Silviculture and management of ash: best practice advice for woodland manager...Edward Wilson
This presentation was prepared for the Living Ash Project Chalara Ash Dieback Workshop at Lawshall, Suffolk on 18 June 2014.
The talk aims to provide an overview of the silviculture and management of ash woodlands in Britain, where Chalara ash dieback is currently a major threat. The lecture starts with an overview of the key drivers in forestry at the present time, including the need to adapt and enhance the ecological resilience of woodlands in the face of many threats (climate change, pests, diseases). A major theme is the need to diversify the range of genotypes, species and structures of woodlands so that the risk of major damage is minimised. A large number of silvicultural practices are reviewed, and several, including planting alternative species and continuous cover forestry, are presented in more detail.
With respect to ash, a number of silvicultural and management measures have been introduced to slow the rate of infection, minimise environmental impacts and realise the value of ash timber. Practical guidance is provided, based on information from the Forestry Commission and Royal Forestry Society. In addition, there is greater need for monitoring forest conditions so that infected trees can be located as quickly as possible.
Finally, the presentation highlights the role of research and the need to identify ash trees that demonstrate a degree of tolerance or resistance to infection. These trees are an important priority for the Living Ash Project and for future ash tree breeding programmes.
The presentation includes many photographs taken in the field and supplied with acknowledgement by colleagues.
Further information on the Living Ash Project is available at www.livingashproject.org.uk. Also at the Future Trees Trust, www.futuretrees.org. General information about the biology and management of Chalara ash dieback is available from the Forestry Commission, www.forestry.gov.uk/chalara.
A Guide to Raised Bed Gardening in Miami-Dade County, Florida
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Silviculture and management of ash: best practice advice for woodland manager...Edward Wilson
This presentation was prepared for the Living Ash Project Chalara Ash Dieback Workshop at Lawshall, Suffolk on 18 June 2014.
The talk aims to provide an overview of the silviculture and management of ash woodlands in Britain, where Chalara ash dieback is currently a major threat. The lecture starts with an overview of the key drivers in forestry at the present time, including the need to adapt and enhance the ecological resilience of woodlands in the face of many threats (climate change, pests, diseases). A major theme is the need to diversify the range of genotypes, species and structures of woodlands so that the risk of major damage is minimised. A large number of silvicultural practices are reviewed, and several, including planting alternative species and continuous cover forestry, are presented in more detail.
With respect to ash, a number of silvicultural and management measures have been introduced to slow the rate of infection, minimise environmental impacts and realise the value of ash timber. Practical guidance is provided, based on information from the Forestry Commission and Royal Forestry Society. In addition, there is greater need for monitoring forest conditions so that infected trees can be located as quickly as possible.
Finally, the presentation highlights the role of research and the need to identify ash trees that demonstrate a degree of tolerance or resistance to infection. These trees are an important priority for the Living Ash Project and for future ash tree breeding programmes.
The presentation includes many photographs taken in the field and supplied with acknowledgement by colleagues.
Further information on the Living Ash Project is available at www.livingashproject.org.uk. Also at the Future Trees Trust, www.futuretrees.org. General information about the biology and management of Chalara ash dieback is available from the Forestry Commission, www.forestry.gov.uk/chalara.
A Guide to Raised Bed Gardening in Miami-Dade County, Florida
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
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Tree removal Service,Stump removal and Tree trimming Pruning Tips
1. Tree Removal, Stump Removal and Tree
Trimming Services
Trees of any size, shape or shape are considered very healthy, both for the home and for the
environment, because the trees that are used for landscape purposes tend to grow more and more. But
if it grows too much, it may be necessary to destroy it before it causes damage to the property. Many
professional tree removal companies are specializing in tree services and tree maintenance to preserve
the natural beauty of the landscape and property.
It is essential to take over the services of a certified tree removal company, especially when a tree on
your property represents a threat of destruction and damage to the structure. Tree cutting is another
service offered by these renowned mobile companies, and this service is mainly contracted when the
tree expands or expands its branches that interfere with your property. But the process of removing a
tree is not easy and simple. It always requires extensive experience and other equipment necessary to
complete the successful elimination process.
Tree Removal
The felling of a tree consists in cutting it at the base to cause its fall and then allow the withdrawal of
the site and its exploitation. This is an essential step in logging.
As soon as the tree is of a particular volume or height, the operation requires an experienced person - a
logger - in particular, able to determine the fall in the best place and safe
In the temperate zone, the softwoods are removed all year round. On the other hand, for hardwoods,
non-sap periods are preferred, that is to say in autumn or winter. Indeed, these conditions have several
advantages:
• the absence of leaves reduces the wind gain and makes delimbing easier;
• the wood is less susceptible to attack by pests, the latter being less virulent cold weather;
• The water content is lower, the transport costs are lower and the drying time is shorter.
However, the logs hardwood are increasingly removed all year
In humid tropical areas, where the forest is evergreen, the felling period is determined by accessibility.
Particularly in areas with alternating dry and rainy seasons, felling is preferred in the dry season.
Manual felling is done using various tools: chainsaws, machetes, saws or axes.
Before actual cutting, the base of the tree must be cleared of vegetation and other materials that may
interfere with the cutting or render it unsafe. Eventually, the lumberjack practices the "éobelage," that
is to say removes the buttresses sometimes observable at the base of the trunks (especially present in
the tropical essences). This first reduction of the section of the trunk then allows better control of the
direction of fall. Once this has been chosen, a so-called management notch must be practiced precisely
2. on this side of the tree: a first kerf - called a floor - is operated horizontally; the second line (called
ceiling) must form an angle of between 30 and 45 ° with the floor and result in a notch between 1/3 and
1/5 of the diameter of the shaft. In the case of trees of small circumference, the notch of direction is
replaced by a simple kerf.
The fall is obtained by the fall line or felling line opposite the directional notch and a little higher than
the floor of the notch, a hinge thus forming in the last moments and participating in the control of the
fall in direction and the horizontal displacement of the trunk.
In the case of large diameter specimens, a retaining tab may be retained behind the removal line. This
one is cut only once the hinge made, to control the moment of the fall of the tree correctly.
In areas accessible to machinery and in the case of trees with straight trunks and only branches that are
easy to prune, felling may be carried out using specialized machinery.
This type of logging is particularly suited to large open-pit areas with stands of softwoods and birches,
particularly in the boreal zones (Canada, Northern Europe). It is also used for poplars and tends to adapt
to be used for temperate hardwood coppices.
Trees of very large diameter, even straight and not branched, cannot be removed with this type of
machine. Manual felling is used for mature high forests or tropical forests.
The machines are tractors or cranes equipped with an arm carrying a felling head. With feller -
ébrancheuses-ridges (Harvester English), it is elaborate headers that allow the felling, and action ridging
in a single movement and handling. Head first ensures grip of the tree; the saw cuts the base of the tree
which is immediately arranged parallel to the ground before the head makes a round trip over the entire
length, once to unplug, once in the other direction by ridging the trunk. The operator can use the
onboard computer to obtain ridges corresponding in length and circumference to the expectations of
the customers.
Stump Removal
Stump removal (extirpation) has been practiced since antiquity, in addition to removal (extrication) to
conquer arable land and to urbanize on the forest, or for the construction of roads and it has sometimes
been forbidden to people.
It is now mostly used by and for industrial forestry or intensive. It can induce a local but high degree of
soil disturbance with advantages and disadvantages. It makes it possible to create a flat and
homogeneous soil for a plantation, but if the strain is not crushed and reintegrated on the ground, it
deprives the land of a significant source of carbon especially useful for mycorrhizal fungi and the
production of deep forest humus conducive to good water retention by the soil. In some contexts,
carried out without precaution, it can damage certain infrastructures such as ditches, banks and dikes,
and underlying archaeological structures or be dangerous in the case of war forests (Verdun, Vimy,
Spincourt for example) or the roots may have included unexploded ordnance ( sometimes chemical
weapons , in the case of sequelae of the first World War ). Strains left after tree felling are now
sometimes extracted from the soil to provide wood fuel for biomass plants.
It can be done in several ways:
3. 1. mechanically using a backhoe, using animal traction (formerly) or the puller;
2. By trimming with a stump cutter or otherwise known as a stump grinder to a depth of 15 to 18
inches. Stuffing in 2015 is done most of the time this way;
3. Via a pruner-pruner, a stump extractor with a pruner that cuts the stump in two or three pieces
at the time of extraction, to facilitate its transport and handling.
4. chemically: by the devitalization of the strain, consisting in poisoning the tree to prevent it from
producing rejects; a conventional method is to drill holes about ten centimeters deep using a massive
drill, then fill them with sodium chlorate or an ammonium sulfate product. The complete devitalization
can take several months, the time that the product diffuses to the ends of the roots. Many chemicals are
sold or have been sold for this purpose, but many of them (including registered products) are toxic to
one or more species. In most countries, regulations regulate the use of biocides or chemical stumping
(at least in the forest).
After clear-cutting with stump removal, the stumps are sometimes buried (crushed or not), burned or
swathed and stump removal is sometimes followed by plowing, which has the disadvantage of favoring
grasses, actively competes with young plants of trees, especially for water in times of drought. In France,
to clear a group of trees or a piece of wood without reforestation (for example to put the soil in
cultivation, to build it, etc.), it is necessary to clear the land.
Tree Trimming/Pruning
This technique involves removing some branches that could be dangerous, dead or alive at their junction
point. Broken, dead, interfering branches increase the risk of fungal contamination and/or insect pests.
You might want to revive your busy tree. Pruning does not guarantee the health of the tree, but if it is
well done, it has an impact on its structure and therefore on its health. This technique encourages the
growth and development of healthy trees and better withstands extreme weather conditions. It is
essential for the health of your tree to leave this tree size to a professional since it must be carried out
with precision and with adequate tools.
The most common processes for tree pruning:
• Tree pruning for safety: Removal of branches that show potential danger to the safety of the
population, surrounding the property and promote the vision of any signage, traffic lights, etc.
• Sanitary tree pruning: Trimming broken or dead branches and lightening over-supplied trees to
accelerate regeneration, prevent rips, limit risks to weather and prevent fungal or viral damage.
• Tree pruning for lightning: Without altering its natural dimension, this action removes some of
the foliage and carpenter branches on the trunk that interferes with the orderly growth of the tree. This
allows air circulation and lightning, which benefits the radiation of the sun and decreases breakage of
the branches.
• Tree Pruning for Clearance: It is nicknamed "Infrastructure Clearance" because the tree
becomes a nuisance to nearby infrastructure, buildings, electrical wires or others. This tree pruning
avoids damage to the tree due to friction and contributes significantly to the growth of other trees.
4. • Compensatory tree pruning: Despite the precautionary standards, during trenching or
construction work, the roots of the tree are cut or damaged, which represents an immense danger, even
its collapse. To overcome this imbalance, precise pruning must be done quickly to remove the same
ratio of live branches as that of root loss.
Benefits of Hiring Tree Removal Services
1. Prevent property damage
When the trees grow bigger and bigger, they will have several overgrown branches and could fall during
a storm or during a hurricane and could damage your home and other properties on the property.
Therefore, it is always advisable to hire a professional tree removal company to prune the inflated tree
branches before it becomes too cumbersome to fall into a hurricane. Not only will the overgrown
branches of the tree grow, but they will also ensure that the property remains beautiful and free from
all the dangers that the trees and their branches can cause.
2. Save your power
You may be aware that the process of tree removal takes a long time and requires a lot of energy and
energy, especially if you do not have the right tools and equipment. A professional is equipped with all
the necessary equipment and tools, with the help of which they perform the task of removing the trees
efficiently without too much effort and in less time.
3. The security
When you take on the services of a professional moving company, you have complete peace of mind,
since these experienced professionals know the techniques to eliminate trees safely and adequately.
They also offer cleaning services after ripping the trees.
4. Knowledge and experience
Professional removal companies are equipped with experienced and trained experts who have
experience in removing any trees properly without causing damage to your property or property.
5. Cost factor
If you decide to remove a tree from your property by yourself to save money, you can end up with
severe injuries and even spend more to purchase the proper equipment and tools needed for disposal.
Therefore, it is always advisable to hire the services of a professional tree removal company that is
equipped with all the necessary equipment and tools with the help of which they complete the job
efficiently. Although it may sometimes seem quite expensive, it is the most economical and effective
way to eliminate trees from your property.