regional productivity catching up: the role of EU cohesion policy and the OEC...OECD CFE
Presentation by Lewis Dijkstra, Head of the Economic Analysis Sector, DG for Regional and Urban Policy at the OECD session on "Regional productivity catching up: The role of the EU cohesion policies and the OECD perspective", 3 June 2018, Trento, Italy
More info https://oe.cd/festival
This document provides an overview of the European Union economy and single market. It discusses the background and size of the EU, economic integration within the EU including the customs union and single market built on four freedoms of movement. The single market aims to increase productivity and economic growth through increased trade, competition, economies of scale and specialization between member states. Over half of UK trade is with other EU countries, and the single market accounts for a large percentage of trade for many member states.
This presentation was made by Leah Ambler of the OECD Anti-Bribery Division at the Conference of States Parties to the UN Convention against Corruption in St Petersburg on 2-6 November 2015. http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/
Ex-post impact assessment of EU Cohesion Policy 2007-2013Latvijas Banka
A presentation by Francesco Di Comite, Olga Diukanova, d'Artis Kancs, Patrizio Lecca, Montserrat Lopez-Cobo, Damiaan Persyn (European Commission, Joint Research Centre, IPTS Institute (Seville, Spain)) at the Workshop on Public Finances in Riga on 21 June 2016
The European sovereign debt crisis began in late 2009 as fears grew over rising private and government debt levels in Europe. Greece, Ireland, and Portugal were hit hardest initially, accounting for 6% of Eurozone GDP combined. By 2012, concerns had spread to Spain as well. The crisis impacted EU politics and led to leadership changes in affected countries. Key causes included rising household and government debts, trade imbalances, structural issues in sharing a currency without a common fiscal policy, monetary policy inflexibility within the Eurozone, and loss of investor confidence. Long term solutions proposed integrating fiscal policies more through options like a European fiscal union or common Eurobonds.
Christopher André- Do we need another approach to housing policies? #housingf...Housing Europe
The document discusses housing policies and the risks of high household debt levels. It notes that housing prices have greatly increased in many OECD countries over the past decades. High household debt levels pose credit, funding, and macroeconomic risks. In some countries, mortgage defaults increased following the economic downturn. Construction collapsed in several nations as well. The document argues that financial regulation, tax systems, zoning laws, and insufficient affordable housing supply have all contributed to the problems. It calls for a holistic approach across multiple policy areas to address housing issues.
Described the reasons that led to the financial crisis of Iceland. Gave an insight of the banking system and how it contributed to the downfall of the economy. Analyzed the Government's response and the role of IMF in the recovery. Also covered briefly how the recovery was going at that time and what were the challenges that Iceland faced in the near future
An attempt to cover different facets of ESD Crisis . Following ppt enumerate how it all got started and draws out rationale behind the formation of EU.
Analysis of uk government tourism policyJames Kennell
This document analyzes the UK government's 2011 tourism policy. It was one of the coalition government's first major policy statements formed after the 2010 election amid an economic crisis. The policy aimed to increase tourism as a potential growth sector and capitalize on a weak pound. It sought to boost domestic tourism and develop a new marketing campaign. The policy reflected the government's neoliberal agenda and focused on reducing regulation and improving industry coordination and skills. It changed governance structures and relationships between public and private sectors, aiming for more private sector leadership but with cuts to public funding for tourism. The analysis concludes the policy swung between ambitious and mundane goals and lacked clarity on institutional arrangements and mechanisms to measure success.
The document discusses the importance of tourism to the UK economy and government policy around developing the tourism sector. It notes that tourism contributes over £90 billion annually to the UK economy, supports over 4% of jobs, and can regenerate run-down areas. The government aims to increase tourism spending and jobs by attracting more international visitors and promoting domestic tourism. Productivity improvements are also a priority so the sector remains competitive globally. Tourism is seen as an effective way to stimulate local economic growth and job creation across the country.
The document discusses the roles and functions of various government, intergovernmental, and private agencies in influencing and supporting the travel and tourism sector at international, national, and local levels through activities like policymaking, promotion, funding, and development. It also examines how economic factors and political changes can impact tourism and how governments aim to maximize tourism's benefits while minimizing its negative effects.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | Doing Business in Greece- 2014 Country Commercial Guide ...Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document provides an overview and guide for U.S. companies doing business in Greece. It discusses Greece's political and economic environment, the challenges of Greece's market including lack of liquidity and competition from EU partners, and opportunities such as in the security, travel, and healthcare sectors. The document also provides strategy recommendations, noting the need to develop individual country plans and find local partners given Greece's business environment and recovery from a deep recession.
The document discusses sustainable tourism planning and management by local authorities in London. It aims to develop understanding of how London boroughs have implemented sustainable tourism strategies. Tourism contributes significantly to London's economy but must be planned to minimize negative impacts like congestion and rising costs. The role of local governments in sustainable tourism development is explored through questionnaires and interviews with London borough policymakers and an analysis of their tourism policies and strategies. The challenges of urban tourism planning are also examined through London as a case study.
Posterscope’s ‘Media Digest’ features in depth analysis of the market and our perspective on the year ahead, including a broad economic review and forecast, a deep-dive into media and category spend, and featuring key learnings from a wide range of recent interactive and brand-building campaigns.
We cover all you need to know about the new out-of-home audience measurement currency, Route, as well as commentary on mobile and digital trends, a glimpse into tools and projects recently launched by both ourselves and our media partners, and much more.
The document summarizes the current use and structure of EU regional funds, outlines the process and timeline for developing the future EU regional policy strategy, and presents initial positions on the future of the policy. The main funds are the ERDF, ESF, and Cohesion Fund, which are allocated based on GDP per capita. Key debates around the future policy focus on improving use of local resources, concentrating on priorities like innovation and climate change, and simplifying management. Positions varied but most saw a need for the policy to remain balanced across regions while addressing budget constraints.
The Parliamentary Information Office of the Parliamentary Yearbook is currently gathering news items for major features on the economic importance of our tourism and travel industries in the next edition. We reported earlier in the year on the launch and progress of the GREAT campaign and are now following closely the impact of the Olympics on the industry
The future of travel and tourism in the uk to 2016benturner06
The document provides an analysis of the future of travel and tourism in the UK from 2007-2016. It finds that in 2011, the UK ranked 7th on a tourism competitiveness index and was the 3rd most exciting country culturally. London became more popular as a tourist destination after hosting the 2012 Olympics. The tourism industry comprised 7% of UK GDP in 2011 and represented 10.6% of employment. The report provides a detailed analysis of historical and forecast tourism demand, flows, employment trends, and the performance of industries like airlines, hotels, and car rentals. It finds domestic tourism rebounded in 2011 while international visitors grew slightly, and analyzes tourism trends and destinations for UK travelers.
Tmi economics for policy making fiscal policy of united kingdomWinShaine1
The UK government practices both expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy. During economic downturns like the COVID-19 pandemic, the government pursued expansionary policy through stimulus measures and allowing higher budget deficits. However, in periods of high inflation in the 1970s and 1980s, the government used contractionary policy like reducing spending to lower inflation. Currently the government is forecasting economic recovery and expects the budget deficit to decrease from pandemic highs.
The document discusses the Eurozone crisis, its causes, and proposed solutions. It began with low interest rates fueling housing bubbles in countries like Greece, Ireland, Spain and Portugal. When the global financial crisis hit in 2008, it exposed flaws in the eurozone design like lack of fiscal coordination and inability of countries to use monetary policy. This led countries like Greece to face debt crises. The EU implemented emergency measures like bailout funds (EFSF, EFSM) and long-term reforms like the European Stability Mechanism and European Fiscal Compact to address fiscal profligacy. Proposed long-term solutions include a European fiscal union, eurobonds, and debt restructuring to reduce unsustainable debt levels
The Greek government-debt crisis (also known as the Greek depression) started in late 2009. It was the first of five sovereign debt crises in the euro-zone – later referred to collectively as the European debt crisis.
The 1999 introduction of the euro as a common currency reduced trade costs among the Eurozone countries, increasing overall trade volume. However, labor costs increased more in peripheral countries such as Germany, making Greek exports less competitive. As a result, Greece saw its current account (trade) deficit rise significantly.
Causes:
Government spending
Current account balance
Tax evasion
Misreported debt statistics
SOLUTIONS IMPLEMENTED:
First Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece (May 2010 – June 2011)
Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece (July 2011 – present)
RECOMMENDATION TO THE CRISIS:
Exit the Eurozone or "Grexit"
Digital currency cards
Negotiate another bailout
European debt conference
This document provides a PESTEL analysis of Greece. It discusses the political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors affecting Greece. Key points include: Greece has a population of over 11 million people and its capital and largest city is Athens. Greece uses the euro as its currency and has a primarily service-based economy focused on tourism. Orthodox Christianity is the dominant religion. The legal system is influenced by European, German, and French civil law.
Greece experienced a debt crisis due to reckless government borrowing and spending that increased its debt to 175% of GDP. The US subprime crisis further impacted Greece by restricting its ability to borrow from international markets. This led the EU, ECB, and IMF to provide bailout loans totaling over €200 billion and impose austerity measures to reduce Greece's debt, but the bailout money mainly paid off loans rather than helping the economy, and austerity hurt growth. Despite bailouts, Greece's debt problems remain an ongoing crisis for the EU.
Regional productivity catching up: the role of EU cohesion policy and the OEC...OECD CFE
Presentation by Lewis Dijkstra, Head of the Economic Analysis Sector, DG for Regional and Urban Policy at the OECD session on "Regional productivity catching up: The role of the EU cohesion policies and the OECD perspective", 3 June 2018, Trento, Italy
More info https://oe.cd/festival
This document provides an overview of the European Union economy and single market. It discusses the background and size of the EU, economic integration within the EU including the customs union and single market built on four freedoms of movement. The single market aims to increase productivity and economic growth through increased trade, competition, economies of scale and specialization between member states. Over half of UK trade is with other EU countries, and the single market accounts for a large percentage of trade for many member states.
This presentation was made by Leah Ambler of the OECD Anti-Bribery Division at the Conference of States Parties to the UN Convention against Corruption in St Petersburg on 2-6 November 2015. http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/
Ex-post impact assessment of EU Cohesion Policy 2007-2013Latvijas Banka
A presentation by Francesco Di Comite, Olga Diukanova, d'Artis Kancs, Patrizio Lecca, Montserrat Lopez-Cobo, Damiaan Persyn (European Commission, Joint Research Centre, IPTS Institute (Seville, Spain)) at the Workshop on Public Finances in Riga on 21 June 2016
The European sovereign debt crisis began in late 2009 as fears grew over rising private and government debt levels in Europe. Greece, Ireland, and Portugal were hit hardest initially, accounting for 6% of Eurozone GDP combined. By 2012, concerns had spread to Spain as well. The crisis impacted EU politics and led to leadership changes in affected countries. Key causes included rising household and government debts, trade imbalances, structural issues in sharing a currency without a common fiscal policy, monetary policy inflexibility within the Eurozone, and loss of investor confidence. Long term solutions proposed integrating fiscal policies more through options like a European fiscal union or common Eurobonds.
Christopher André- Do we need another approach to housing policies? #housingf...Housing Europe
The document discusses housing policies and the risks of high household debt levels. It notes that housing prices have greatly increased in many OECD countries over the past decades. High household debt levels pose credit, funding, and macroeconomic risks. In some countries, mortgage defaults increased following the economic downturn. Construction collapsed in several nations as well. The document argues that financial regulation, tax systems, zoning laws, and insufficient affordable housing supply have all contributed to the problems. It calls for a holistic approach across multiple policy areas to address housing issues.
Described the reasons that led to the financial crisis of Iceland. Gave an insight of the banking system and how it contributed to the downfall of the economy. Analyzed the Government's response and the role of IMF in the recovery. Also covered briefly how the recovery was going at that time and what were the challenges that Iceland faced in the near future
An attempt to cover different facets of ESD Crisis . Following ppt enumerate how it all got started and draws out rationale behind the formation of EU.
Analysis of uk government tourism policyJames Kennell
This document analyzes the UK government's 2011 tourism policy. It was one of the coalition government's first major policy statements formed after the 2010 election amid an economic crisis. The policy aimed to increase tourism as a potential growth sector and capitalize on a weak pound. It sought to boost domestic tourism and develop a new marketing campaign. The policy reflected the government's neoliberal agenda and focused on reducing regulation and improving industry coordination and skills. It changed governance structures and relationships between public and private sectors, aiming for more private sector leadership but with cuts to public funding for tourism. The analysis concludes the policy swung between ambitious and mundane goals and lacked clarity on institutional arrangements and mechanisms to measure success.
The document discusses the importance of tourism to the UK economy and government policy around developing the tourism sector. It notes that tourism contributes over £90 billion annually to the UK economy, supports over 4% of jobs, and can regenerate run-down areas. The government aims to increase tourism spending and jobs by attracting more international visitors and promoting domestic tourism. Productivity improvements are also a priority so the sector remains competitive globally. Tourism is seen as an effective way to stimulate local economic growth and job creation across the country.
The document discusses the roles and functions of various government, intergovernmental, and private agencies in influencing and supporting the travel and tourism sector at international, national, and local levels through activities like policymaking, promotion, funding, and development. It also examines how economic factors and political changes can impact tourism and how governments aim to maximize tourism's benefits while minimizing its negative effects.
Dr Dev Kambhampati | Doing Business in Greece- 2014 Country Commercial Guide ...Dr Dev Kambhampati
This document provides an overview and guide for U.S. companies doing business in Greece. It discusses Greece's political and economic environment, the challenges of Greece's market including lack of liquidity and competition from EU partners, and opportunities such as in the security, travel, and healthcare sectors. The document also provides strategy recommendations, noting the need to develop individual country plans and find local partners given Greece's business environment and recovery from a deep recession.
The document discusses sustainable tourism planning and management by local authorities in London. It aims to develop understanding of how London boroughs have implemented sustainable tourism strategies. Tourism contributes significantly to London's economy but must be planned to minimize negative impacts like congestion and rising costs. The role of local governments in sustainable tourism development is explored through questionnaires and interviews with London borough policymakers and an analysis of their tourism policies and strategies. The challenges of urban tourism planning are also examined through London as a case study.
Posterscope’s ‘Media Digest’ features in depth analysis of the market and our perspective on the year ahead, including a broad economic review and forecast, a deep-dive into media and category spend, and featuring key learnings from a wide range of recent interactive and brand-building campaigns.
We cover all you need to know about the new out-of-home audience measurement currency, Route, as well as commentary on mobile and digital trends, a glimpse into tools and projects recently launched by both ourselves and our media partners, and much more.
The document summarizes the current use and structure of EU regional funds, outlines the process and timeline for developing the future EU regional policy strategy, and presents initial positions on the future of the policy. The main funds are the ERDF, ESF, and Cohesion Fund, which are allocated based on GDP per capita. Key debates around the future policy focus on improving use of local resources, concentrating on priorities like innovation and climate change, and simplifying management. Positions varied but most saw a need for the policy to remain balanced across regions while addressing budget constraints.
The Parliamentary Information Office of the Parliamentary Yearbook is currently gathering news items for major features on the economic importance of our tourism and travel industries in the next edition. We reported earlier in the year on the launch and progress of the GREAT campaign and are now following closely the impact of the Olympics on the industry
The future of travel and tourism in the uk to 2016benturner06
The document provides an analysis of the future of travel and tourism in the UK from 2007-2016. It finds that in 2011, the UK ranked 7th on a tourism competitiveness index and was the 3rd most exciting country culturally. London became more popular as a tourist destination after hosting the 2012 Olympics. The tourism industry comprised 7% of UK GDP in 2011 and represented 10.6% of employment. The report provides a detailed analysis of historical and forecast tourism demand, flows, employment trends, and the performance of industries like airlines, hotels, and car rentals. It finds domestic tourism rebounded in 2011 while international visitors grew slightly, and analyzes tourism trends and destinations for UK travelers.
Tmi economics for policy making fiscal policy of united kingdomWinShaine1
The UK government practices both expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy. During economic downturns like the COVID-19 pandemic, the government pursued expansionary policy through stimulus measures and allowing higher budget deficits. However, in periods of high inflation in the 1970s and 1980s, the government used contractionary policy like reducing spending to lower inflation. Currently the government is forecasting economic recovery and expects the budget deficit to decrease from pandemic highs.
Businesses should have in depth knowledge about their target consumers in order to sustain. It has been found that in the modern era consumers buy certain products cheaper and is willing to pay premium price for certain services and products. This has become a paradox for the business that wishes to understand the target consumer base. Businesses need to understand how consumer is influenced by various stimuli. Consumer behavior is influenced by cultural, emerging social needs and personal expectations. According to the theory proposed by Kotler and Armstrong the modern day consumers are influenced by both micro and macro environmental factors (Kotler & Armstrong, 2008). Based on the stimuli they make judgments based on their individual characteristic self. It has been observed from analyzing consumer behavior there is an emergence of a new hybrid consumer. Hybrid consumers who are willing to pay high price for certain products and use digital tools for certain products. They also ensure that that they make choices by using conventional mediums in order to purchase certain services. There is a need to analyze consumer behavior patterns in order to deduce the ways by which services can be maneuvered in order to meet customer demands
Greece implemented ambitious reforms and fiscal consolidation measures in 2010, exceeding targets. The budget deficit was reduced by 6% of GDP, above the projected 5.5% reduction. Primary expenditures decreased 10.9% compared to a 9% target. Pension and labor market reforms were passed. Looking ahead, Greece is committed to further reforms and deficit reduction to restore competitiveness and growth.
The document discusses Ethiopia's tourism industry, outlining its challenges and recent policy developments. It notes that while tourist arrivals are increasing, the sector remains underdeveloped compared to neighbors due to issues like lack of infrastructure, poor marketing, and weak coordination among stakeholders. A new tourism development policy was introduced in 2010 with ambitious growth targets, but implementation has faced challenges including limited resources and stakeholders not fully carrying out their roles.
The document discusses Ethiopia's tourism industry, outlining its challenges and recent policy developments. It notes that while tourist arrivals are increasing, the sector remains underdeveloped compared to neighbors due to issues like lack of infrastructure, poor coordination among stakeholders, and failure to properly implement the country's new 2010 tourism development policy. The policy's ambitious goals and the various stakeholders' unfulfilled roles in supporting implementation are seen as barriers to strengthening the industry.
This document provides an analysis of economic performance across Britain from 2010 to 2015 and forecasts for 2015 to 2020. It identifies top performing local economies or "hotspots" in terms of employment, productivity, wages, and personal incomes.
Some key findings are:
- Employment grew strongly across the UK from 2010 to 2015, led by professional services. Productivity growth was disappointing, limiting wage growth.
- Local economies outside London with the fastest employment growth from 2010 to 2015 included Bolsover in the East Midlands. Regions around London are forecast to see the strongest employment growth from 2015 to 2020.
- The local economies with the strongest projected productivity gains from 2015 to 2020 outside London are Mansfield in the East Mid
- Public sector procurement is changing significantly due to austerity measures and budget cuts across the UK public sector.
- Spending cuts of 11% are the deepest sustained cuts since the 1970s and will require new procurement strategies, more outsourcing, and greater private sector involvement in public services.
- Local governments face the toughest challenges with council tax freezes and below inflation increases, coupled with pay freezes potentially spreading to local government workers as well. New procurement models will need to focus on people, facilities, and contracts.
Sub-national economic development: Where do we go from here? Pugalis 2011Lee Pugalis
The UK’s Liberal Democrat–Conservative (Lib–Con) Coalition Government has been quickly dismantling New Labour’s policy framework since it gained political control in May 2010. Contemplating how this transition might play out and the impact upon regeneration policy, a preliminary map of the road from the incumbent English Regional Development Agencies to myriad Local Enterprise Partnerships is sketched out. The analytic interpretations are based on insights ‘in the field’ over the past decade and grounded in policy ‘chatter’. Reflecting on the importance of timing, resource availability and the policy vacuum arising between localities and national government, attention is drawn to countless questions that remain unanswered. Further, the Lib–Con’s sub-national economic policy architecture is demonstrated as remaining very much work in progress. The paper highlights that the current transitional period is likely to be disorderly and possibly ineffective: deconstruction is all well and good if the alternative reconstructions offer added value, but the potential to lose out is significant. While hope is expressed with a localism agenda which could potentially empower localities to devise unique policy solutions administered by tailored spatial configurations, it is cautioned that new spatio-institutional ‘fixes’ may open up new issues just as old ones are closed off. A policy story still being written, the analysis is of broader international appeal. Consequently, those plying their trade outside England can reflect on this and act accordingly the next time a new (and presumably better) policy innovation is proposed
The document summarizes opportunities for engaging Tanzania's diaspora given the country's economic and financial development over the past 50 years. Specifically:
1) Tanzania has achieved macroeconomic stability and strong GDP growth following financial sector reforms in the 1990s.
2) This stability and ongoing reforms to infrastructure, agriculture, and business environment present opportunities for diaspora engagement through investments, remittances, and trade.
3) The government is taking further measures to deepen financial markets and ease access for diaspora investments in areas like housing, SMEs, and government securities.
DFID aims to promote economic growth in developing countries through international development in order to reduce poverty and aid dependence. This will create new markets and trading partners that benefit both developing countries and UK businesses. DFID works to improve macroeconomic management, trade and investment climates, and business environments in partner countries by addressing issues like institutions, infrastructure, finance and skills. As countries transition from low to middle income, they become major drivers of global economic growth and important export markets and investment opportunities for UK companies.
Similar to An analysis of the UK Government's 2011 tourism policy (20)
Presentation given at the 2nd international conference for students of tourism and gastronomy, Skopje, 28th October 2017. The presentation made the argument for hosting large events in small destinations, as a cost-effective way of tourism destination marketing.
Policy change and Tourism Policy in the United KingdomJames Kennell
This document discusses the application of punctuated equilibrium theory to analyze tourism policy change in the United Kingdom. Punctuated equilibrium theory posits that policy changes occur in short, intense periods separated by long stretches of stability. The document outlines key periods of tourism policy change in the UK from 1999 to 2015 based on major policy documents and political events. It also examines how changing policy communities and the influence of issue networks have impacted tourism policymaking in the UK. The punctuated equilibrium framework provides a useful lens for understanding periods of stability and change in UK tourism policy over time.
Cultural tourism experiences focus on both traditional cultural attractions and contemporary culture or local ways of life. Younger tourists, known as Generation Y, are interested in exciting cultural experiences. Future tourists will seek diverse cultural experiences when traveling. Destinations should use their cultural resources to create holistic tourism experiences, package cultural components together, and showcase local culture to all tourists, not just those interested in culture, in order to improve destination image and visitors' memories.
Presentation of the initial findings of a research project to investigate the relationship between Business Improvement Districts and the Visitor Economy in England and Scotland.
Dark Cities - dark tourism in European citiesJames Kennell
Presentation by Raymond Powell and James Kennell, Univesrity of Greenwich, given at the 2nd Annual Conference of the International Association of Cultural and Digital Tourism, Athens, May 2015
Heritage, Tourism and Regeneration in Seaside TownsJames Kennell
Presentation given by James Kennell at an event hosted by the Margate Neighbourhood Plan Forum and the Margate Civic Society, at Turner Contemporary, Margate on 17th March 2015.
Cultural Regeneration in Europe - Lessons for serbiaJames Kennell
This document discusses cultural tourism and urban regeneration in Europe, providing examples from Bilbao, Spain; Margate, UK; and Stoke's Croft, UK. It examines how cultural regeneration works through private and state investment and cultural production that drives tourism demand. However, European tourist arrivals dropped in 2009-2010 due to the economic crisis. Cultural regeneration can brand and market cities while increasing visitor spending, but culture alone may not generate economic growth so cities should develop cultural tourism alongside events, business tourism, and other programs. The document raises questions about Belgrade's cultural tourism offerings and cites Liverpool, UK as another example.
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An analysis of the UK Government's 2011 tourism policy
1. +
Analysis of UK
Government’s 2011
Tourism Policy
Dr. Samantha Chaperon & James Kennell
University of Greenwich, London
2. +
Political context
UK coalition government
formed in May 2010
Tourism was one of the
first main policy
statements
UK government viewed
tourism as a potential
growth sector
3. +
Economic context
Aim of reducing public
spending by approx. 13%
on 2010 levels (Taylor-
Gooby, 2012)
By the end of 2011,
international arrivals to the
UK had risen by 3.3% and
spending by these tourists
had risen by 6.5% (ONS,
2012) Domestic tourist
trips in the UK also rose by
approx. 9.3% (Tourism
Alliance, 2012)
Coalition government
elected in the wake of
economic crisis
Structural reforms and
austerity programme
Tourism viewed as one of
the ‘winners’ in the UK
economy
Ability to capitalise on weak
national currency
Provide domestic tourism
opportunities
4. +
Key aims of UK Tourism Policy
1. Develop an innovative new
partnership marketing campaign
2. Increase the proportion of UK
residents who holiday in the UK to
match those who holiday abroad
each year
3. Improve the sector’s productivity to
become one of the top 5 most
efficient and competitive visitor
economies in the world
(DCMS, 2011)
5. +
UK Tourism Policy Approach
Reflects the Government’s neoliberal policy agenda
Focus is no longer on London 2012, but identifies many similar
areas for growth and barriers to growth
e.g. regulation, balance of trade, need for skills development, poor
industry coordination, inadequate signage
Often prescriptive
7. +
Relationship between the stateand
industry
Continued government intervention
justified through problems of market
failure and free-riding
Reduced government intervention -
private sector now taking the lead
with public sector funding for
tourism development and marketing
suffering large cuts.
Contradiction?
8. +
Relationship between the public and
private sectors
Visit Britain’s new role is to be 50% co-funder of a partnership
marketing campaign with a value of £100 million
To attract 4 million additional overseas visitors in four years
after London 2012
To gain £2 billion in extra visitor spend
To create 50,000 new jobs
Issue: After 12 months, £10 million has been raised by private
sector (some in-kind) and £25 million by public sector
9. +
Relationship between regional and
local levels
DMOs are restructured to fit ‘natural geography of a tourist area’
(DCMS, 2011:forward), similar to new LEPs ‘natural economic
geographies’ (BIS, 2010)
In line with new localism agenda
Issue: No definition of tourism geographies
Issue: Problems of private sector buy-in for DMOs (Cole et al
2012)
10. +
Conclusions
Swings from highly ambitous to very mundane
Radical proposals on governance
Micro-management of signage and hotel rating schemes
No indications of development process or mechanisms for
measuring success and evaluation
New institutional arrangements lack clarity and stakeholders
appear disengaged
Tourism can provide growth, but is unclear wit this policy will
help or hinder it
Editor's Notes
In the first quarter of 2009, Global tourism arrivals dropped by 8%. European arrivals were down 10%.In 2009 in UK, a drop in domestic tourism receipts of £184 million were partially offset by the rise in inbound tourism receipts of £142 million.In 2012, inbound tourist numbers grew by 1% and spending grew by 4% - though interestingly, this growth occurred at the beginning and end of the year, and during the summer months when the Olympics and Paralympics were staged numbers remained the same as the previous year.
The aim of this marketing campaign was to harness the success of London 2012. £100m campaign, co-funded by the government and the private sector. Aim to attract 4 million extra visitors to Britain over the next 4 years.For longer stays, 4 nights or more, this would mean 29% of travellers holidaying in Britain rather than just 20% today
The 2011 policy does not radically diverge from the policies of previous UK administrations, instead it builds incrementally on the previous aims.Often prescriptive – government still sees itself as having a role to play in the future development of the industryNo indication of development process – no explanation of the decision-making process, not clear how these ideas were arrivedNo associated set of action plans or easily identifiable and measurable targets – e.g. ‘Broaden our tourism offer by creating alternative destinations which match London’
Continued government intervention:‘…because of the sector’s high proportion of SMEs, and free-ridgin by firms which benefit from shared marketing campaigns which they haven’t participated in, there’s a high level of market failure which stops it happening. As a result, the public sector has had to step in, which has left the industry – unusually for its size and importance – particularly dependent on public funds’Reduced government intervention:‘…reduce the sector’s dependence on taxpayer funding, increase the amount of money available for collective destination marketing, and create a sustainable new model of destination marketing and management’The policy seems to put forward a contradictory position. If Government’s intervention and reforms can eradicate market failure, then tourism will need no greater level of support than other industries receive. But, if market failure persists, then current levels of corrective state funding are unsustainable. In this scenario, market failure, accompanied by unsustainable state support, could lead to an industry that lacks regualtion and direction.
Visit Britain is the National Tourism Organisation for UK, with three devolved NTOs for Scotland, Wales and Northern IrelandVisit Britain – History of engagement with private sector, but has principally been public sector-led body, operating at arm’s length from government, with the responsibility for distributing fund.50% co-funder with British Airways, Easyjet, Hilton Hotels, P&O ferries.No increase to total funding to Visit Britain. As part of the austerity programme, total core funding was cut from £73.9 million in 2011-12 to £43.6 million in 2014-15, a drop of 58%. This is not offset by the new partnership fund as this has been ring-fenced for promotional campaigns and not for other Visit Britain functions.
Localism agenda – ideological and political commitment to reduce state structure and encourage stronger local control.Natural geogr