Health Professionals Education and Curriculum Development

1.  SALALE UNIVERSITY
SALALE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF
HEALTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF
NURSING
Seminar presentation on strategies for theory
development
Submitted to : Mr. Bikila T(BSc, MSc)
Submission date: 29/03/2015 1

2. Name of participant
1. Mesfin shifera 11. Galato Hinika
2. Kadir Mohammad 12. Sufa Mangiste
3, Mesfin Assefa 13. Rahel Rata
4. Mekonnen Urgesa 14. Damekech Shibiru
5. Yordanos Lamma 15. Amansisa Dabesa
6. Tolosa Nuguse 16. Worku Daba
7. Mulunesh Mosisa 17. Nuguse Wendimu
8. merga wakwaya 18. Deraje Ayele
9. Yadeta Kabede 19. Shambel Debele
10.Azahzu Abate

3. presantation outlines
 objective
 definition
 Theory development strategies
 Relationship Among Theory, Research, and Practice
 Approaches to Theory Development
 Process of Theory Development
 summary
 conclusion
 reference

4.  After the accomplishment of this seminar presentation
students will be:
 define the nursing theory
 what is developemental theory
 Differentiate the categories of theory development strategies
 Identify the premises and assumptions of each strategies type.

5. DEFINITION
 Nursing theory is an organized and systematic articulation
of a set of statements related to questions in the discipline of
nursing.
• A nursing theory is a set of concepts, definitions,
relationships, and assumptions or propositions derived from
nursing models.

6. cont...
 What development theories are about The word
“development” in the English language connotes such ideas
as “unfolding,” “growth,”the concept of development that
has informed so much public policy over the last half-
century

7. Theory development strategies
 Several factors are vital for nurses to examine the process of theory
development.
◦ First, an understanding of the relationship among theory,
research, and practice should be recognized.
◦ Second, the nurse should be aware that there are various
approaches to theory development, based on the source of
initiation (i.e., practice, theory, or research).
◦ Finally, the process of theory development should be
understood.

8. Relationship Among Theory, Research, and Practice
 In applied disciplines such as nursing, practice is based on the
theories that are validated through research
 Thus, theory, research, and practice affect each other in a
reciprocal, cyclical, and interactive way
 Nursing scholars commented on the relationships among
theory, research, and practice.
 Indeed, at that time nursing leaders urged that nursing research
be combined with theory development to provide a rational
basis for practice

9. Relationship Between Theory and Research
 Research validates and modifies theory.
 In nursing, theories stimulate nurse scientists to explore
significant problems in the field of nursing.
 In doing so, the potential for the development of nursing
knowledge increases
 Theories can be used to formulate a set of generalizations to
explain relationships among variables.

10. cont …
 When empirically tested, the results of research can be
used to , a theoretical
proposition

11. Relationship BetweenTheory and Practice …
 Theory guides practice.
 One of the primary uses of theory is to contribute
insights about nursing practice situations through
provision of goals for
.
 Likewise, through practice, nursing theory is shaped,
and guidelines for practice evolve.
 Theory renders practice more efficient and more
effective, and the ultimate benefit of theory application in
nursing is the improvement in client care

12. Relationship Between Research and Practice
 Research is the key to the development of a discipline.
 Middle range and practice theories may be tested in practice
through clinical research
 If individual practitioners are to develop expertise, they must
participate in research.
 In summary, there is a need to encourage nurses to test and
refine theories and models to develop their own personal
models of practice

13. Approaches to Theory Development
 There are five major strategies differentiated by their origin
(theory, practice, or research).
 These approaches are;
I. Theory to practice to theory
II. Practice to theory
III. Research to theory and
IV. Theory to research to theory.
V. Practice–theory–research–theory strategy

14. 1. THEORY TO PRACTICE TO THEORY
 This approach assumes that the theory can help describe or
explain the phenomenon,
But it is not completely congruent with nursing and/or is not
directly defined for nursing practice.
 The nurse could modify concepts and consider relationships
between concepts that were not proposed in the original
theory.
 Thus, the focus of the theory is different from the focus
needed for nursing

15. cont …
 To accomplish this, the nurse would need to;
◦ Have a basic knowledge of the theory
◦ Analyze the theory by reducing it into components
where each component is defined and evaluated
◦ Use assumptions, concepts, and propositions to
describe the clinical area
◦ Redefine assumptions, concepts, and propositions to
reflect nursing; and
◦ Reconstruct a theory using exemplars representing
the redefined assumptions, concepts, and propositions

16. 2. PRACTICE TO THEORY
 If no appropriate theory appears to exist to describe or
explain a phenomenon, theories may be inductively
developed from clinical practice situations.
 It is based on the premise that in a given situation,
existing theories are not useful in describing the
phenomenon of interest

17. 3. RESEARCH TO THEORY
 It is the most accepted strategy for theory development in
nursing, largely due to the early emphasis on empiricism
 The research to theory strategy assumes that there is truth in
real life, that the truth can be captured through the senses, and
that the truth can be verified

18. 4. THEORY TO RESEARCH TO THEORY
 In the theory to research to theory approach, theory drives the
research questions and the results of the research are used to
modify the theory.
 In this approach, the theorist will begin by defining a theory
and determining repositions for testing.
 If carried through, the research findings may be used to further
modify and develop the original theory

19. 5.Practice–theory–research–theory
strategy
 There are seven stages in this strategy, as
follows:
1. taking in.
2. description of phenomenon.
3. labelling.
4. concept development.
5. proposition development.
6. explicating assumptions.
7. sharing and communicating.

20. Basic processes in the development of nursing
theories
 The message of the preceding section of this paper is
that development is not just a matter of economic
growth: the way the economy is organized and the
productivity of economic activity are also
unquestionably of central importance in any
consideration of development.
 Development theories have to be concerned with
economic development, even if not with economic
development alone.

21. cont...
 Theorizing about development did not begin in the middle of the
twentieth century, and we may look for the roots of contemporary
development theories in the work of classical economists such as
Adam Smith, in that of Marx and Engels, or in that of Friedrich List,
who, writing in the 1840s, was critical of Smith and advocated state
intervention to ensure national prosperity.
 Another earlier theory that influenced some more recent
development thinking was that of the economic nationalists in India
who argued that India

22. cont...
 Hayek won recognition as the recipient of the Nobel
Prize for Economics in 1974; and neo-liberalism finally
emerged from the wings of public policy at the end of
the 1970s, as we shall discuss .

23. Origin of theory Bases for development Type of
theory
Methods for development
Theory–
practice–theory
An existing theory non-
nursing that can help
describe and explain a
phenomenon, but the theory
is not complete or not
completely developed for
nursing
Borrowed or
shared theory
Theorists select a non nursing
theory; analyzes the theory;
defines and evaluates each
component; and redefines
assumptions, concepts, and
propositions to reflect nursing
Practice –
theory
Existing theories are not
useful in describing the
phenomenon of interest;
theory is derived from
clinical situations
Grounded
theory
Researcher observes phenomenon
of interest, analyzes similarities
and differences, compares and
contrasts responses, and develops
concepts and linkages

24. Origin of theory Bases for development
Type of
theory Methods for development
Research–theory Development of theory is
based on research; theories
evolve from replicated and
confirmed research
findings
Scientific
theory
Researcher selects a common
phenomenon, lists and measures
characteristics of the phenomenon in a
variety of situations, analyzes the data
to determine if there are patterns that
need further study, and formalizes
patterns as theoretical statements
Theory–research–
theory
Theory drives the research
questions; the result of the
research informs and
modifies the theory
Testing
theory
Theorist defines a theory and
determines propositions for testing; the
theory is modified, refined, or further
developed based on research findings;
in some cases, a new theory will be
formed

25. Theory Practices Theory
Psychoanalytic theory Psychiatry peplau
Systems theory pediatrics Johnson
Adaptation theory pediatrics Roy
Existentialist Psychiatry
Adult/Med Surg
Travelbee
Paterson and Zderad
Biomedical systems Med Surg Orem
Henderson
Abdellah
Maslow
Eg of theory to practice to theory: clinical and paradigmatic
origins of selected nursing theories.

26.  Several factors are vital for nurses to examine the process of theory
development.
 First, an understanding of the relationship among theory, research,
and practice should be recognized.
 Second, the nurse should be aware that there are various approaches
to theory development, based on the source of initiation.
 Finally, the process of theory development should be understood.

27.  Allen, D, Benner, P., and Diekelman, N.L. (1986). Three
paradigms for nursing research: Methodological
implications. In P.L. Chinn (Ed.), Nursing research
methodology: Issues and implications. Rockville, MD:
Aspen System
 Allmark, P. (2003). Popper and nursing theory. Nursing
Philosophy, 4(1), 4–16.
 Benner, P. (1984). From novice to expert: Excellence
and power in clinical nursing practice. Menlo Park, CA:
Addison-Wesley.

28. 28
Thank You!!!