TYPE 2 DIABETES TYPE 2 DIABETES 2 Type 2 Diabetes Student Name Date school Type 2 Diabetes Introduction Diabetes is a multifaceted disease that affects over 29 million individuals in the United States although most of them are not aware they are sick. The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes is higher among certain minorities such as Alaska Natives, American Indians, Hispanics, Asian Americans and non-Hispanic Black. Its reduces muscle, liver and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity to as well as a decrease pancreatic b-cell function leading which can impair insulin secretion. Diabetes mellitus (DM) can be in form of Type 1 DM, gestation DM, type 2 DM, Pre-DM or medication-induced DM while all bear high levels of blood glucose. Lately, new antidiabetic medications have been adopted for the treatment of T2DM, including dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1) receptor agonists, anamylin analogue, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Of all cases of diabetes, 90% - 95% is accounted by type 2 DM (Olokoba, Obateru & Olokoba, 2012). It is characterized by the body failing to use insulin properly because of the relative deficiency in insulin or insulin resistance. Failure to manage type 2 diabetes appropriately can cause grave complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular diseases. . Problem Diabetes Mellitus type 2 has become an epidemic in the adult population and managing the glucose levels has become a serious problem with close to 285 million people worldwide affected (International Diabetes Federation. 2011). The number of Americans people affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus has continued to grow by 1.9 million cases every year. The problem has been rampant on older people in the United States who account for 10.9 million cases. Among the factors identified as drivers of type 2DM epidemic is physical inactivity, increased age of the U.S. population, increase in the sub-populations prone to diabetes and obesity epidemic. The cost of type 2DM is enormous and in 2012, approximately $176 billion was used in direct medical costs and $69 billion in lost due to lack of productivity. Review of the Literature Author Article Title Describe Relevance to the Problem Statement 1. SLO #1: Discuss various research designs Lew, K. N., & Wick, A. Pharmacotherapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Navigating Current and New Therapies Descriptive, correlational and review research designs. The three forenamed research designs were used in the article. 2. SLO #2: Compare and contrast select research designs Espeland et al. Intensive Weight Loss Intervention in Older Individuals: Results from the Action for Health in Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Trial A Randomized controlled clinical trial design Research was done on individuals to determine the impact o ...

1. TYPE 2 DIABETES
TYPE 2 DIABETES
2
Type 2 Diabetes
Student Name
Date
school
Type 2 Diabetes
Introduction
Diabetes is a multifaceted disease that affects over 29 million
individuals in the United States although most of them are not
aware they are sick. The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes is
higher among certain minorities such as Alaska Natives,

2. American Indians, Hispanics, Asian Americans and non-
Hispanic Black. Its reduces muscle, liver and adipose tissue
insulin sensitivity to as well as a decrease pancreatic b-cell
function leading which can impair insulin secretion. Diabetes
mellitus (DM) can be in form of Type 1 DM, gestation DM, type
2 DM, Pre-DM or medication-induced DM while all bear high
levels of blood glucose. Lately, new antidiabetic medications
have been adopted for the treatment of T2DM, including
dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide
1(GLP-1) receptor agonists, anamylin analogue, and sodium-
glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Of all cases of
diabetes, 90% - 95% is accounted by type 2 DM (Olokoba,
Obateru & Olokoba, 2012). It is characterized by the body
failing to use insulin properly because of the relative deficiency
in insulin or insulin resistance. Failure to manage type 2
diabetes appropriately can cause grave complications such as
neuropathy, retinopathy and cardiovascular diseases. .
Problem
Diabetes Mellitus type 2 has become an epidemic in the adult
population and managing the glucose levels has become a
serious problem with close to 285 million people worldwide
affected (International Diabetes Federation. 2011). The number
of Americans people affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus has
continued to grow by 1.9 million cases every year. The problem
has been rampant on older people in the United States who
account for 10.9 million cases. Among the factors identified as
drivers of type 2DM epidemic is physical inactivity, increased
age of the U.S. population, increase in the sub-populations
prone to diabetes and obesity epidemic. The cost of type 2DM is
enormous and in 2012, approximately $176 billion was used in
direct medical costs and $69 billion in lost due to lack of
productivity.
Review of the Literature
Author
Article Title

3. Describe Relevance to the Problem Statement
1. SLO #1: Discuss various research designs
Lew, K. N., &
Wick, A.
Pharmacotherapy of
Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus: Navigating
Current and New
Therapies
Descriptive, correlational and review
research designs. The three
forenamed research designs were
used in the article.
2. SLO #2: Compare and contrast select research designs
Espeland et al.
Intensive Weight
Loss Intervention
in Older Individuals:
Results from the Action
for Health in Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Trial
A Randomized controlled clinical trial
design
Research was done on individuals to
determine the impact of weight lost
to the diabetes mellitus. Real data
was collected based on the
observations made by the researchers.
3. SLO #3: Examine the use of research and evidence based
practice in healthcare
Michael M. Evans

4. Evidence-Based Practice Protocol to Improve Glucose Control
in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Follow-up telephone interventions by
APRN on blood sugar control can
assist in controlling type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus.
The procedure is done to support
Standard treatment.
4. SLO #4: Deconstruct select research studies
Reid, T. S. (2014).
Improving Patient
Outcomes with Effective
Treatment Strategies in
the Management of
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Descriptive and semi-experimental.
The research conducted a survey on
the methods of improving patients’
outcome with effective treatment
strategies.
SLO1: Discussion of Various Designs
1. Will be able to use a cross-sectional descriptive correlational
design, in future to perform various research related to nursing
field.
2. Will be able to demonstrate my knowledge on random
controlled clinical trials in determining an impact of the
researched phenomena.
3. Will demonstrate the ability I have learned about descriptive
and semi- experimental designs to find result that would
improve specific issues.
4. Will be able to use follow-up telephone interventions to
collect data that can be used as inference for various research
outcome.
SLO2: Compare and Contrast select research Designs

5. 1. The first research usedcombined research designs i.e.cross-
sectional, descriptive and correlational design in its research.
2. The second used a single research design i.e. random
controlled clinical trials to reach individual privately.
3. The third used follow- up telephone intervention to collect
research data from various sample
4. The fourth used two research designs i.e. descriptive and
semi-experimental design to determine important strategies to
patient well-being.
SLO3: 1. Examine the use of research and evidence based
practice in healthcare
The research has identified Self-care behaviors as essential in
controlling type 2 diabetes progression and for preventing long-
term complications (American Diabetes Association, 2010).
Patients are expected to integrate a complex set of self-care
behaviors into their daily routines (Chatterjee, 2006; Funnell et
al., 2010). Behavioral weight loss interventions can produce
sustained meaningful intervention in overweight and obese
individuals aged 65 to 76 who have type 2DM.
The research has identified improvement in education on patient
with type 2DM as meant to improve self-efficacy in self-care.
As unemployed older adults are at a high risk for inadequate
health literacy, diabetes education material that requires lower
literacy levels may be offered together with outreach health
activities and diabetes screening. This would improve patient
literacy on accurately interpreting glucose reading and knowing
the correct times for taking medication. Nurses should
incorporate self-efficacy in designing self-care behavior
education programs that would enhance interventions. Such
would include special attention on patient response on dealing
with hypoglycemic situations, checking their weight, preparing
food according to diabetes dietary plans and checking blood
sugar levels as recommended
SLO4: 4. Deconstruct select research studies

6. Theresearch onPharmacotherapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus:
Navigating Current and New Therapies has not been able to
provide a summary on larger research problem and the problem
statement has not been adequately outline. However, the
methodology and conclusion are clear and well extrapolated.
The research on Health literacy, self-efficacy, and self-care
behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is well
organized with a clear abstract and problem statement. The
study methodology has also been emphasized with limitation,
and analysis done professionaly. However, the conclusion and
limitations are very shallow. References are also handful.
Research on Improving Patient Outcomes with
EffectiveTreatment Strategies in the Management of Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus has been done shallowly and lacks a clear
methodology. It however has an outline that reflects on its
objective. The research on Evidence-Based Practice Protocol to
Improve Glucose Control in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus is the ultimate research paper in this clinical research.
It has conformed to methodology, design, referencing,
conclusion and problem statement. It is one that can be
emulated by future researches.
Conclusion
There is a lot to be learned from the above researches on type 2
DM and how studies can be used to improve patients well-being
as well as reduce the big load of cost associated with its control
and treatment. The research also is important in understanding
how nursing research should be carried to realize their objective
especially to students in medicine field.

7. References
Bohanny, W., Wu, S. F. V., Liu, C. Y., Yeh, S. H., Tsay, S. L.,
& Wang, T. J. (2013). Health literacy, self‐efficacy, and
self‐care behaviors in patients with type 2 diabetes
mellitus. Journal of the American Association of Nurse
Practitioners, 25(9), 495-502.
Espeland, M. A., Rejeski, W. J., West, D. S., Bray, G. A.,
Clark, J. M., Peters, A. L., & ... Hazuda, H. P.(2013). Intensive
Weight Loss Intervention in Older Individuals: Results from the
Action for Health in Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61(6),
912-922 11p. doi:10.1111/jgs.12271
Evans, M. (2010). Evidence-based practice protocol to improve
glucose control in individuals with type diabetes
mellitus. MEDSURG Nursing, 19(6), 317-322 6p.
International Diabetes Federation. (2011). IDF diabetes atlas.
International Diabetes Federation, Executive Office.
Lew, K. N., & Wick, A. (2015). Pharmacotherapy of Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus: Navigating Current and New
Therapies. Pharmacotherapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus:
Navigating Current and New Therapies,24(6), 413-438
Olokoba, A. B., Obateru, O. A., & Olokoba, L. B. (2012). Type
2 diabetes mellitus: a review of current trends. Oman Med
J, 27(4), 269-273.

8. Reid, T. S. (2014). Improving Patient Outcomes with Effective
Treatment Strategies in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus. Journal Of Managed Care Medicine, 17(1), 41-46 6p.