This a PPT on the topic Tribals and dikus which is about the way how tribals and dikus lived in India during British period and what happened to them and how were the treated

1. TRIBALS AND
DIKUS
DONE BY: YOGA VAISHNAV

2. Tribes
In anthropology, a tribe is a human social group. Exact
definitions of what constitutes a tribe vary among
anthropologists, and the term is itself considered controversial
in academic circles in part due to its association
with colonialism.

4. Dikus
The word Dikus means outsiders (eg: The British People
Who Came To India). Dikus were the people who made the
tribal people depend on them, thereby causing them a lot of
misery and suffering. The outsiders consist of traders and
money lenders, who can come into the forest . They used to sell
the goods not produced in the forests and offer cash loans with
high rate of interests.

5. Occupation Of Tribal People During
British Period

6. Some Were Jhum Cultivators
Some of them practiced jhum cultivation, i.e.. Shifting cultivation. This was done on
small patches of land, mostly in forests. The cultivators cut the treetops to allow
sunlight to reach the ground, and burnt the vegetation on the land to clear it for
cultivation. They spread ash from the firing, which contained potash, to fertilize the
soil. They used the axe to cut trees and the hoe to scratch the soil in order to
prepare it for cultivation. A field that had been cultivated once was left fallow for
several years.
The lives of these tribal people depended on free movement within forest and on
being able to use the land and forests for growing their crop. That is the only way
they could practice shifting cultivation.

8. Some Were Hunters And Gatherers
In many regions tribal groups lived by hunting animals and gathering forest
produce. They saw forests as essential for survival. The Khonds were such a
community living in the forests of Orissa. They regularly went out on collective
hunt and then divided the meat amongst themselves. They ate fruits and roots
collected from the forests and cooked food with the oil they extracted from the
seeds of the Sal and mahua.

10. Some Herded Animals
Many tribal groups lived by herding and rearing animals. They were
pastoralists who moved with their herds of cattle or sheep according to
the seasons. When the grass in one place was exhausted, they moved to
another area. The van Gujjars of the Punjab hills and the Labadis of
Andhra Pradesh were cattle herders, the gaddis of kulu were shepherds,
and the Bakarwals of Kashmir reared goats.

11. Some Took To Settled Cultivation
Even before the nineteenth century, many from within the tribal groups had
begun settling down, and cultivating their fields in one place year after year,
instead of moving from place to place. They began to use the plough, and
gradually got rights over the land they lived on.
British officials saw settled tribal groups like the Gonds and Santhals as more
civilized than hunter Gatherers or Shifting cultivators. Those who lived in the
forests were considered to be wild and savage: they needed to be settled and
civilized

12. Life of Tribals During British Peeriod

13. Tribal Chiefs’ Lives During The British Period
Before the arrival of the British, In many areas the tribal chiefs were important people.
They enjoyed a certain amount of economic power and had the right to administer
and control their territories. In some places they had their own police and decided on
the local rulses of and forest management. Under British rule, the functions and
powers of the tribal chiefs changed considerably. They were allowed to keep their land
titles over cluster of villages and rent out lands, but they lost much of their
administrative power and were forced to follow laws made by British officials I India.
They also had to pay tribute to the British, and discipline the tribal groups on behalf
of the British. They lost the authority they had earlier enjoyed amongst their people,
and were unable to fulfill their traditional functions.

14. Jhum Cultivators Lives During British Period
The British were uncomfortable with groups who moved about and did not
have a fixed home. They wanted Tribal groups to settle down groups to settle
down and become peasant cultivators. Settled peasants were easier to control
and administer than people who were always on the move. The British also
wanted a regular revenue source for the state. So they introduce land
settlements – that is, they measured the land, defined the rights of each
individual to that land, and fixed the revenue demand for the state. Some
peasants were declared landowners, others tenants. The tenants were to pay
rent to the landowner who in turn paid revenue to the state.

15. Impact On Jhum cultivators On Forest Laws
The life of tribal groups, as you have seen, was directly connected to the forest.
So changes in forest laws had a considerable effect on tribal lives. The British
extended their control over all forests and declared that forests were state
property. Some forests were classified as Reserved Forests for they produced
timber which the British wanted. In these forests people were not allowed to
move freely, practice Jhum cultivation, collect fruits, or hunt animals. Many were
therefore forced to move to other areas in search of work and livelihood.

16. The British effort to settle Jhum cultivators was not very successful. Settled
plough cultivation is not easy in areas where water is scarce and the soil is
dry. In fact, Jhum cultivators who took to plough cultivation often
suffered, since their fields did not produce good yields. So the Jhum
cultivators in north-east India insisted on continuing with their traditional
practice. Facing widespread protests, the British had to ultimately allow
them the right to carry on shifting cultivation in some parts of the forest.

17. But once the British stopped the tribal people from living inside forests, they
faced a problem. From where would the Forest Department get its labor to cut
trees for railway sleepers and to transport logs?
Colonial officials came up with a solution. They decided that they
would give Jhum cultivators small patches of land in the forests and
allow them to cultivate these on the condition that those who lived
in the villages would have to provide labor to the Forest
Department and look after the forests. So in many regions the
Forest Department established forest villages to ensure a regular
supply of cheap labour

18. Did the tribal people follow what the British said?
Many tribal groups reacted against the colonial forest laws. They disobeyed the
new rules, continued with practices that were declared illegal, and at times rose
in open rebellion. Such was the revolt of Songram Sangma in 1906 in Assam,
and the forest satyagraha of the 1930s in the Central Provinces.

19. Most tribes had customs and rituals that were very different from
those laid down by brahmans. These societies also did not have the
sharp social divisions that were characteristic of caste societies. All
those who belonged to the same tribe thought of themselves as
sharing common ties of kinship. However, this did not mean that
there were no social and economic differences within tribes.
Society Of Tribals During British Period

21. Economy Of Tribals During British Period

22. Economy Of Hunters And Gatherers
They used many forest shrubs and herbs for medicinal purpose, and sold forest produce in the
local markets.
At times they exchanged goods – getting what they needed in return for their valuable forest
produce. At other times they bought goods with the small amount of earnings they had. Some of
them did odd jobs in the villages, carrying loads or building roads, while others labored in the
fields of peasants and farmers. Tribal groups often needed to buy and sell in order to be able to
get the goods that were not produced within the locality. This led to their dependence on traders
and money lenders. Traders came around with things for sale and sold the gods at high prices.
Money lenders gave loans which the Tribals met their cash needs adding to what they earned. But
the interest charged on the loans was usually very high. So for the Tribals, market and commerce
often meant debt and poverty. They therefore came to see the moneylenders and trader as evil
outsiders and the cause of their misery.

23. Economy Of Tribal People Who Took To
Settled Cultivation
Before the nineteenth century, many tribal groups had begun settling down,
and cultivating their fields. In many cases, like the Mundas of Chottanagpur,
the land belonged to the clan as a whole. All members of the clan were
regarded as descendants of the original settlers, who had first cleared the land.
Therefore, all of them had rights on the land. Very often some people within
the clan acquired more power than others, some became chiefs and others
followers. Powerful men often rented out the land instead of cultivating it
themselves.

24. Bhils

25. Introduction
There are two divisions of Bhil: the Central or
"pure" Bhil, and the Eastern or part-Rajput Bhil.
The Central Bhil live in the mountain regions of
India, particularly in the states of Madhya Pradesh,
Gujarat, and Rajasthan.

26. Location
Bhils are listed as indigenous people of the states of Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan - all in the
western Deccan regions and central India - as well as in Tripura in far-
eastern India, on the border with Bangladesh. Bhils are divided into a
number of endogamous territorial divisions, which in turn have a
number of clans and lineages. Most Bhils now speak the language of the
region they reside in, such as Marathi, Gujarati or a Hindustani dialect.

28. Occupation
The source of income for Bhil is agriculture and the
Animal Husbandry. Poultry farming and labor also
form the source of income. Bhil’s possess
knowledge of manufacturing agriculture equipments
and are also aware of repairing them.

30. Language
Apart from other states, Bhils comprise
39% of Rajasthan's total population
speak Bhili, which is an Indo Aryan
language.

31. Festivals
The Baneshwar fair is the main festival celebrated among the Bhils. This fair is held
during the period of Shivatri (in the month of January or February) and is dedicated to
Baneshwar Mahadev also known as Lord Shiva. On this occasion Bhils gather all
together set up camps on the banks of the Som and Mahi river. They perform dance
around the fire and sing traditional songs. At night they all of them enjoy raslila at the
Lakshmi Narayan temple. Cultural shows, magic shows, animal shows acrobatic feast are
the main attraction of the fair. This fair is actually the combination of two fairs, which
are held in reverence of Lord Shiva and the other one that commenced after the setting
up of Vishnu temple by Jankunwari. Holy and Dusshera are the other major festivals
celebrated among the Bhils in India.

33. Food
The main food of the Bhil’s is maize. Wheat is used
on special occasions and hospitality. kura, kodra, batti,
sangli, korang etc.. are used as food. Roti or Maize also
called sogra with chatni, green chilli or stitle and curd lasi
is the famous food. Fruits also are part of their diet.

35. Gonds

36. Introduction
The Gonds are among the largest tribal groups in
South Asia and perhaps the world. The term Gond
refers to tribal peoples who live all over India's
Deccan Peninsula. Most describe themselves as
Gonds (hill people) or as Koi or Koitur.

37. Location
Gonds live all over central India, and in the states
of Maharashtra and Orissa. As "hill people," they
traditionally have been associated with hills and uplands in
the Deccan Peninsula. Many Gonds live around the Satpura
Hills, Maikala Range and Son-Deogarh uplands, and on the
Bastar plateau. Many Gond tribes also live in the Garhjat
Hills of northern Orissa.

39. Occupation
Agriculture is their main work. Gonds tribes are
today mainly farmers. While some Gond
Communities have risen to the status of landowners,
many are landless laborers. Herding cattles is a part
of Gond Tribes occupation as a part of livelihood.

40. Language
The prime language spoken by Gond tribe is
Gondi. Besides this, the Gond tribes have a
good command on Telugu, Hindi, Marathi,
Parsi and many other Dravidian languages

41. Festivals
Celebrations for Gonds have Danderi dancers who can retell events
from Gond. Sacrifices are made by the village Priests called Devari
in most of the festivals. Their festive life are filled with animal
sacrifices. Gonds festivals are usually related to agriculture. Each
village of Gonds has a village Guardian and a Village Mother who
are worshipped during all regular festivals. Mythology, Dance, songs,
cock fighting form the main attraction of any celebration for a
Gond Tribe.

42. Madia Festival Of Gonds

43. Food
The Staple Food of Gonds is two millets
known as Kodo and Kutki. Vegetables are
usually grown in kitchen gardens or collected
from forests. Gonds grow tobacco for smoking
and make liquor for Mahua tree.