The ever-increasing demand for various multimedia applications and services as well as the need for bandwidth expansions and faster data rates are becoming a challenge for every data center everywhere.
The ever-increasing demand for various multimedia applications and services as well as the need for bandwidth expansions and faster data rates are becoming a challenge for every data center everywhere. Follow this link https://www.cbo-it.de/
25G Ethernet, developed by IEEE 802.3 task force P802.3by is a newly proposed standard for Ethernet connectivity. After its appearance, the road to 100G is considered to be 10G→25G→100G. 25G Ethernet may be the quickest path to completion IEEE Ethernet standards effort to 100GbE. To unveil the mask of the mysterious 25G standard, this post offers some answers to help you sort it out.
In recent years, 40 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) has gained more popularity and the market of 40GbE is encouraging. But with the rapid growth of the new standard 100GbE, a new voice is announcing, namely 25GbE. As the increasing bandwidth requirements of private and public cloud data centers and communication service providers, 25GbE will to have a significant impact on server interconnect interfaces. Now you have two upgrade paths to 100G, 10G-25G-100G and 10G-40G-100G. Which one to choose? This post will make a comparison of 25GbE and 40GbE cabling, hoping it can help you make an appropriate decision.
An SDN Based Approach To Measuring And Optimizing ABR Video Quality Of Experi...Cisco Service Provider
Reprinted with permission of NCTA, from the 2014 Cable Connection Spring Technical Forum Conference Proceedings. For more information on Cisco video solutions, visit: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/video/index.html
It's common business policy for organizations of a certain size to have two data centers as part of a disaster recovery or business continuity plan. However, most enterprise - applications are not designed for or intended to use systems in two different locations.
Enter the notion of a data center interconnect, which extends an Ethernet network between two physically separate data centers. While the idea is simple, Ethernet wasn't designed to run across a wide area network. Thus, a DCI implementation requires a variety of technological fixes to work around Ethernet's limitations.
This report outlines the issues that complicate DCIs, such as loops that can bring down networks and traffic trombones that eat up bandwidth. It also examines the variety of options companies have to connect two or more data centers, including dark fiber, MPLS services and MLAG, as well as vendor specific options such as Cisco OTV and HP EVI. The report looks at the pros and cons of each option.
The ever-increasing demand for various multimedia applications and services as well as the need for bandwidth expansions and faster data rates are becoming a challenge for every data center everywhere. Follow this link https://www.cbo-it.de/
25G Ethernet, developed by IEEE 802.3 task force P802.3by is a newly proposed standard for Ethernet connectivity. After its appearance, the road to 100G is considered to be 10G→25G→100G. 25G Ethernet may be the quickest path to completion IEEE Ethernet standards effort to 100GbE. To unveil the mask of the mysterious 25G standard, this post offers some answers to help you sort it out.
In recent years, 40 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) has gained more popularity and the market of 40GbE is encouraging. But with the rapid growth of the new standard 100GbE, a new voice is announcing, namely 25GbE. As the increasing bandwidth requirements of private and public cloud data centers and communication service providers, 25GbE will to have a significant impact on server interconnect interfaces. Now you have two upgrade paths to 100G, 10G-25G-100G and 10G-40G-100G. Which one to choose? This post will make a comparison of 25GbE and 40GbE cabling, hoping it can help you make an appropriate decision.
An SDN Based Approach To Measuring And Optimizing ABR Video Quality Of Experi...Cisco Service Provider
Reprinted with permission of NCTA, from the 2014 Cable Connection Spring Technical Forum Conference Proceedings. For more information on Cisco video solutions, visit: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/video/index.html
It's common business policy for organizations of a certain size to have two data centers as part of a disaster recovery or business continuity plan. However, most enterprise - applications are not designed for or intended to use systems in two different locations.
Enter the notion of a data center interconnect, which extends an Ethernet network between two physically separate data centers. While the idea is simple, Ethernet wasn't designed to run across a wide area network. Thus, a DCI implementation requires a variety of technological fixes to work around Ethernet's limitations.
This report outlines the issues that complicate DCIs, such as loops that can bring down networks and traffic trombones that eat up bandwidth. It also examines the variety of options companies have to connect two or more data centers, including dark fiber, MPLS services and MLAG, as well as vendor specific options such as Cisco OTV and HP EVI. The report looks at the pros and cons of each option.
The world is going wireless. For many years we have been discussing mobile broadband and always-on services and applications. This is maturing to reality with new devices in different shapes and forms such as mobile devices, tablets and netbooks. The introduction of LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the technology behind the compelling user experience required for their success. New industry initiatives such as VoLTE and VoLGA are allowing for real-time multimedia communication yet there are many challenges for realizing this technology.
The webinar will discuss the future of voice and SMS services, supplementary and Advanced Services in the era of all IP mobile networks, network architecture issues and interconnectivity with Legacy and current 2G and 3G access.
Deployment challenges and migration solutions will be covered as well as LTE network elements with the underlying standard IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network infrastructure and endpoint devices. Speakers will discuss the development tools required, from the basic building blocks of IMS protocol stacks to the intricate details of application deployment. IMS standardization and interoperability efforts to overcome growing complexities of this new network architecture will be discussed as well.
By attending this webinar, you will learn:
• LTE and IMS market and technology trends
• Challenges in building Next Generation core and endpoint devices
• Unique requirements for Voice over LTE
• RADVISION solutions for LTE networks
Who should attend:
• Developers, architects
• Product Managers
• CTOs, VP R&D
• Marketing executives
Segments – Core Network Devices, SBCs, Media Gateways, Media Servers, Terminal End Points, and any other device that can connect to NGN/IMS Networks
Co-Packaged Optics: The OIF’s Work to Standardize Higher Integration Levels f...Leah Wilkinson
OIF Presents:
Co-Packaged Optics: The OIF’s Work to Standardize Higher Integration Levels for Next-Generation Data Center Systems
ECOC Market Focus
New Technologies & Systems/New Markets/New Packaging Platforms
Wed, 15 September 2021
Jeff Hutchins / Ranovus
OIF PLL Working Group Co-Packaging Vice Chair
What LTE Parameters need to be Dimensioned and OptimizedHoracio Guillen
How to Dimension user Traffic in 4G networks
What is the best LTE Configuration
Spectrum analysis for LTE System
MIMO: What is real, What is Wishful thinking
LTE Measurements what they mean and how they are used
How to consider Overhead in LTE Dimensioning and What is the impact
How to take into account customer experience when Designing a Wireless Network
Agenda
1. SGIX and Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)
2. iDA iN2015 Master Plan
3. NBN and its Development
4. Cost of Circuits
5. iDA Licenses
6. The future: SmartNaQon (HetNet) and 4th Telco
This presentation will talk about the past and future Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (iDA) master plans and how they shaped Singapore Internet landscape. The objective is to give Indonesian companies a brief understanding on the situation and regulations in Singapore.
The occurrence of 25GbE changes the data center Ethernet landscape of some enterprises and organizations, creating a viable market for high-speed, reasonably-priced connectivity. How much do you know about this 25GbE network?
Ethernet technology made significant progress in recent years ushering a new era of terabit transport. It has now achieved 400GbE per link speed and leaping towards 800GbE. Such trend will shape the future of networks allowing hyperscale data centers, cloud and service providers to offer more service and less worry on bandwidth. It would be interesting to know what future holds. Read this article to learn more about 400GbE and the possibilities it brings.
The world is going wireless. For many years we have been discussing mobile broadband and always-on services and applications. This is maturing to reality with new devices in different shapes and forms such as mobile devices, tablets and netbooks. The introduction of LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the technology behind the compelling user experience required for their success. New industry initiatives such as VoLTE and VoLGA are allowing for real-time multimedia communication yet there are many challenges for realizing this technology.
The webinar will discuss the future of voice and SMS services, supplementary and Advanced Services in the era of all IP mobile networks, network architecture issues and interconnectivity with Legacy and current 2G and 3G access.
Deployment challenges and migration solutions will be covered as well as LTE network elements with the underlying standard IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network infrastructure and endpoint devices. Speakers will discuss the development tools required, from the basic building blocks of IMS protocol stacks to the intricate details of application deployment. IMS standardization and interoperability efforts to overcome growing complexities of this new network architecture will be discussed as well.
By attending this webinar, you will learn:
• LTE and IMS market and technology trends
• Challenges in building Next Generation core and endpoint devices
• Unique requirements for Voice over LTE
• RADVISION solutions for LTE networks
Who should attend:
• Developers, architects
• Product Managers
• CTOs, VP R&D
• Marketing executives
Segments – Core Network Devices, SBCs, Media Gateways, Media Servers, Terminal End Points, and any other device that can connect to NGN/IMS Networks
Co-Packaged Optics: The OIF’s Work to Standardize Higher Integration Levels f...Leah Wilkinson
OIF Presents:
Co-Packaged Optics: The OIF’s Work to Standardize Higher Integration Levels for Next-Generation Data Center Systems
ECOC Market Focus
New Technologies & Systems/New Markets/New Packaging Platforms
Wed, 15 September 2021
Jeff Hutchins / Ranovus
OIF PLL Working Group Co-Packaging Vice Chair
What LTE Parameters need to be Dimensioned and OptimizedHoracio Guillen
How to Dimension user Traffic in 4G networks
What is the best LTE Configuration
Spectrum analysis for LTE System
MIMO: What is real, What is Wishful thinking
LTE Measurements what they mean and how they are used
How to consider Overhead in LTE Dimensioning and What is the impact
How to take into account customer experience when Designing a Wireless Network
Agenda
1. SGIX and Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)
2. iDA iN2015 Master Plan
3. NBN and its Development
4. Cost of Circuits
5. iDA Licenses
6. The future: SmartNaQon (HetNet) and 4th Telco
This presentation will talk about the past and future Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (iDA) master plans and how they shaped Singapore Internet landscape. The objective is to give Indonesian companies a brief understanding on the situation and regulations in Singapore.
The occurrence of 25GbE changes the data center Ethernet landscape of some enterprises and organizations, creating a viable market for high-speed, reasonably-priced connectivity. How much do you know about this 25GbE network?
Ethernet technology made significant progress in recent years ushering a new era of terabit transport. It has now achieved 400GbE per link speed and leaping towards 800GbE. Such trend will shape the future of networks allowing hyperscale data centers, cloud and service providers to offer more service and less worry on bandwidth. It would be interesting to know what future holds. Read this article to learn more about 400GbE and the possibilities it brings.
How high speed fiber applications is impacting the networking arenasmithponting
In last week’s blog, we took a Closer Look at 40 Gig Duplex Multimode Applications, just one of the many ways that today’s data centers are cost-effectively achieving increased bandwidth in switch-to-switch fiber links. And when we say many ways, we literally mean many.
If you take a look at network application standards for balanced twisted-pair cable, there’s not that many to be concerned with. Sure, we had a methodical shift from 10BASE-T, to 100BASE-T, to 1000BASE-T, to 10GBASE-T that then jumped back to 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T to accommodate new technologies over the installed base and then forward again to the upcoming 25GBASE-T and 40GBASE-T standards, but all of this is nothing compared to fiber. And unlike fiber, there are few, if any, non-standard ways of deploying copper cabling.
Since its inception at Xerox Corporation in the early 1970s, Ethernet has been the dominant networking protocol. Of all current networking protocols, 10 Gigabit Ethernet builds on top of the Ethernet protocol, but increases speed tenfold over Fast Ethernet to 10000 Mbps, or 10 gigabit per second (Gbps). This protocol, which was standardized in august 2002, promises to be a dominant player in high-speed local area network backbones and server connectivity. Since10 Gigabit Ethernet significantly leverages on Ethernet, customers will be able to leverage their existi0ng knowledge base to manage and maintain gigabit networks.
To meet the growing requirements of collaborative multimedia services and applications, to
respond to the fast-changing traffic patterns, and to better accommodate users’ bandwidth
demands, 100G connections have been positioned for significant growth in data centers with the
introduction of the latest 100G optical modules. The upgrade to 100Gbps is not more than gaining
capacity. It’s also about gracefully evolving your network at your own pace to achieve greater
efficiency, streamline costs and support new services. Many systems now support four or more
100G ports on each line card, with some systems supporting many hundreds of 100G ports. 100G
optical modules, as an integral part of the overall system design, support highly reliable operations,
optimized for entire architecture. This article puts its focus on one predominant 100G form factor:
QSFP28.
A presentation made at A 2-day Annual Symposium, organized by Electrical/Electronic Engineering Department, FUTO, at School of Engineering and Engineering Technology (SEET) Complex Auditorium, FUTO, Imo State. (August 18, 2016)
In a LTE Advanced network there are two main entities involved in communication which are Subscriber Station (SS) and a BS. A BS is typically a service provider which has backhaul connectivity and SS subscribes to the BS for the service. A BS exchange control messages and negotiate the connection parameters with SS before setting up the communication link with it. These parameters may vary during the communication depending on the requirements and availability of resources between the two entities. When a BS try to create link with a SS and if the SS is within the range then BS communicate directly with SS. Otherwise, if SS station is out of the range of the BS or there is coverage limitations or no LOS (line of sight) between the BS and SS then RS is a cost effective solution to overcome this problem. There are two approaches applied in the research towards improving the LTE Advanced network performance. Firstly the placement method should need to be determined in order to cut down the cost as well as maintain the QoS standard. The second scenario is based on the performance evaluation of WiMAX2 network using relay station with in depth analysis of how to increase throughput and reduce delay parameters to improve overall network performance. The QoS class’s comparison also will be included for network flow and its resource usage. In the course of research, various issues have been addressed by providing solutions based on selection of RS and using different modes of RS. LTE Advanced nodes are incorporated to produce useful functionalities; ThesisScientist.com
Are You Ready for Embracing 100G Ethernet?Angelina Li
Ethernet as the networking standards, enables computers to locally connect to each other, which is
the ultra-strong backbone to the many networks we use every day. Although most of the Ethernet
market is still running around 1 Gbqs or 10 Gbqs, there is a strong interest in higher data rates.
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What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
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Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
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Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Sustainability: Balancing the Environment, Equity & Economy
Trends in Optical Networking
1. Trends in Optical Networking
1. Executive Summary of the development of the25G Standard
The ever-increasing demand of diverse multimedia applications and services as well as
the re- quirement for bandwidth expansions and faster data rates becomes a challenge
for every data center everywhere. Emerging technologies like cloud computing also
acted as catalyst in driving the industry to develop a new approach to adopt in these
fast-charging trends.
Reliance on networking permeates every aspect of our world, and data center
bandwidth re- quirements are expanding at double-digit rates-along with an equally
urgent push to contain costs. New technologies necessitate that data centers remain
flexible and scalable enough to adapt to changing requirements. The rise of cloud
providers changed the data center Ethernet landscape, creating a viable market for
high-speed, reasonably-priced connectivity.
Leading cloud and telco providers are clamoring for even more network performance in
order to meet the needs of their web-scale data centers and cloud-based services,
without compromis- ing the cost-to-performance ratio. To help address network
performance needs, leading man- ufacturers have joined forces to define and drive the
25 Gigabit Ethernet (25GbE) technology.
To suffice the increasing demands of collaborative multimedia services and
applications, to an- swer to the fast-changing traffic patterns, and to improve
accommodations of users’ bandwidth requirement for communication. This is one of
the reasons why an industry consortium was formed to create a new Ethernet
connectivity standard in data centers. The consortium’s goal is to enable the
transmission of Ethernet frames at 25 or 50Gb per second (Gbps) and to promote the
standardization and improvement of the interfaces for applicable products. Last July
2014, the IEEE agreed to support the development of this 25GbE standards for
servers and switching due to the increasing demand for a much faster network
performance while maintaining Ether- net economics. This standard was called 25
Gigabit Ethernet or 25Base-T, developed by the IEEE 802-3 task force P802.3by. This
standard was derived from 100GbE, since its operation works with four 25Gbps that
are running on four fibers in each direction. The IEEE 802.3by 25GbE standard is
technically complete and ratified on June of 2016.
1
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2. 2. The Push for higher Bandwidth for Mediaand
Transceiver Modules
The requirements in the market for Ethernet are constantly changing for different
applications and the coherent need of speed, further distance and lower costs. Various
speeds are also needed for specific applications like Wireless Access Points that use
2.5GbE and 5GbE; servers which need up to 25GbE and lastly core networks which
operate with up to 400GbE.
Due to this exponentially growing, global bandwidth requirements, Ethernet speeds are
also in constant development at a high rate to stay ahead of these demands. However,
innovation is occurring within varied application spaces at lower speeds. Most of
todays’ servers are still using GbE, and some users do not care for a foreseeable
future about higher speeds like Terabit Ethernet (TbE) and 400GbE.
There is diversification of efforts to coupe up these requirements, but a common goal
will un- dermine the diversities, which is a global requirement for a market-driven
standard, fostering innovation and enabling multi-vendor interoperability across
whatever application area the world’s growing cast of Ethernet users seeks to enable.
Ethernet has always been and will always be about connectivity and how far this
technology can go, but the Ethernet community embraces that the need for speed is
relative to the given application.
In years, since 1995 until 2010, the Ethernet’s evolution was somewhat slow in pace
and in- novation was mostly simple. Ethernet speed increased linearly - approximately
an order to an extent every few years like 10 Mbit/s to Fast-Ethernet 100 Mbit/s and
from 1G to 10G. Conse- quently, around 2010, the first 100G Ethernet version
100GBASE-SR10 was introduced. Below are some of the trends for this development.
25GBASE-SR: Over the development of 100GBASE-SR4 in 2015, it became deem
compulsory to develop the intermediate speed 25GBASE-SR to comply on standards
as IEEE 802.3 by 2016. This transceiver utilizes the popular SFP+ form factor with
LC-Duplex connector interface but with 25G speed. Meanwhile known as SFP28 and
known to have collective four 25G server ports at one 100G switch port.
2
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3. 50GBASE-SR: Designed to combine four 50G server ports to a 200G switch port.
Available in the market since 2018. The transceiver has the SFP+ form factor with LC-
Duplex connector inter- face, but in this case it runs with 50G speed and is called
SFP56.
100GBASE-SR2: The objective of this standardization project is to aggregate two 50G
server ports at one 100G switch port. This Ethernet version will be available along with
the 50GBASE- SR. The transceiver will have the QSFP form factor with LC Duplex
connector interface.
200GBASE-SR4: It will become available to the market together with 50GBASE-SR4
and 100GBASE-SR2. The configuration is expected to conform with the earlier series
of Ethernet SR4 devices.
Based on the released road map of the Ethernet Alliance in 2015, which outlines the
response of Ethernet to the ever-increasing desire for higher bandwidth in data
centers, Ethernet speed is shown to have unprecedented level of activity in the low
end of the market, this roadmap also shows Ethernet speed in the future.
After the ratification of IEEE 802.3by 25GbE in June 2016, we can now see that a new
Ether- net speed becoming the new common standard. 25GbE which is designed to
replace 10 GbE because of its cost effective and power efficiency to various
application like ToR switching for cloud providers. This new trend will also help the
demand for the huge data volume as well as the speed needed for the internet of
Things. Furthermore, this development focuses primarily to the fiber-based SFP28 and
QFSP28 market for the purpose of backbone or longer-haul con- nections.
3
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4. 3. TheAdvantages of aQSFP28TransceiverSolution
The QSFP28 transceiver is projected as the prospective interface by the Ethernet
Alliance. This transceiver enables network bandwidth to be cost effective and resource
saving. It is designed for 100GbE speeds using the 4x25GbE wiring specification,
hence the “Q” which stands for quad. The QSFP28 form factor retains the usual
density of 48 ports in a 1U tall switch which is very advantageous to existing systems
without the need to migrate the network to a new stan- dard. Moreover, QSFP28
increases the density but minimizes the power consumption. QSFP is slowly
becoming the universal form factor for various reasons.
First, it increases front panel density by maintaining the form factor and the maximum
number of ports but increases the lane speed from 10Gbps to 25Gbps. Secondly, it
supports both cables and transceivers. Using QSFP28, a one-rack unit switch can
accommodate up to 36 QSFP ports. Lastly, QFSP28 can use either VCSELs for short
distances or Silicon photonics for longer distanc- es to support data center to reach for
more than 2 kilometers of interconnection.
With all these benefits coming to a single form factor, the next versions of high-
bandwidth switches, routers and adapters will feature QSFP28 ports to ensure
100GbE data center inter- connection.
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4. 25GbESFP28, today’s new TransceiverStandard
25GbE is already an emerging standard for Ethernet connectivity that will be beneficial
to cloud and enterprise data center environments. Due to the Consortium that was
established in June 2014 an Ethernet Task Force was created to encourage 25GbE
technology and successively, to further develop the standard - the IEEE P802.3by.
Moreover, the IEEE P802.3bq 40GBASE-T Task Force adopted objectives to likewise
improve BASE-T support for 25GbE.
There are various market drivers why 25GbE standard emerged. The main reason is, it
provides a server connection speed faster than 10GbE that is optimized for cost,
throughput and efficien- cy. Moreover, it maximizes efficiency of server connections to
access switches in data centers. Lastly, this leverages four 25Gbps lanes (IEEE
802.3bj) running on four-fiber or copper pairs in- dividually transmitting at 25Gbps. This
sums up to a backplane of 100GbE per form factor. Every lane needs a Serializer /
Deserializer (SerDes) chipset. This twisted-pair concept originates from the 40GbE
standard development. The below table shows a synopsis of fundamental upcoming
IEEE standard interfaces that specify 25GbE.
5. IEEE 802.3 Standard Interfaces that specify
25GbE
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Physical Layer Name ErrorCorrection
MMF Optics 25GBASE-SR RS-FEC
Direct Attach Copper 25GBASE-CR BASE-RFECor RS-FEC
Direct Attach Copper 25GBASE-CR-S BASE-RFECor disabled
Electrical Backplane 25GBASE-KR BASE-RFECor RS-FEC
Electrical Backplane 25GBASE-KR-S BASE-RFECor disabled
Twisted Pair 25GBASE-T N/A
There are various fundamental benefits of 25GbE, it allows network bandwidth to be
cost-efficiently scaled in support of succeeding generation server and storage solutions
existing in cloud and web-scale data center settings. Below are its most noticeable
benefits.
1. Reduced CAPEX
- Lower Costcompared to 40GbE
- Fewer ToRswitches and cables
2. Maximum switchInput / Output performance andfabriccapability
- Four times the switch port density versus 40GbE(one-lane versusfour-lane)
- Higher performance than the existing10GbE
-Asingle lane per physical port maximizesthe number of connected servers
or uplinks perswitch
3. Fastmaturation byleveraging the current IEEE100GbE standard
4. ReducedOPEX
- Lesserpower, cooling and smaller footprint requirements
Some members of the 25 Gigabit Ethernet Consortium who are prominent suppliers of
Ethernet switching solutions are now offering 25GbE-capable Ethernet switch
platforms. Most Ethernet switching solutions including 10GbE, 25GbE to 100GbE
support multiple Ethernet rates, which means consumers have absolute cable choice
for network connectivity. Some of the notable vendors who use multispeed
10/25/40/50/100GbE switch platforms that offer these emerging standards are Cisco,
Arista, Broadcom and Mellanox.
6. In addition, Network Interface Cards (NIC) for the 25GbE standard are also rapidly
released. As a result, cables are also adopting this emerging standard. It is essential
that 25GbE and 50GbE channels compel on all the “channel characteristics” described
in IEEE standards under 802.3bj, section “Physical Medium Dependent (PMD)
sublayer and baseband medium, type 100BASE- CR4,” section 92.9., this is according
to the 25Gb Ethernet Consortium. A number of converter and cable combinations can
meet the features.
Specifics of 25GbE and 50GbE PMDs are both low-cost and with twin-axial copper
cable avail- ability. 25Gbps operation however, requires only two twin-axial cable pairs
whereas 50Gbps needs only four-twin-axial cable pairs.
ToR switches usually connect to servers via a link based on copper twin-axial cables as
well as the intra-rack connections between switches and/or routers.
Moreover, cables that connect to higher speeds and “fan out” (to multiple lower speed
links) are able to connect to 10/25/40/50Gbps speed which is now possible by the use
of multi-mode or Single-mode fibers, copper cables, matching reach-range to the
specific application need.
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Typeof Technology Media Standards Power ReachRange
100GBASE-SR4 Multi-mode 100GbE/25GbE 3.5 w 100meters
100GBASE-LR4 Single-mode 100GbE 4.5w 2km or 10km
PSM4 Parallel Single-mode 100GbE/25GbE 3.5w 500meters
CWDM4 CWDMsingle-mode 100GbE 3.5w 2 meters to 2km
100GBASE-CR4 PassiveCopper 100GbE/25GbE 3.5w 5 meters
7. ATechnical Overview of the 25GbESFP28
CLOCK-RATE
Inside Ethernet NICs or switches, a serial component called SerDes connects all of the
high- speed components which take data to transmit and then serialize it. Then, a
Deserializer on the recipient side reconstructs the serial stream of bits into data for the
final receiver. Over the years, the SerDes technology advanced to the newest 25Ghz
rate.
The mechanisms that consist of 10GbE switches run at 12.5Ghz SerDes with a clock-
rate of 10.3125GHz. Nevertheless, the present 40GbE NICs and switches utilize four
parallel SerDes links having a clock rate of 10.3125GHz each. In the contrary, the
components encompassing the 25GbE NICs and switches use a single lane SerDes
with a clock rate of 25.78125GHz. Below is a table that shows the clock rates, lanes
and performance 25GbE SFP28.
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Ethernet Clock Rate Lanes DataRate
1 GbE 1.25GHz 1 1 Gbps
10 GbE 10.31GHz 1 10 Gbps
25 GbE 25.78GHz 1 25 Gbps
40 GbE 10.31GHz 4 40 Gbps
100GbE 25.78GHz 4 100Gbps
Number of transmission connections withSerDes
The actual Ethernet ports in a usual 10GbE/40GbE Ethernet switch are SerDes
connections coming from the switching chip pins, which were used to connect directly
to the SFP+ and QSFP optics cages or other Ethernet or fabric chips (for blade
servers). Communication amid an SFP+/ QSFP in the front of the switch and the
switching chip runs on top of one of these SerDes con- nections. With this, the term
“Lanes” is used to call the number of SerDes connections required to drive a switch
port.
Currently switches use components that are all run by SerDes with a clock rate of
about 10Ghz, delivering a 10Gb transfer rate among every component, permitting for
the encoding overhead. SerDes technology improved in the past several years that it
reached 15Ghz SerDes, it turned out to be economically doable and all of the different
physics linked challenges in signal integ- rity found dependable solutions.
8. Four parallel SerDes links between the Ethernet chip and the QSFP pluggable module
is the composition structure of the so-called 40GbE interface. It remains indispensable
to have four parallel 10Gb streams in extending QSFP onto fiber to transport this to
the receiving QSFP (i.e. parallel optics). Short reach QSFP interfaces utilize four pairs
for the transmission. Long-reach QSFP interfaces use an internal Coarse Wave
Division Multiplexing (CWDM) to transport the four 10Gb streams over a single pair of
fiber. The requisite of four lanes substantially decreases switch port density per
switching chip and escalates the cost of cabling and optics.
The 25GbE standard leverages the availability of a 25Ghz SerDes and requires only a
single SerDes lane, while delivering 2.5 times more throughput compared to 40GbE
solutions and significant CAPEX savings compared to 40GbE solutions.
Moreover, existing several blade server chassis solutions have limits of only two
SerDes lanes for their LAN on Motherboard (LOM) networking ports, hence, they can’t
implement a four- lane 40Gbps interface.
IEEEerror correction code for 25 GigabitEthernet
Starting with 10GbE and 10Gb Fibre Channel Inter-Switch Links (ISLs), the “64b/66b”
encoding scheme is used to develop data transfer efficiency.
The 64b/66b encoding outcomes a 3% overhead (66-64) /66 on the raw bit rate. To pay
off, Clause 74 (Fire code) FEC was presented to deliver extra error protection.
25GbE specification both supported Clause 74 FEC and Clause 91. Auto-negotiation
can deter- mine whether Clause 74 FEC, Clause 91 FEC, or no FEC is employed on
the link.
Auto-Negotiation for 25 GigabitEthernet
Specifics of auto-negotiation capabilities aren’t fully established or implemented. The
25GbE and 50GbE solutions are nevertheless backward and forward compatible with
10GbE, 40GbE, 100GbE and 400GbE products since they use the same IEEE 802.3
frame format. However, switch port capability to automatically select a different speed
is still under development.
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9. Different Form Factors for 100G and25G
Shown here below, the 25GbE physical interface description supports various form
factors:
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Currently some available Switches don’t support direct 25GbE connections by means of
a SFP28 Direct Attach Copper (DAC) cable. The usage of a breakout cable that permits
4x 25GbE ports to connect to a 100GbE QFSFP28 switch port is one of the suggested
solutions. Lengths of Direct Attach Copper (DAC) cable are limited to five meters for
25GbE. To support longer lengths, Ac- tive Optic Cable (AOC) solutions can be utilized
as well.
PCIExpress (PCIe) Interfaces
The PCIe 3.0 interface is present-everywhere transversely in shipping server
platforms. Due to cost, the preference in cloud and web-scale server deployments is
headed for single-port Eth- ernet connectivity. These volume servers usually have
PCIe 3.0 x4 slot(s).
The table below shows why 25GbE is an easier move to upgrade from 10GbE lanes for
it entails half the number of PCIe lanes and fits into the existing model against 40GbE
lanes, resulting to better PCIe bandwidth usage and lower power impact.
PCIe 3.0 Lanes required for Ethernet Generations
Form Factor Lanesand Speed
QSFP28 4 x25Gbps
SFP28 1 x25 Gbps
Ethernet SinglePort Dual Port
10GbE 2 4
25GbE 4 8
40GbE 8 16
100GbE 16 32
10. Conclusion: 25GbEreplaces 40GbE
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The consortium held in July 2014 was a call for interest of members who
unan- imously agreed to support the development of a new standard for
servers and switching. They created the 25Gbps Ethernet Task and
developed the 25Gbps standard. There is a fast progress of this standard
due to the high leverage of the existing standard for 100GbE as the base
standard. The new 25GbE standards maximizes server efficiency to
access switch interconnects and provides an op- portunity for optimum
cost/performance benefits. It will provide up to 2.5 times faster
performance than existing 10GbE connections while maximizing the Eth-
ernet controller bandwidths/pin and switch fabric capability. More than
50% of the rack interconnect cost per unit of bandwidth can be saved
and significantly improve an operator’s bottom line. Furthermore, it
increases network scale and accommodate higher server density within
a rack than what is currently achiev- able with 40GbE ToR links. In short
order, deploying 25GbE solutions, something that solutions built on the
more complex 40GbE standard can never achieve.