This document discusses GNU/Linux operating systems. It provides background on the GNU project started by Richard Stallman in 1983 to create a free UNIX-like operating system. It also discusses the history of Linux, created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 as a hobby project. Finally, it summarizes some of the advantages of GNU/Linux distributions over other operating systems like Windows and Mac, including being open source, customizable, and providing a variety of free software tools.

1. GNU/Linux
Amin Khozaei (@shirazlug)
Telegram: @Amin_Khozaei
Email: amin.khozaei@gmail.com
Date: 2018-11-26

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GNU Project
●
Free Software

The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose
(freedom 0).

The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your
needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for
this.
The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
(freedom 2).
●
The freedom to improve the program, and release your
improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits
(freedom 3). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
Free software puts its users in control of their own
computing.
Nonfree software puts its users under the power of the
software's developer.
In 1983, Richard Stallman started the GNU project with
the goal of creating a free UNIX-like operating system.

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History of Unix/Linux
• Linux was introduced by Linus Torvalds, a student in
Finland(1991).
Hello everybody out there using minix -
I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for
386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any
feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical
layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things).
I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get
something practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people would
want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-)
Linus (torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi)
PS. Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT portable (uses 386
task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's
all I have :-(.
— Linus Torvalds

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History of Unix/Linux...
OpenServer
6.x
UnixWare
7.x
(System V
R5)
HP-UX
11i+
1969
1971 to 1973
1974 to 1975
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001 to 2004
2006 to 2007
2008
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012 to 2015
2016
2017
Open source
Mixed/shared source
Closed source
HP-UX
1.0 to 1.2
OpenSolaris
& derivatives
(illumos, etc.)
System III
System V
R1 to R2
OpenServer
5.0.5 to 5.0.7
OpenServer
5.0 to 5.04
SCO UNIX
3.2.4
SCO Xenix
V/386
SCO Xenix
V/386
SCO Xenix
V/286
SCO Xenix
Xenix
3.0
Xenix
1.0 to 2.3
PWB/Unix
AIX
1.0
AIX
3.0-7.2
OpenBSD
2.3-6.1
OpenBSD
1.0 to 2.2
SunOS
1.2 to 3.0
SunOS
1 to 1.1
Unix/32V
Unix
Version 1 to 4
Unix
Version 5 to 6
Unix
Version 7
Unnamed PDP-7 operating system
BSD
1.0 to 2.0
BSD
3.0 to 4.1
BSD 4.2
Unix
Version 8
Unix
9 and 10
(last versions
from
Bell Labs)
NexTSTEP/
OPENSTEP
1.0 to 4.0
Mac OS X
Server
Mac OS X,
OS X,
macOS
10.0 to 10.12
(Darwin
1.2.1 to 17)
Minix
1.x
Minix
2.x
Minix
3.1.0-3.4.0
Linux
2.x
Linux
0.95 to 1.2.x
Linux 0.0.1
BSD
4.4-Lite
&
Lite Release 2
NetBSD
0.8 to 1.0
NetBSD
1.1 to 1.2
NetBSD 1.3
NetBSD
1.3-7.1
FreeBSD
1.0 to
2.2.x
386BSD
BSD Net/2
Solaris
10
Solaris
11.0-11.3
System V
R4
Solaris
2.1 to 9
BSD 4.3
SunOS
4
HP-UX
2.0 to 3.0
HP-UX
6 to 11
System V
R3
UnixWare
1.x to 2.x
(System V
R4.2)
BSD 4.3
Tahoe
BSD 4.3
Reno
FreeBSD
3.0 to 3.2
FreeBSD
3.3-11.x
Linux
3.x
Linux
4.x OpenServer
10.x
1969
1971 to 1973
1974 to 1975
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001 to 2004
2006 to 2007
2008
2005
2009
2010
2011
2012 to 2015
2016
2017
DragonFly
BSD
1.0 to 4.8
BSD Net/1
Unix-like systems

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GNU and Linux

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DistributionsUbitquity of the Linux kernel, by Shmuel Csaba Otto Traian; GNU FDL 1.3 & CC-BY-SA 3.0; created 2013-09-23
Hardware
Desktop Computer
Workstation
Home Computer
Desktop replacement laptop
Thin client
Mobile computer
Note-/ Net-/ Smartbook
Tablet
Smartphone
PDA / Handheld game console
Wearable Computer
Wristwatch
Virtual Retina Display
Head-mounted display
Embedded Computer
Customer-premises equipment
Measurement Equipment
Laboratory Equipment
Layer3-Switches
other embedded systems
Supercomputer
Computer Cluster
Mainframe computer
Linux Network scheduler
Network stack
Netfilter
Linux device drivers
Linux file system drivers
Linux Process Scheduler
Linux Security Modules
Linux kernel
Human-Machine-
Interface
Speech recognition
Attitude sensor
Motion sensor
Display, Sound
Vibration
Keyboard & Mouse
also Braille, Touch-Display, Speech recognition,
Graphics tablet, 3D-Mouse, Wii nunchak, etc.
Touch-Display
Attitude sensor, Motion sensor,
Speech recognition
remote
(SSH, HTTP, ...)
remote
(SSH, HTTP,
Serial, I
2
C, ...)
Pooloffreeandopen-sourceand
proprietarysoftware
High-performance computing
(HPC)
Real-time computing
(RTC)
GraphicalUserInterfaces
(Shells)
Distributed computing
Wearable UI
Touch UI
Desktop UI
Office
Image Processing
Desktop Publishing (DTP)
Digital Audio Workstation
DJ Mixing Software
Software Development
Package management systems
Web server solution stacks (LAMP)
Routing daemons
Home cinema solutions
Distributed Computing
CAD, CAM & CAE Software
WindowingSystems
Video processing software
3D computer graphics
Computer animation
Motion graphics
Debian software archives: 37,000
software packages
Video games

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Distributions...

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Rolling or Point Release
• Full-rolling
– Arch, Gentoo, ...
• Part-rolling
– Fedora, Ubuntu, ...

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Why GNU/Linux is Better Than
Windows/Mac?
• Open Source Nature
• Secure
• Can revive older computers
• Perfect For Programmers
• Software Updates
• Customization
• Variety Of Distributions
• Free to Use
• Better Community Support
• Reliability
• Privacy

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General Tools
• Browsers
– Firefox
– Chromium
• Download Managers
– Persepolis
– uGet
– Xtreme Download Manager (XDM)

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General Tools...
• Cloud Storage
– Owncloud
– Nextcloud
• Office suite
– LibreOffice
– OpenOffice
– Calligra

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General Tools...
• Music Player
– Lollypop
– Rhythmbox
• Video Player
– VLC
– Totem
– Kodi

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General Tools...
• Photo Editor
– GIMP
– Krita
• Vector Graphics Editor
– Inkscape
• Text Editor
– Vim
– Emacs
– Atom

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Statistical tools
• R
• KNIME
• Octave
• Maxima
• Python
• PSPP

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Installation
dd if=/path/to/iso of=/dev/sdXY conv=sync bs=1M
status=progress

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