Discover the Essentials of Tuberculosis (TB): Uncover Risk Factors, Recognize Symptoms, and Master Diagnosis with Prolife Diagnostics. Your Comprehensive Guide to Understanding and Managing TB.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in children. It begins with an overview of the clinical spectrum of TB in children, which can include pulmonary, visceral, cutaneous, neuro, and perinatal manifestations. Pulmonary TB lesions in children typically include primary complexes and intrathoracic lymphadenopathy. Extrapulmonary TB involves sites like bone, joints, the gastrointestinal tract, and the central nervous system. The document then covers the diagnosis of TB in children, which involves clinical judgment based on exposure history and symptoms, the tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and bacteriological confirmation via sputum sampling or gastric aspiration. Interpretation of diagnostic tests and their limitations are also discussed.
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It remains one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide despite available treatments. The small size of TB droplets allows them to remain suspended in the air for long periods, increasing risk of infection in enclosed and poorly ventilated spaces. Common symptoms include coughing, chest pain, and weight loss. While antibiotics exist to treat TB, multidrug-resistant strains are increasingly common and have high mortality rates.
- Stillbirth is defined as fetal death occurring after 20 weeks of gestation or a fetal weight of at least 500 grams. The worldwide stillbirth rate is over 3 million per year.
- The causes of stillbirth are often unknown, but may include maternal conditions like diabetes or hypertension, fetal conditions like growth restriction, and placental conditions like abruption. Advanced maternal age, obesity, and multiple gestations are also risk factors.
- Evaluation of stillbirth includes fetal autopsy, placental examination, and genetic testing. However, the optimal testing and management for subsequent pregnancies after an unexplained stillbirth remains uncertain due to lack of evidence.
Management of SLE with pregnancy ,the difficult missionWafaa Benjamin
Involvement of obstetricians and physicians with experience of managing SLE in pregnancy improves the outcome for the mother and foetus.
MDT
Pre-pregnancy clinics
Triage of low& high risk women
Be alert to detect a flare
Wait for PE & distinguish from L.nephritis
TOP when in risk
Sexually Transmitted Infection (Malaysian STI Guidelines 2015)Shalini mas
This document provides an overview of common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including their causative organisms, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations. It covers bacterial STIs like gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis, viral STIs like herpes and HIV, and fungal infections like candidiasis. STIs remain highly prevalent worldwide, especially among young people under 25, and can often be asymptomatic. Proper diagnosis and treatment of STIs as well as contact tracing of partners are important to control spread.
Cancer is a disease characterized by abnormal cell growth that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Common symptoms include unusual lumps or tumors, bleeding, pain, weight loss, and fatigue. Cancers are primarily caused by environmental and lifestyle factors like tobacco use, poor diet, obesity, infections, and pollution. The most common cancer types are colorectal, skin, stomach, esophageal, prostate, and lung cancers. Prevention strategies include promoting cancer awareness, healthy behaviors, limiting alcohol, vaccination, and early detection programs. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, clinical trials, and targeted therapies.
Cancer is a disease characterized by abnormal cell growth that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Common symptoms include unusual lumps or tumors, bleeding, pain, weight loss, and fatigue. Cancers are primarily caused by environmental and lifestyle factors like tobacco use, poor diet, obesity, infections, and pollution. The most common cancer types are colorectal, skin, stomach, esophageal, prostate, and lung cancers. Prevention strategies include promoting cancer awareness, healthy behaviors, limiting alcohol, vaccination, and early detection programs. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, clinical trials, and targeted therapies.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in children. It begins with an overview of the clinical spectrum of TB in children, which can include pulmonary, visceral, cutaneous, neuro, and perinatal manifestations. Pulmonary TB lesions in children typically include primary complexes and intrathoracic lymphadenopathy. Extrapulmonary TB involves sites like bone, joints, the gastrointestinal tract, and the central nervous system. The document then covers the diagnosis of TB in children, which involves clinical judgment based on exposure history and symptoms, the tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray, and bacteriological confirmation via sputum sampling or gastric aspiration. Interpretation of diagnostic tests and their limitations are also discussed.
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It remains one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide despite available treatments. The small size of TB droplets allows them to remain suspended in the air for long periods, increasing risk of infection in enclosed and poorly ventilated spaces. Common symptoms include coughing, chest pain, and weight loss. While antibiotics exist to treat TB, multidrug-resistant strains are increasingly common and have high mortality rates.
- Stillbirth is defined as fetal death occurring after 20 weeks of gestation or a fetal weight of at least 500 grams. The worldwide stillbirth rate is over 3 million per year.
- The causes of stillbirth are often unknown, but may include maternal conditions like diabetes or hypertension, fetal conditions like growth restriction, and placental conditions like abruption. Advanced maternal age, obesity, and multiple gestations are also risk factors.
- Evaluation of stillbirth includes fetal autopsy, placental examination, and genetic testing. However, the optimal testing and management for subsequent pregnancies after an unexplained stillbirth remains uncertain due to lack of evidence.
Management of SLE with pregnancy ,the difficult missionWafaa Benjamin
Involvement of obstetricians and physicians with experience of managing SLE in pregnancy improves the outcome for the mother and foetus.
MDT
Pre-pregnancy clinics
Triage of low& high risk women
Be alert to detect a flare
Wait for PE & distinguish from L.nephritis
TOP when in risk
Sexually Transmitted Infection (Malaysian STI Guidelines 2015)Shalini mas
This document provides an overview of common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including their causative organisms, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations. It covers bacterial STIs like gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis, viral STIs like herpes and HIV, and fungal infections like candidiasis. STIs remain highly prevalent worldwide, especially among young people under 25, and can often be asymptomatic. Proper diagnosis and treatment of STIs as well as contact tracing of partners are important to control spread.
Cancer is a disease characterized by abnormal cell growth that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Common symptoms include unusual lumps or tumors, bleeding, pain, weight loss, and fatigue. Cancers are primarily caused by environmental and lifestyle factors like tobacco use, poor diet, obesity, infections, and pollution. The most common cancer types are colorectal, skin, stomach, esophageal, prostate, and lung cancers. Prevention strategies include promoting cancer awareness, healthy behaviors, limiting alcohol, vaccination, and early detection programs. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, clinical trials, and targeted therapies.
Cancer is a disease characterized by abnormal cell growth that can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Common symptoms include unusual lumps or tumors, bleeding, pain, weight loss, and fatigue. Cancers are primarily caused by environmental and lifestyle factors like tobacco use, poor diet, obesity, infections, and pollution. The most common cancer types are colorectal, skin, stomach, esophageal, prostate, and lung cancers. Prevention strategies include promoting cancer awareness, healthy behaviors, limiting alcohol, vaccination, and early detection programs. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, clinical trials, and targeted therapies.
This document discusses prematurity and preterm labor. It defines prematurity as birth before 37 weeks gestation and notes the leading causes of neonatal mortality are related to prematurity. Risk factors for preterm labor include previous preterm birth, infection, uterine abnormalities, multiple gestation, and idiopathic causes. Complications of preterm birth include respiratory distress, infections, developmental delays and long term disabilities. Diagnosis involves screening high risk women and evaluating cervical length and dilation during threatened or established labor. Management includes tocolytic drugs, corticosteroids and neonatal intensive care. Commonly used tocolytic classes are NSAIDs, beta-agonists and calcium channel blockers, with the goal of prolonging
This document discusses sexually transmitted infections including syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and HSV. It provides details on the pathogenesis, transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of each STI. For syphilis, gonorrhea and chlamydia, it outlines the recommended screening, diagnostic tests including NAAT and culture, and CDC-recommended treatment regimens for pregnant and non-pregnant patients. Complications of untreated STIs for both mother and fetus are also discussed.
The document discusses preconception care, which aims to identify and modify health risks in women before pregnancy to improve pregnancy outcomes. It covers components of preconception care like health assessments, screening tests, nutrition education, managing infections and medical conditions, addressing genetics and environmental factors. The objectives are to maximize parental health and reduce perinatal mortality and morbidity. Assessments cover things like medical history, vaccinations, nutrition levels. Women are advised to attain normal BMI and address any infections, diseases or genetic risks before conception. Lifestyle factors like stress, smoking, alcohol and environmental exposures are also addressed.
The document discusses preconception care, which aims to identify and modify health risks in women before pregnancy to improve pregnancy outcomes. It covers components of preconception care like screening for medical conditions and infections, ensuring proper nutrition, vaccinations, genetic screening, and modifying risk factors like smoking, alcohol and environmental exposures. The objectives are to maximize parent and baby health, reduce mortality and morbidity, provide information to help make informed choices, and evaluate any need for genetic counseling. Screening tests, nutrition requirements, vaccination needs, risk factors for various medical conditions, and lifestyle modifications are outlined to help prepare for a healthy pregnancy.
Recurrent pregnancy loss is defined as 3 or more consecutive pregnancies ending in spontaneous abortion before 20 weeks. The causes of recurrent pregnancy loss can be established in only 30-50% of cases and include genetic abnormalities, anatomic abnormalities of the uterus, endocrine disorders, autoimmune conditions, infections, and environmental factors. While extensive testing and treatments are available, the cause remains unidentified in 30-40% of recurrent pregnancy loss cases. Providing psychological support to couples experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss can help improve future pregnancy outcomes.
Abdominal Tuberculosis final final.pptxmanjujanhavi
Abdominal tuberculosis is a common extra-pulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis. It can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, with the ileocecal region being the most common site. Presentations include intestinal obstruction, perforation, ascites, and masses. Diagnosis involves imaging such as x-ray, ultrasound and CT scan. Laboratory tests on ascitic fluid include ADA levels, smear and culture. Laparoscopy allows for biopsy and diagnosis. Treatment involves anti-tuberculosis medication alongside management of complications. Coinfection with HIV increases severity and risk of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
Abdominal tuberculosis is a common extra-pulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis. It can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, with the ileocecal region being the most common site. Presentations include intestinal obstruction, perforation, ascites, and masses. Diagnosis involves imaging such as x-ray, ultrasound and CT scan. Laboratory tests on ascitic fluid include ADA levels, smear and culture. Laparoscopy allows for biopsy and diagnosis. Treatment involves anti-tuberculosis medication alongside management of complications. Coinfection with HIV increases severity and risk of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
India is the highest TB burden country accounting for more than one-fourth of the global incidence .Genital TB is found in 5-10% of women with infertility problems, with low rates in Australia (1%) and high rates of up to 19% in India (ICMR,2011)
Definition
PID is a disease of the upper genital tract.
It is a spectrum of infection and inflammation of the upper genital tract organs typically involving the uterus (endometrium), fallopian tubes, ovaries, pelvic peritoneum and surrounding structures.
Epidemiology
Occurs both in the developed and developing
countries.
85 per cent are spontaneous infection in sexually active females of reproductive age.
The remaining 15 per cent follow procedures, which favors the organisms to ascend up.
Two-thirds are restricted to young women of less than 25 years and the remaining one-third limited among 30 years or older.
Risk factors
Menstruating teenagers.
Multiple sexual partners.
Absence of contraceptive pill use.
Previous history of acute PID.
IUD users.
Area with high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases.
Protective factors
Contraceptive practice
Barrier methods
Oral steroidal contraceptives
Monogamy / Vasectomy
Others
Pregnancy
Menopause
Vaccines
CLINICAL FEATURES
Bilateral lower abdominal and pelvic pain dull in nature.
Fever, lassitude and headache.
Irregular and excessive vaginal bleeding .
Abnormal vaginal discharge (purulent or copious)
Nausea and vomiting.
Dyspareunia.
Pain and discomfort in the right hypochondrium.
Signs
Temperature >38.3°C.
Abdominal palpation
(1) Tenderness on both the quadrants of lower abdomen.
(2) The liver may be enlarged and tender.
Vaginal examination
(1) Abnormal vaginal discharge (purulent).
(2) Congested external urethral meatus or openings of Bartholin’s ducts through which pus may be seen escaping out on pressure.
(3) Speculum examination shows congested cervix with purulent discharge from the canal.
Clinical diagnostic criteria of PID (CDC-2006)
Minimum Criteria
Lower abdominal tenderness.
Adnexal tenderness.
Cervical motion tenderness.
Additional Criteria
Oral temperature > 38.3°C.
Mucopurulent cervical or vaginal discharge.
Raised C-reactive protein and/or ESR.
Definitive Criteria
Histopathologic evidence of endometritis on biopsy.
Imaging study (TVS/MRI) evidence of tubo-ovarian complex.
Laparoscopic evidence of PID
Investigations
Identification of organisms
Blood: Leucocyte count shows leucocytosis to more than 10,000 per cu mm and an elevated ESR value of more than 15 mm per hour.
Laparoscopy
Complications Of Pid
Immediate
Pelvic peritonitis or even generalized
Septicemia
Late
Dyspareunia
Infertility
Chronic pelvic inflammation
Formation of adhesions or hydrosalpinx or pyosalpinx and tubo-ovarian abscess.
Chronic pelvic pain and ill health.
Ambulatory Management Of Acute PID (CDC-2006)
Patient should have oral therapy for 14 days
Regimen A
Levofloxacin 500 mg (or, ofloxacin 400 mg) PO
Metronidazole 500 PO bid
Regimen B
Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM single dose
Doxycycline 100 mg PO BID with or without
Metronidazole 500 mg PO BID for 14
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection and inflammation of the upper female genital tract affecting the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and surrounding structures. It occurs most often in sexually active young women under 25 years old and risk factors include multiple sexual partners and lack of contraceptive use. Common symptoms include lower abdominal pain and fever. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria such as abdominal and adnexal tenderness. Treatment involves oral or intravenous antibiotics for 14 days to prevent complications like infertility, chronic pelvic pain and tubo-ovarian abscesses.
This document discusses Down syndrome screening and diagnostic tests. It begins by explaining what Down syndrome is and its relationship to maternal age. It then describes various first and second trimester screening tests like the integrated screen, quad screen, cell-free DNA screening, chorionic villus sampling, and amniocentesis. Key markers like nuchal translucency, nasal bone, and maternal serum markers are also explained. The document concludes with some facts about Down syndrome and references.
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 12% of deaths globally. In 2008 there were an estimated 12.7 million new cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths. The global cancer burden is expected to nearly double by 2030. Tobacco use is responsible for approximately 50% of cancer deaths. Other major risk factors include diet, infections, environmental exposures, and genetic factors. Prevention strategies focus on reducing tobacco use, promoting healthy diets, vaccinations, and screening programs. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy and stem cell transplantation.
female Genital tuberculosis,TB-PCR, female infertility, veerendrakumar cm
female genital TB poses stiffest challenge in the diagnosis, rapid molecular techniques have helped in arriving at a definitive diagnosis in suspicious clinical setting
This document discusses diseases of infancy and childhood. It covers a range of topics including congenital anomalies, prematurity, perinatal infections like respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sudden infant death syndrome. Mortality rates for different age groups are provided. Causes of congenital anomalies include genetic, environmental, and multifactorial factors. Specific conditions discussed in more depth include prematurity, fetal growth restriction, respiratory distress syndrome, and necrotizing enterocolitis.
This document discusses various teratogens and infections that can adversely affect fetal development during pregnancy. It notes that the strength of the teratogen, timing of exposure, and affinity for specific tissues determine the amount of damage. Specific teratogens mentioned include medications like thalidomide and infections like rubella, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasmosis. Prenatal assessments are outlined to screen for exposures and infections, monitor fetal growth and well-being, and provide health education to pregnant women.
Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of bacteraemia with systemic signs and symptoms of infection in the first four weeks of life. It is a major cause of neonatal mortality worldwide, responsible for 1.5-2 million deaths per year in developing countries. Clinical features include respiratory distress, poor feeding, and lethargy. Diagnosis involves blood, cerebrospinal fluid and other cultures. Treatment involves supportive care and antibiotics chosen based on the likely causative organisms. Prevention strategies include handwashing, isolation procedures, and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for at-risk mothers.
This document discusses prenatal genetics counseling and testing. It covers assessing risk factors like maternal age and family history. Common screening tests like maternal serum screening and ultrasound are described. Specific genetic disorders are reviewed including autosomal dominant, recessive, and X-linked conditions. Ethnic backgrounds that confer higher risk for certain disorders are noted. The document also discusses new developments in prenatal screening technologies.
HOW TO START UP A COMPANY A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE.pdf46adnanshahzad
How to Start Up a Company: A Step-by-Step Guide Starting a company is an exciting adventure that combines creativity, strategy, and hard work. It can seem overwhelming at first, but with the right guidance, anyone can transform a great idea into a successful business. Let's dive into how to start up a company, from the initial spark of an idea to securing funding and launching your startup.
Introduction
Have you ever dreamed of turning your innovative idea into a thriving business? Starting a company involves numerous steps and decisions, but don't worry—we're here to help. Whether you're exploring how to start a startup company or wondering how to start up a small business, this guide will walk you through the process, step by step.
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Similar to Tuberculosis (TB) Risk Factors, Symptoms, Diagnosis - Prolife Diagnostics.pdf
This document discusses prematurity and preterm labor. It defines prematurity as birth before 37 weeks gestation and notes the leading causes of neonatal mortality are related to prematurity. Risk factors for preterm labor include previous preterm birth, infection, uterine abnormalities, multiple gestation, and idiopathic causes. Complications of preterm birth include respiratory distress, infections, developmental delays and long term disabilities. Diagnosis involves screening high risk women and evaluating cervical length and dilation during threatened or established labor. Management includes tocolytic drugs, corticosteroids and neonatal intensive care. Commonly used tocolytic classes are NSAIDs, beta-agonists and calcium channel blockers, with the goal of prolonging
This document discusses sexually transmitted infections including syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and HSV. It provides details on the pathogenesis, transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of each STI. For syphilis, gonorrhea and chlamydia, it outlines the recommended screening, diagnostic tests including NAAT and culture, and CDC-recommended treatment regimens for pregnant and non-pregnant patients. Complications of untreated STIs for both mother and fetus are also discussed.
The document discusses preconception care, which aims to identify and modify health risks in women before pregnancy to improve pregnancy outcomes. It covers components of preconception care like health assessments, screening tests, nutrition education, managing infections and medical conditions, addressing genetics and environmental factors. The objectives are to maximize parental health and reduce perinatal mortality and morbidity. Assessments cover things like medical history, vaccinations, nutrition levels. Women are advised to attain normal BMI and address any infections, diseases or genetic risks before conception. Lifestyle factors like stress, smoking, alcohol and environmental exposures are also addressed.
The document discusses preconception care, which aims to identify and modify health risks in women before pregnancy to improve pregnancy outcomes. It covers components of preconception care like screening for medical conditions and infections, ensuring proper nutrition, vaccinations, genetic screening, and modifying risk factors like smoking, alcohol and environmental exposures. The objectives are to maximize parent and baby health, reduce mortality and morbidity, provide information to help make informed choices, and evaluate any need for genetic counseling. Screening tests, nutrition requirements, vaccination needs, risk factors for various medical conditions, and lifestyle modifications are outlined to help prepare for a healthy pregnancy.
Recurrent pregnancy loss is defined as 3 or more consecutive pregnancies ending in spontaneous abortion before 20 weeks. The causes of recurrent pregnancy loss can be established in only 30-50% of cases and include genetic abnormalities, anatomic abnormalities of the uterus, endocrine disorders, autoimmune conditions, infections, and environmental factors. While extensive testing and treatments are available, the cause remains unidentified in 30-40% of recurrent pregnancy loss cases. Providing psychological support to couples experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss can help improve future pregnancy outcomes.
Abdominal Tuberculosis final final.pptxmanjujanhavi
Abdominal tuberculosis is a common extra-pulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis. It can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, with the ileocecal region being the most common site. Presentations include intestinal obstruction, perforation, ascites, and masses. Diagnosis involves imaging such as x-ray, ultrasound and CT scan. Laboratory tests on ascitic fluid include ADA levels, smear and culture. Laparoscopy allows for biopsy and diagnosis. Treatment involves anti-tuberculosis medication alongside management of complications. Coinfection with HIV increases severity and risk of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
Abdominal tuberculosis is a common extra-pulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis. It can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, with the ileocecal region being the most common site. Presentations include intestinal obstruction, perforation, ascites, and masses. Diagnosis involves imaging such as x-ray, ultrasound and CT scan. Laboratory tests on ascitic fluid include ADA levels, smear and culture. Laparoscopy allows for biopsy and diagnosis. Treatment involves anti-tuberculosis medication alongside management of complications. Coinfection with HIV increases severity and risk of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
India is the highest TB burden country accounting for more than one-fourth of the global incidence .Genital TB is found in 5-10% of women with infertility problems, with low rates in Australia (1%) and high rates of up to 19% in India (ICMR,2011)
Definition
PID is a disease of the upper genital tract.
It is a spectrum of infection and inflammation of the upper genital tract organs typically involving the uterus (endometrium), fallopian tubes, ovaries, pelvic peritoneum and surrounding structures.
Epidemiology
Occurs both in the developed and developing
countries.
85 per cent are spontaneous infection in sexually active females of reproductive age.
The remaining 15 per cent follow procedures, which favors the organisms to ascend up.
Two-thirds are restricted to young women of less than 25 years and the remaining one-third limited among 30 years or older.
Risk factors
Menstruating teenagers.
Multiple sexual partners.
Absence of contraceptive pill use.
Previous history of acute PID.
IUD users.
Area with high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases.
Protective factors
Contraceptive practice
Barrier methods
Oral steroidal contraceptives
Monogamy / Vasectomy
Others
Pregnancy
Menopause
Vaccines
CLINICAL FEATURES
Bilateral lower abdominal and pelvic pain dull in nature.
Fever, lassitude and headache.
Irregular and excessive vaginal bleeding .
Abnormal vaginal discharge (purulent or copious)
Nausea and vomiting.
Dyspareunia.
Pain and discomfort in the right hypochondrium.
Signs
Temperature >38.3°C.
Abdominal palpation
(1) Tenderness on both the quadrants of lower abdomen.
(2) The liver may be enlarged and tender.
Vaginal examination
(1) Abnormal vaginal discharge (purulent).
(2) Congested external urethral meatus or openings of Bartholin’s ducts through which pus may be seen escaping out on pressure.
(3) Speculum examination shows congested cervix with purulent discharge from the canal.
Clinical diagnostic criteria of PID (CDC-2006)
Minimum Criteria
Lower abdominal tenderness.
Adnexal tenderness.
Cervical motion tenderness.
Additional Criteria
Oral temperature > 38.3°C.
Mucopurulent cervical or vaginal discharge.
Raised C-reactive protein and/or ESR.
Definitive Criteria
Histopathologic evidence of endometritis on biopsy.
Imaging study (TVS/MRI) evidence of tubo-ovarian complex.
Laparoscopic evidence of PID
Investigations
Identification of organisms
Blood: Leucocyte count shows leucocytosis to more than 10,000 per cu mm and an elevated ESR value of more than 15 mm per hour.
Laparoscopy
Complications Of Pid
Immediate
Pelvic peritonitis or even generalized
Septicemia
Late
Dyspareunia
Infertility
Chronic pelvic inflammation
Formation of adhesions or hydrosalpinx or pyosalpinx and tubo-ovarian abscess.
Chronic pelvic pain and ill health.
Ambulatory Management Of Acute PID (CDC-2006)
Patient should have oral therapy for 14 days
Regimen A
Levofloxacin 500 mg (or, ofloxacin 400 mg) PO
Metronidazole 500 PO bid
Regimen B
Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM single dose
Doxycycline 100 mg PO BID with or without
Metronidazole 500 mg PO BID for 14
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection and inflammation of the upper female genital tract affecting the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and surrounding structures. It occurs most often in sexually active young women under 25 years old and risk factors include multiple sexual partners and lack of contraceptive use. Common symptoms include lower abdominal pain and fever. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria such as abdominal and adnexal tenderness. Treatment involves oral or intravenous antibiotics for 14 days to prevent complications like infertility, chronic pelvic pain and tubo-ovarian abscesses.
This document discusses Down syndrome screening and diagnostic tests. It begins by explaining what Down syndrome is and its relationship to maternal age. It then describes various first and second trimester screening tests like the integrated screen, quad screen, cell-free DNA screening, chorionic villus sampling, and amniocentesis. Key markers like nuchal translucency, nasal bone, and maternal serum markers are also explained. The document concludes with some facts about Down syndrome and references.
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 12% of deaths globally. In 2008 there were an estimated 12.7 million new cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths. The global cancer burden is expected to nearly double by 2030. Tobacco use is responsible for approximately 50% of cancer deaths. Other major risk factors include diet, infections, environmental exposures, and genetic factors. Prevention strategies focus on reducing tobacco use, promoting healthy diets, vaccinations, and screening programs. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy and stem cell transplantation.
female Genital tuberculosis,TB-PCR, female infertility, veerendrakumar cm
female genital TB poses stiffest challenge in the diagnosis, rapid molecular techniques have helped in arriving at a definitive diagnosis in suspicious clinical setting
This document discusses diseases of infancy and childhood. It covers a range of topics including congenital anomalies, prematurity, perinatal infections like respiratory distress syndrome, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sudden infant death syndrome. Mortality rates for different age groups are provided. Causes of congenital anomalies include genetic, environmental, and multifactorial factors. Specific conditions discussed in more depth include prematurity, fetal growth restriction, respiratory distress syndrome, and necrotizing enterocolitis.
This document discusses various teratogens and infections that can adversely affect fetal development during pregnancy. It notes that the strength of the teratogen, timing of exposure, and affinity for specific tissues determine the amount of damage. Specific teratogens mentioned include medications like thalidomide and infections like rubella, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasmosis. Prenatal assessments are outlined to screen for exposures and infections, monitor fetal growth and well-being, and provide health education to pregnant women.
Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of bacteraemia with systemic signs and symptoms of infection in the first four weeks of life. It is a major cause of neonatal mortality worldwide, responsible for 1.5-2 million deaths per year in developing countries. Clinical features include respiratory distress, poor feeding, and lethargy. Diagnosis involves blood, cerebrospinal fluid and other cultures. Treatment involves supportive care and antibiotics chosen based on the likely causative organisms. Prevention strategies include handwashing, isolation procedures, and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for at-risk mothers.
This document discusses prenatal genetics counseling and testing. It covers assessing risk factors like maternal age and family history. Common screening tests like maternal serum screening and ultrasound are described. Specific genetic disorders are reviewed including autosomal dominant, recessive, and X-linked conditions. Ethnic backgrounds that confer higher risk for certain disorders are noted. The document also discusses new developments in prenatal screening technologies.
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Introduction
Have you ever dreamed of turning your innovative idea into a thriving business? Starting a company involves numerous steps and decisions, but don't worry—we're here to help. Whether you're exploring how to start a startup company or wondering how to start up a small business, this guide will walk you through the process, step by step.
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https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
Each framework is presented with visually engaging diagrams and templates, ensuring the content is both informative and appealing. While this compilation is thorough, please note that the slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be sufficient for standalone instructional purposes.
This compilation is ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of innovation management and drive meaningful change within their organization. Whether you aim to improve product development processes, enhance customer experiences, or drive digital transformation, these frameworks offer valuable insights and tools to help you achieve your goals.
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2. IDEO’s Human-Centered Design
3. Strategyzer’s Business Model Innovation
4. Lean Startup Methodology
5. Agile Innovation Framework
6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
16. Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking Hats
17. Stage-Gate Model
18. Toyota’s Six Steps of Kaizen
19. Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
20. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)
To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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individuals
Weakened immune system
conditions (Diabetes, HIV)
Infants, children, and elderly
Healthcare work exposure
Poor nutrition, malnutrition,
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Tobacco use
RISK FACTORS FOR
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Persistent Cough
Chest Pain
Fatigue
Fever and Chills
Loss of Appetite
Breathlessness
Swollen Lymph Nodes
Weakness and Malaise
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Blood tests (Interferon-
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Sputum smear microscopy
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Chest X-ray
CT scan
Molecular tests (PCR)
Biopsy
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