Timber as a building material consists of uses, pros and cons.
Classification of trees as exogeneous and endogeneous. Structure of tree. Processing of timber 4 stages - felling of trees, seasonong of timber, conversion of timber and preservation of timber. Characteristics of good timber and defects of timber. Industrial timbers
Timber as a building material consists of uses, pros and cons.
Classification of trees as exogeneous and endogeneous. Structure of tree. Processing of timber 4 stages - felling of trees, seasonong of timber, conversion of timber and preservation of timber. Characteristics of good timber and defects of timber. Industrial timbers
wood defects for civil engineering studentselviraandadi14
No matter what species of timber you use, you will undoubtedly come across some pieces that contain defects.
Defects may be naturally occurring or can be man-made. Natural defects can be due to many reasons such as environmental factors, growth patterns, soil composition, etc. Man-made defects can occur at many points ... from the felling of the tree, transport, storage, sawing, drying, etc.
Canopy Development And Management In Relation To Growth, Flowering, Fruiting ...AmanDohre
Canopy Development And Management In Relation To Growth, Flowering, Fruiting And Fruit Quality In Guava, Grapes, Pomegranate, Ber, Apple, Pear And Peach.
Canopy development and management significantly influence growth, flowering, fruiting, and fruit quality in guava, grapes, pomegranate, ber, apple, pear, and peach. Proper canopy management practices such as pruning, thinning, and trellising promote optimal light penetration, air circulation, and nutrient distribution within the canopy. This enhances photosynthesis, leading to improved vegetative growth, increased flower formation, and enhanced fruit set. Well-managed canopies also facilitate better fruit development, coloration, and sugar accumulation, resulting in superior fruit quality. Tailored canopy management approaches specific to each fruit crop ensure optimal growth, productivity, and fruit characteristics, ultimately maximizing yield and market value.
wood defects for civil engineering studentselviraandadi14
No matter what species of timber you use, you will undoubtedly come across some pieces that contain defects.
Defects may be naturally occurring or can be man-made. Natural defects can be due to many reasons such as environmental factors, growth patterns, soil composition, etc. Man-made defects can occur at many points ... from the felling of the tree, transport, storage, sawing, drying, etc.
Canopy Development And Management In Relation To Growth, Flowering, Fruiting ...AmanDohre
Canopy Development And Management In Relation To Growth, Flowering, Fruiting And Fruit Quality In Guava, Grapes, Pomegranate, Ber, Apple, Pear And Peach.
Canopy development and management significantly influence growth, flowering, fruiting, and fruit quality in guava, grapes, pomegranate, ber, apple, pear, and peach. Proper canopy management practices such as pruning, thinning, and trellising promote optimal light penetration, air circulation, and nutrient distribution within the canopy. This enhances photosynthesis, leading to improved vegetative growth, increased flower formation, and enhanced fruit set. Well-managed canopies also facilitate better fruit development, coloration, and sugar accumulation, resulting in superior fruit quality. Tailored canopy management approaches specific to each fruit crop ensure optimal growth, productivity, and fruit characteristics, ultimately maximizing yield and market value.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
1. COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AND RESEARCH STATION
MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURE & FORESTRY
SANKRA-PATAN,DURG(C.G.)
DEPARTMENT OF SILVICULTURE & AGROFORESTRY
Assignment on
Silvicultural treatments involved- thinning as a stand management tool, objectives of thinning, effects on growth and yield, thinning
effect on economic yield of stands
SESSION: 2023-2024
Submitted to Submitted By
Dr. Yamini Baghel Mr. Nishikant Krishan
Assistant professor Msc Forestry 1st Sem (SAF)
2. THINNING
• Thinning may be defined as ‘a felling made in an immature stand for the purpose of improving the growth and form
of the trees that remain, without permanently breaking the canopy’.
3. OBJECTIVES OF THINNING
• To distribute growth potential of a site amongst the trees retained.
• To increase the net yield of timber and money from a stand.
• To obtain earlier returns from capital invested in a stand.
• To produce a different smaller size of timber which can meet a different object of management
• To maintain hygienic conditions in the stand
• To obtain timber of the desired quality and mechanical strength.
• To ensure decomposition of raw humus in temperate forests.
4. KINDS OF THINNING
• Thinning in Regular Crops
• Thinning in Irregular Crops
• Thinning in mixed Crops
• Thinning in Coppice Crops
THINNING IN REGULAR CROPS
Thinning in
Regular
Crops
Mechanical
thinning
Ordinary
Thinning
Crown
Thinning
Free
Thinning
Maximum
Thinning
Advance
Thinning
5. MECHANICAL THINNING
• It is defined as a kind of thinning in which the trees to be cut is selected by some common thumb rule. It is also
known as ‘stick thinning’.
• It is applied to ‘regular crops’.
Fig: Mechanical Thinning
6. ORDINARY THINNING
Ordinary thinning is also called as low thinning, thinning from below and german thinning. In this, inferior individuals of a crop,
starting from the suppressed class are removed followed by some dominated and some of the dominant trees are removed.
It is applied to regular crops
7. GRADES OF ORDINARY THINNING
• Light Thinning (A Grade)
• Moderate Thinning (B Grade)
• Heavy Thinning (C Grade)
• Very heavy Thinning (D Grade )
• Very heavy Thinning (E Grade)
• Application of Ordinary Thinning
• It is applicable for light demanding species.
• It is applicable to areas where small sized timbers are marketable.
• It is applicable to areas infested with climbers.
• It is applicable to areas where there is no danger of soil degradation.
8. CROWN THINNING
• Crown thinning is also called as french thinning, high thinning and thinning from above. In this method, thinning is
carried out mainly on dominant trees.
• In this diseased, malformed and less promising dominant trees are removed mostly. The less promising trees are
removed in the interest of the best available individual.
• The dominated and suppressed stems are retained. Because it has a potential to grow further.
• The diseased, suppressed and malformed woods are removed in the interest of growing dominated species.
9. GRADES OF CROWN THINNING
• Light crown thinning (LC Grade)
• Heavy Crown Thinning (HC Grade)
• Application of Crown Thinning
• It is applicable to moderately shade tolerant species such as deodar and sal.
• It is applicable to dry regions.
• It is applicable to areas liable to soil detoriation due to exposure.
• It is applicable to the areas where relatively large sized timber is needed.
• It is applicable to areas which are prone to frost,snow,drought and wind damage.
10. FREE THINNING
• In this method, the trees retained for future will be selected from the beginning onwards. In this attention given on
evenly spaced elite stems. Thinning is done around the elite or alpha trees so as to reduce the competition.
• Maximum thinning
• Maximum thinning is the heaviest form of thinning which is defined as a method of thinning that aims at outing as
high a proportion as possible of the total potential increment from a unit area. In this more stems are removed
retaining less number of individuals from the earlier stage itself. This ensures maximum utilization of site by the
trees retained.
• Advance thinning
• Advance thinning is defined as thinning done in a regular crop in anticipation of suppression. As it is developed by
craib and o'connor, it is called as craib thinning.
11. THINNING IN IRREGULAR CROPS
• Selection thinning
• It is a method of thinning directed to obtain and or maintain selected composition in a crop, with all diameter
classes adequately represented. This involves removal of trees in all diameter classes so that all diameter classes
can be adequately represented.
12. THINNING IN MIXED CROPS
• Thinning in mixed crop is more cumbersome process because it contains different species of
different ages.
• Thinning in coppice crops
• Coppice crops are aimed at fuel or small wood production mainly. Hence it does not need thinning. But if the
object is to get timber, it is essential to remove the number of coppices per stem. In such cases, only one coppice is
allowed and others are removed.
13. THINNING EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND YIELD
• Effect of thinning on development of the tree.
• Response of crown and root system.
• Effect of thinning on tree dimensions.
• Effect on wood quality.
Effect Of Thinning On Economic Yield Of Stands
• Salvage of anticipated losses of merchantable volume.
• Increase in value from improved diameter growth.
• Improvement of product quality.
• Stand composition, regeneration, and protection.
