HIGH SPEED WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

A LITERATURE SURVEY ON HIGH SPEED(>100GBPS) WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 2013
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 1
A LITERATURE SURVEY ON HIGH SPEED(>100GBPS)
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORK
REZAUL ISLAM ; DC2009BTE4107; Electronics & Communication Engineering; DBCET, Guwahati-17;
rezaulislam04@live.com
INTRODUCTION
This is a literature survey on high speed wireless communication in which I will discuss
about the high speed wireless communication of speed more than 100 Gbps. This paper consists
of details on the recent works and findings in the field of designing of the mentioned subject.
Today's wireless world uses several communication infrastructures such as Bluetooth for
personal area, IEEE 802.11 for local area, Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
(UMTS) for wide area, and Satellite networks for global networking other hand, since these
wireless networks are complementary to each other, their integration and coordinated operation
can provide ubiquitous ―always best connection" quality mobile communications to the users. In
the last decade or two, the list of bandwidth intensive applications has exploded. Video-on-
demand, voice-over-IP, cloud based computing and storage have created a ravenous bandwidth
appetite that is rushing deployment of 100 Gbps technology or the age of an ultra wide band.
Corporate giants like Mitsubishi, Ericson etc are making a lot of efforts in order to design
efficient systems working at high speeds of 100 Gbps so that they can provide these much
desired facilities to the customer. But, till date such systems are still in development phase and
not fully implemented. However, in this survey we have tried to enlist a number of such works
and tried to explain the overall technologies involved in such systems. If we look at this more
closely, the terms 40 Gbps and 100 Gbps are general terms for comprehensive technological
changes in transmission technology. Particularly during this phase of implementing new
technology, measurement technology plays an extraordinarily important role. On the surface,
everything looks simply like a change of generations is taking place and 40 Gbps seems to be
outdated already. However, the introduction of 100 Gbps technology is quite different from the
introduction of previous generations.

STANDARDISATION FOR 100 GIGABIT ETHERNET:
The initial position for the standardization of 100 GigE specified retaining the past frame sizes
and frame formats of the IEEE 802.3 standard. For the MAC layer, the target was a transmission
quality with a bit error rate of less than BER = 10- 12. Efforts would be made to use the OTN
technology as a transport medium and to support it with corresponding specifications.
For now, 100 GigE is transmitted via several optical channels using the multi-lane concept. Two
ranges are defined for transmission via a single-mode fiber:
• 100GBase-LR4 (long range) describes the optical interface for four wavelengths within the
range of 1310 nm with a channel spacing of 4.5 nm with an attainable transmission range of
10 km and 100GBase-ER4 (extended range) for a range of 40 km.
• For the first tests, yet another optical interface with ten wavelengths in the range of 1550 nm is
available. This variant, which was not standardized, however, is technically the simpler
solution since the multiplexers can be omitted in these transponders.
For short connections within a computer center, another interface for multimode fibers is defined
in the wavelength range of 850 nm. Here, ten transmission channels run parallel in a cable by
means of ribbon fibers. The transmission channels are plugged together in an optical plug. By
using OM-3-fibers, transmission lengths of at least 100 m can supposedly be achieved.
In addition to the optical interfaces, an electrical interface was also defined for both data
transmission rates. Thus, a maximum transmission range of 10 m should be obtainable by four or
ten parallel signals.
The optical interfaces for transmitters and receivers are integrated in so-called CFP modules (100
Gigabit small-form-factor pluggable). Similar to the pluggable XFP modules (10 Gigabit small-
form-factor pluggable), they are also transponders that can be changed during operation (―hot
swappable‖) and that are independent of protocol. The four DFB(Dristibuted Feedback) lasers

with their corresponding higher optical power output require efficient heat management for the
CFP module. It is plugged into a precision shaft, its connection ensuring corresponding
temperature heat dissipation. Fig. shows the OSI reference model as per IEEE 802.3ba for 100
Gigabit Ethernet.
Besides the optical transmitters and receivers, CFP modules also contain
multiplexers/demultiplexers. Thus, the 20 virtual data streams, which are structured in 10
physically parallel data streams of 10 Gbps each, are combined by the MAC layer into four
physical data streams of 25 Gbps each. Multiplexers and demultiplexers require space in the CFP
module and contribute significantly to the temperature budget. Long term, these functions will
migrate to the ASIC(Application Specific Integrated Circuit) of signal processing. This requires
an appropriate board layout and a connecting path for transferring to the optical interfaces for 25
Gbps or 28 Gbps in place of 10 Gbps. Therefore, the optical interfaces can end up being
significantly smaller than today’s CFP modules and the overall design becomes significantly less
expensive. Possible names for it are CxFP and QSFP.
The standard supports only full-duplex operation. Other electrical objectives of it are:
Preserve the 802.3 / Ethernet frame format utilizing the 802.3 MAC

Preserve minimum and maximum FrameSize of current 802.3 standard
Support a bit error ratio (BER) better than or equal to 10−12
at the MAC/PLS service
interface
Provide appropriate support for OTN
Support MAC data rates of 40 and 100 Gbit/s
Provide Physical Layer specifications (PHY) for operation over single-mode optical fiber
(SMF), laser optimized multi-mode optical fiber (MMF) OM3 and OM4, copper cable
assembly, and backplane.
Although 100GE is a commodity interface in 2012 and beyond, it helps to understand the
timeline and drivers behind the commercial adoption of technology. Unlike the "race to 10Gbps"
that was driven by the imminent needs to address growth pains of the Internet in late 1990s,
customer interest in 100Gbit/s technologies was mostly driven by economic factors. Among
those, the common reasons to adopt 100GE were:
to reduce the number of optical wavelengths ("lambdas") used and the need to light new
fibre.
to utilize bandwidth more efficiently than 10Gbit/s link aggregates
to provide cheaper wholesale, internet peering and data centre interconnect connectivity
to skip the relatively expensive 40Gbit/s technology and move directly from 10Gbit/s to
100Gbit/s
Some Telecommunication organisations had already demonstrated practically and some
are on the process are:
ALCATEL LUCENT:
Alcatel-Lucent kicked off the 100G era in November 2007 with the industry’s first field trial of
100 Gb/s optical transmission. Completed over a live, in-service 504-km portion of the
Verizon® network, it connected the Florida cities of Tampa and Miami. 100GbE interfaces for
the 7450 ESS/7750 SR service routing platform were first announced in June 2009, with field
trials with Verizon.Alcatel-Lucent announced a packet processing architecture dubbed FP3,the
first 400G network processor silicon in the industry.

DARP WORK ON 100GBPS WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY:
DARPA has begun development of a wireless communications link that is capable of 100
gigabits per second over a range of 200 kilometers (124mi). DARPA wants to give deployed
soldiers the same kind of connectivity as a high-bandwidth, low-latency fiber-optic network.
DARPA’s 100G program will probably use the lower-frequency Ku band, which is less
susceptible to rain fade.Suffice it to say, transmitting 100Gbps through the air is rather difficult;
your home WiFi network probably maxes out at around 100Mbps, some thousand times slower.
We’ve written about visible light links that operate at speeds up to 2.5Tbps — but only over a
distance of one meter. Free-space optical communication isn’t viable though, because clouds
tend to get in the way when you’re talking about 200-kilometer-long links. The only real option
is RF, but again, transmitting 100Gbps over a 200-kilometer RF link is very tough.
DARPA’s 100G program will probably use the lower-frequency Ku band, which is less
susceptible to rain fade (or degradation caused by other inclement atmospheric conditions).
Assuming the right encoding/multiplexing techniques can be discovered, there should be plenty
of bandwidth in either the Ka or Ku bands to hit 100Gbps.DARPA clearly states that the 100G
program is for US military use — but it’s hard to ignore the repercussions it might have on
commercial networks, too. I’m surprised that it has fallen to DARPA to develop an ultra-high-
speed point-to-point wireless technology. 100Gbps wireless backhaul links between cell towers,
rather than costly and cumbersome fiber links, would make it much easier and cheaper to roll out
additional mobile coverage. Likewise, 100Gbps wireless links might be the ideal way to provide
backhaul links to rural communities that are still stuck with dial-up internet access, or additional
backbone bandwidth during peak periods.
MITSUBISHI 100GBPS SYSTEM:

Mitsubishi Electric Corporation announced that today it has developed an optical transceiver
and integrated optical transmitter module for 100 Gbps optical transmission per wavelength that
realizes 2.5 times the capacity of conventional inter-city optical networks. The technologies,
which will help to meet fast-expanding demands for inter-city communication capacity, will be
commercialized within the fiscal year ending in March 2014. Mitsubishi Electric’s optical
transmission technologies enable 100Gbps optical transmission per wavelength, they thanked to
their newly developed integrated optical transmitter module and optical transceiver, which are
installed to 100 Gbps optical transmission equipment. Transmission capacity per power
consumption is 40% more efficient compared to existing devices due to effective integration of
the optical module and other key components.
Mitsubishi Electric mainly emphasizes on optical transmitter technology, because OFC cable
gives extra speed to the data. They will make the system in such a way that after achieving
100Gbps for OFC, they replace OFC by wireless channel.
100GBPS JAPAN DWDM:
NEC Corporation announced that Japan is participating in Japan's first DWDM transmission of
100Gbps per wavelength, realized using commercial fiber cable along Japan's highest volume
transmission route connecting the 710km between Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka. These results were
accomplished through 100Gbps optical transmission trials carried out by NTT Communications
Corporation. Tests were conducted using existing commercial cable with the intention of
introducing 100Gbps-DWDM systems to backbone networks in the near future. These actual
operating conditions present a variety of operational challenges, including fluctuations in optical
signal loss due to transmission route changes and variability in optical fiber characteristics
(Chromatic Dispersion, Polarization-Mode Dispersion. NEC's 100Gbps-DWDM system
addressed these issues by utilizing a transponder equipped with its internally developed 100G
DP-QPSK digital coherent optical transceiver module, which demonstrated stable, error-free
transmission of 100 Gigabit Ethernet signals between Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka. The 100Gbps-
DWDM transmission system used for these tests demonstrated both a transmission capacity that
is 5.5 times greater and a transmission distance of almost 2 times longer than existing
"SpectralWave DW4200" equipment using the same transmission route.

HIBERNIA NETWORKS TO SUPPLY 100-GBPS TO NTT COMMUNICATIONS:
Fiber-optic network services provider Hibernia Networks (formerly Hibernia Atlantic) says it
will supply 100-Gbps network capacity to NTT Communications. NTT Communications will use
the capacity to support its European expansion plans as well as its Global IP Network (GIN).
Hibernia Networks says it will leverage multiple terrestrial and subsea fiber-optic cable links to
ensure network diversity.
TEST REQUIREMENTS FOR CFP MODULES FOR 100 GBPS:
More than ever, the introduction of 100 GigE requires a measurement technology that has been
customized appropriately in order to accompany the stage-by-stage introduction. Manufacturers
of components and systems require measurement engineering for 100 Gbps. For testing the CFP
modules used in the transmission systems, a 100 GigE signal must be produced with ten parallel
electrical connections that are coded as 20 virtual channels. The Ethernet signal coming from the
MAC(Medium Access Control) layer is not firmly allocated to the virtual channels. In
accordance with the specification, the virtual channels on the transmitting end can be shifted as
desired at the entry of the multiplexer. They are being sorted as per the so-called round-robin
principle. The receiver must synchronize itself automatically. It must be possible to set any
configuration at the time of the test.
At the optical interfaces of the CFP, the analyzer verifies the multiplex function and
correspondingly tests the bit error rate of the client signal. The value of BER = 10–12 must be
adhered to, which is possible only by using forward error correction (FEC). This can be checked
by displaying the bit errors in the PCS(Physical Coding Sub) layer. The analyzer must, of course,
make the optical parameters of its own CFP available over the MDIO(Management Data
Input/Output) management interface, as the information about the exact wavelength and the
optical output levels should be known.

For IEEE-compliant CFPs, it is extremely important to test the skewing for each individual
optical channel as well as the error-free acceptance on the receiver side. This is statically
possible by inputting the number of bits to be moved in the individual physical channels; as per
the 802.3ba IEEE recommendation, dynamic skewing is also described, which requires an
external timing distribution method.
All these tests, which are required for 100 GigE because of the parallel transmission, are integral
part of testing the function of CFP modules. Using one of the first CFPs commercially available
from a reputable manufacturer.
BROCAD 100GBPS SR10 OPTICAL TRANSCEIVER:
Today’s service provider networking environments and enterprise data centers are undergoing an
infrastructure transformation, requiring higher speeds, greater scalability, , and higher levels of
performance and reliability to better meet the demands of business. As speed and performance
needs increase, optical transceivers have become an integral part of overall system design.
However, optical transceiver design margins and parameters vary widely, and can be the
difference between an optimized, highly reliable fabric and incompatibility issues that drive up
support costs. The Brocade 100 Gbps SR10 Ethernet optical transceiver, part of the Brocade
family of optical transceivers, is optimized to fully leverage the Brocade MLXe 100 Gbps router.
Together, these optical transceivers provide state-of-the-art performance, helping IT
organizations achieve new levels of infrastructure consolidation while expanding the capabilities
of their applications and services.
Brocade 100 Gbps SR10 C Form-Factor Pluggables (CFPs) are hot-swappable, low-voltage (3.3
V) digital diagnostic Ethernet optical transceivers that support high-speed serial links over 2×12
multi-mode fiber at a signaling rate of 10×10.3125 Gbps. They comply with the CFP MSA and
optical (IEEE 802.3ba) specifications.
The Brocade 100 Gbps SR10 Ethernet optical transceiver is a 10-lane × 10 Gbps CFP that
complies with 100GBASE-SR10 specifications. Highlights include:
10×10 Gbps 850 nm lasers
Optical interface specifications per IEEE 802.3ba 100GBASE-SR10
Diagnostic features per CFP MSA, providing real-time monitoring of:

Temperature
Supply voltage
Industry-standard MPO24 connector
100 m link length on OM3 multi-mode fiber; 150 m link length on OM4 multi-mode
fiber
. EXTREME NETWORKS:
Extreme Networks announced its first 100GbE product on November 13, 2012, a four-port
100GbE module for the Black Diamond X8 core switch. Customer trials are expected to
commence during 2013.
100 GIGE STILL HAS A LONG WAY TO GO:
In contrast to all other earlier generation steps, the 100 Gbps technology is being realized for the
first time for short transmission paths and first will be applied in computer centers for
networking powerful computers. Interfaces defined for ranges of 10 km and 40 km will first be
geared for use in the MAN. But whether in computer centers or in the MAN, 100 Gbps
technology will be introduced with parallel transmission and for that to happen, a workable
concept is required for the integration of a multi-lane system into the existing optical DWDM
networks. In the next generation, it will be possible to use 100 Gbps for serial transmissions.
However, many development steps are necessary in order to achieve these goals. These include
the cost-effective implementation of higher-level optical-modulation procedures (including
polarization multiplexing) and the realization of fast signal processors to smooth the way for
coherent receivers.

CONCLUSION
If the relentless advances in wireless communications in the past decade are an indicator of
things to come, then it is clear that we will witness not only faster ways to communicate, but
also newer modes of communication. Thus, it will be safe to conclude that the actual physical
limits of wireless communication are still unknown and it is for us to exploit that untapped
potential with a mix of creativity and serendipity. In contrast to all other earlier generation steps,
the 100 Gbps technology is being realized for the first time for short transmission paths and first
will be applied in computer centers for networking powerful computers. . For getting that
different people take different approach, but yet to get the success. But whenever it is achieved it
will be very helpful for all of us.

REFERENCES:
[1] Gavioli, G. u. a.: 100Gb/s WDM NRZ-PM QPSK Long-Haul Transmission Experiment over
Installed Fiber Probing Non-Linear Reach With and Without DCUs. Proc. ECOC 2009. Berlin •
Offenbach: VDE VERLAG, 2009
[2] IEEE Computer Society. IEEE Std 802.3an- 2006.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/11160/35821/01700008.pdf?tp=&isnumber=35821&arnumber=17
00008. Cited 3/18/2007.
[3] ITU-T Document G.Sup43: Transport of IEEE 10GBase-R in optical transport networks
(OTN)
[4] Ziemann, O.: When comes the Terabit-Ethernet – or the mathematical gadget of the
extrapolation. Trade journal for information and communication technology62 (2009) H. 5, S. 26
– 27
[5] Juniper networks introduces breakthrough 100 gigabit ethernet interface for t series routers".
[6] P. J. Winzer, A. H. Gnauck, S. Chandrasekhar, S. Draving, J. Evangelista, and B.
Zhu,―Generation and 1,200-km transmission of 448 Gb/s ETDM 56-Gbaud PDM 16QAM using
a single I/Q modulator,‖in Proc. ECOC 2010 Symp. Toward 1 Tb/s, Torino, Italy, paper PDP
2.2.
[7]Chandra, A., Bose C., Bose,M.K.(2011): Wireless Relays for Next Generation Broadband
Networks, IEEE Potentials
[8]CFP MSA Management Interface Specification. www.cfp-
msa.org/Documents/CFP_MSA_Management_Interface_Specification_Draft_1_2_Public_B.pdf
[9] Winterling, P.: OTN as Transport medium of the future and requirements of the measuring
technology. Trade journal for information and communication technology 62 (2009) H. 6, S. 28
– 32 .
[10] Seimetz, M.: High-value modulation procedure in the optical glass-fiber transmission
technology. Part 1 and part 2. Trade journal for information and communication technology 62
(2009) H. 6, S. 34 – 36 and H. 7-8, S. 20 – 23.
[11] Van den Borne, D. u.a.: Polmux-QPSK modulation and coherent detection: the challenge of
long-haul 100G transmission. Proc. ECOC 2009. Berlin • Offenbach: VDE VERLAG, 2009 .
[12] Brooks, P.: Meeting the test challenges of 100-Gigabit Ethernet. Lightwave 26 (2009) H.
12, S. 29 – 31, 35 and 39.

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