TYPES OF PEST CONTROL AND METHODS OF PEST CONTROL.

1. PEST AND WEED CONTROL
&
DISEASE MANAGEMENT OF
MEDICINALAND AROMATIC
PLANTS
SRAVANI S
090605013

2. WHAT IS MEANT BY PEST?
 Pest is an undesirable animal or plant
species
 TYPES OF PEST CONTROL
The different types of pests infesting the
medicinal plants are
 Fungi and virus
 Insects
 Weeds
 Non insect pests

3. FUNGI
Ascochyta atropae
Cercospora atropae
Phytophthora nicotianae

4. VIRUSES
 Tobacco mosaic virus
 Cucumber mosaic virus
 Tobacco ring spot virus
 Yellow vein mosaic,
 Graft transmissible virus
 Distortion mosaic virus

5. INSECTS
 “Total number of insect species>Total
number of all other forms of life put
together”
 Biting and chewing
 Piercing and sucking
Examples:
 Agrotis species
 Heliothis armigera

6. WEEDS
 A weed is undesirable plant.
 Weed leads to loss of nutrients, water, light and space.
 Increase in cost of labour and equipment
 Low product quality
 Enhanced chances for attacks of bacteria,fungi and insects
 A weed is undesirable plant.
 Rag weed
 Medican tea
 Yellow dock
 Parthenium

7. METHODS OF PEST CONTROL
 MECHANICAL METHOD
 AGRICULTURAL METHOD
 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
 ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD
 CHEMICAL METHOD

8. MECHANICAL METHOD
 The simple techniques used are:
 Hand picking
 Pruning or cutting
 Burning
 Trapping
 A proper approach is made for collection
and destruction of eggs , larvae, pupae and
adults of insects

9. AGRICULTURAL METHOD
 The techniques are:
 Hybridization
 Tissue culture
 Transgenic plants
 Other aspects of Agricultural control are:
 Ploughing
 Crop rotation
 Changes in environment

10. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
 This method is practiced by combating the pests, mostly
the insects with other organism, the parasitic form.
 If the method is properly designed it may emerge as an
effective, safe, economical method of pest control.
 The chemical substances produced and released by some
female insects, are capable of eliciting a sexual response
from the opposite sex, which could be properly
exploited for the biological control of pests. Such
substances are called as SEX PHEROMONES
 E.g., 7, 8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane from gypsy-moth

11. ENVIRONMENTAL METHOD
 Environmental condition surrounding the
pest is changed either by removing its
food supply or by interfering the
completion of its life cycle.
 e.g., mosquito larvae in water are killed
by spreading a layer of oil.

12. CHEMICAL METHOD
 The chemical control is done by with the help of
PESTICIDES.
 Pesticides are chemicals derived from synthetic and
natural sources effective in small concentration against
pest
 Various forms of preparation of pesticides used:
 Spray or wettable powders
 Powders
 Granulates
 Self-emulsifying concentrates
 Solution in mineral oil fractions
 Fumigants

13. PESTICIDE
 These are the chemicals derived from synthetic and natural
sources effective in small concentrations against the pest
 Ideal requirements for pesticides
 It should be non-toxic and non-injurious to medicinal plants
and human being. It should be highly toxic to insect
 It should be effective in small concentrations
 Stable under ordinary conditions of storage,non-inflammable,
non-corrosive and free from obnoxious odours
 It should be non-cumulative in the soil and possess stability
on treated surface.
 Cheap and easily available.

14. MODE OF ACTION OF PESTICIDES ON
ANIMALS
CHEMICAL COMPOUND BIOLOGICAL EFFECT
EFFECT ON ANIMALS
Organophosphorous compounds
and carbamates
Chlorinated hydrocarbons and
pyrethroids
Nicotinoids
Inhibition of Ach esterases
Neurotoxication
Inhibition of neuromuscular
junction

15. MODE OF ACTION OF
PESTICIDES ON PLANTS
CHEMICAL COMPOUND BIOLOGICAL EFFECT
EFFECT ON PLANTS
Carbamates, substituted ureas,
triazines
Carbamates
2,4-D; 2,4,5-T
Metals, sulphur
3-amino-1,2,4 triazole
Chlorinated aliphatic
hydrocarbons
Inhibition of photosynthesis
Inhibition of oxidative
phosphorylation
Harmone analogue
Unknown cause
Inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis
Inhibition of pentothenate
synthesis

16. DIFFERENT CLASSES OF PESTICIDES BASED ON
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
 CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS AND RELATED
PESTICIDES
 CHLORINATED PHENOXYALKANOIC ACID
HERBICIDES
 ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS PESTICIDES
 CARBONATE INSECTICIDES
 INORGANIC PESTICIDES
 DITHIOCARBAMATE FUNGICIDES

17. CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES
 FUNGICIDES
 HERBICIDES
 INSECTICIDES
 ACARICIDES
 RODENTICIDES
 NEMATOCIDES

18. FUNGICIDES
 TYPES:
 DISINFECTANTS FOR SEEDS
Eg., Dithiocarbamates,organophosphorous
compounds,pyridine compounds
 DISINFECTANTS FOR SOIL
 LEAF FUNGICIDES
Eg., Copper oxychlorides,Bordeaux mixture,Barium
sulphate

19. HERBICIDES
 They are the weed killers, which are used for
destroying the unwanted plants or to prevent their
growth
 Types:
 Selective herbicides-2,4-D
 Non-selective herbicides-potassium cyanide
 Contact herbicides-sulphuric acid
 Translocated herbicides-picloram

20. INSECTICIDES
 OVICIDES
 LARVICIDES
 STOMACH POISONS
 CONTACT POISONS
Classified by the mode of action:
 General cell toxins
 Enzyme toxins
 Nerve toxins

21. ACARICIDES
 They are substances that are used to control the
infestation caused by the mites, especially spider mites.
 These insects acquire resistance to the chemicals
because of their rapid multiplication and therefore new
acaricides have to be developed
 Examples:
 Phosphoric and thiophosphoric acid esters
 Carbamidic esters
 Chlorinated aromatics

22. NEMATOCIDES
 For the control of the phyto-pathogenic thread worms
i.e.,nematodes living free in the soil and also occuring in
the plants the agents required are Nematocides.
 Halogenated hydrocarbons
 Carbamidic and thiocarbamidic acid derivatives
 Thio-phosphoric acid esters

23. RODENTICIDES
 The pesticides acting against rodents are called
rodenticides
 Examples:
 Warfarin
 Arsenic trioxide
 Thallium sulfate.
 Natural origin examples: Red Squill, Strychnine

24. DISEASE MANAGEMENT OF MEDICINAL
AND AROMATIC PLANTS
PLANT DISEASE:
 According to” STAKMAN and HORRAR”
“Any disturbance of a plant that interferes with its normal
growth and development , economic values or aesthetic
quality, a continuously often progressively affected
condition in contrast to injury which result from
momentary damage”
 The deviation is sufficiently pronounced and permanent
to produce visible symptom.
 The deviations are produced by pathogenic organisms or
environmental condition and hence their failure to reach
the full genetic potential.

25. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT DISEASES
 BIOTIC (PATHOGENIC)
 FUNGI
 BACTERIA
 VIRUS AND VIRIODS
 PHYTOPLASMA
 PARASITIC PLANT
 NEMATODES
 ABIOTIC (NON-PARASITIC
DISEASES)

26. COMMON DISEASES IN PLANTS
 PHYTOPHTHORA ROT
 ROOT ROT
 PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROT
 LEAF NECROSIS
 LEAF SPOT
 DAMPING OFF

27. PREVENTION OF DISEASES
 EXCLUSION
 AVOIDANCE
 SANITATION
 CULTURAL CONTROL
 PHYSICAL CONTROL
 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
 CHEMICAL CONTROL
 MECHANICAL METHOD

28. MODE OF ACTION OF EACH
CHEMICAL CLASS
 CHEMICAL CLASS
 Benzimidazole
 Benzonitrile
 Carbamates
 Carbozamide
 Cinnamic acid
 Thiadiazole
 TARGET
 Cell mitosis
 multi site
 Cell membrane
 Fungal respiration
 Cell wall synthesis
 Lipid peroxidation

29. REFERENCES
 TEXT BOOK OF PHARMACOGNOSY BY KOKATE,C.K
PUROHIT,22nd EDITION
 TREASE AND EVANS PHARMACOGNOSY,15th EDITION
 MOHAMMAD ALI, TEXT BOOK OF
PHARMACOGNOSY,CULTIVATION AND UTILISATION OF
MEDICINAL PLANTS