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1. Placing Pedestrians First at
Toronto’s Signalized
Intersections
Bruce Zvaniga, P.Eng.
Manager, Urban Traffic Control Systems
2. Outline
1. Toronto Context
2. Transportation Plan for Sustainable Growth
3. Recent Improvements to Pedestrian Signal
Operations
4. Wish List for Future Improvements
January 11, 2009
3. Toronto’s Population
• Population 2.5 Million
(5.5 Million in
Region)
• One-seventh are
over 65 years of age
(fastest growing age
group)
January 11, 2009
4. General Characteristics of
Toronto’s Signal Operation
• 2100 traffic signal-controlled intersections
• Roughly one-third fixed-time operation and two-
thirds semi-actuated
• Transit signal priority at one of every six
intersections
• All signalized intersections are connected to
central systems: 64% in-house time-of-day,
20% TransSuite and 16% SCOOT
January 11, 2009
5. Transportation Growth
• 75% growth in both AM inbound and outbound
vehicle flows to entire city over past 20 years
However,
• 66% of inbound trips during the AM to the
central area are by transit …the vast majority of
these trips include some walking
January 11, 2009
7. Sustainable Transportation Initiatives – Summary Chart
Pedestrian Enhancements at Signalized Intersections
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Pedestrians Cycling Parking Transit Other Transit TDM Other
Priority Improvements Initiatives Initiatives
1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 7.1
Pedestrian Bicycle Extend Peak Additional Proof of 6.1* Time
Zones and Stations and Hour Parking Turn Payment Region-wide Management
Streets Parking Restrictions Restrictions SMART for Deliveries
Commute
1.2 2.2 3.2 4.2 5.2 7.2
Pedestrian Bicycle Off-Street Reserved GPS-related Educational
Enhancements Sharing Parking Bus Lanes Transit 6.2 Programs
at Intersections Standards Technology Local
Employer-
Based TMA’s
1.3 2.3 4.3 5.3 7.3
Improvements
to the
East-West 3.3* Enhanced Additional
6.3
Promoting
Bike Route Peripheral Enforcement Transit Taxi Use
Pedestrian Thru Core Vehicles to City’s
Public Realm Commuter
Parking Lots Improve Employee
Service Trip
Reduction
1.4
Pavement
2.4 * Program
7.4 *
Major Bicycle Review of
Narrowings Trail HOV Lanes
Corridors
6.4
Car
1.5
Green
Short Term (0 - 2 years)
Sharing
7.5*
Intelligent
Corridors to Medium Term (3 - 5 years) Transportation
the Systems
Waterfront Long Term (5+ years)
May Require Metrolinx Support,
6.5 *
* Coordination or Funding
Road-User
Charges
8. Pedestrian Countdown Timers
• Addresses confusion/uncertainty
• Council approved 3 year city-wide
implementation to be completed June
2009 concurrent with LED Conversion
• Countdown of clearance (flashing
don’t walk) phase only
• Issues with variable clearance timing
where rail, fire hall, and transit pre-
emption present
• Public, political, media and police
reaction very positive
January 11, 2009
9. Leading Pedestrian Interval
4 second headstart for pedestrians before vehicle green
Status:
• Removed quickly at “normal” intersection
• Retained and highly successful at intersection of one-
way street with heavy left-turning traffic to a two-way
street
• Plan is to “try” another 5 to 10 locations in 2009 -
looking for intersections with similar unopposed turning
movements, and heavy pedestrian movements on
conflicting crosswalks
January 11, 2009
10. Accessible Pedestrian Signals
(aka audible pedestrian
signals)
• Council policy decision to include APS
at all new traffic signal installations and
to target retrofits within a year of
receiving a request.
• 250 intersections currently equipped
• 60 additional retrofits targeted in next 2
years
• Questions remain about how to handle
complex intersection geometrics
January 11, 2009
11. Increased Pedestrian
Crossing Time
• Old method:
– Walk speed 1.2 m/s or 1.0 m/s
– Ped clearance was timed for 5/8ths of the minimum total
time
• New method:
– 7 second minimum walk, full clearance distance at 1.2 m/
s walk speed … walk plus clearance time must allow for
1.0 m/s walk speed
• New method only applied after installation of countdown
timers
• Impact on transit priority infrastructure – due to
relationship between loop detector placement and time
to decision point – somewhat less efficient
January 11, 2009
12. Pedestrian Signal Priority
• Barnes Dance
• Exclusive
Pedestrian
Phase
• Pedestrian
Scramble
January 11, 2009
13. Pedestrian Signal Priority
Perceived Benefits
• Clear message that
pedestrians are important
• Increase pedestrian comfort
level
• (May) improve safety
• Low cost, easy to implement ?
January 11, 2009
15. Pedestrian Signal Priority
Blind and Visually Impaired
Peds
• Issue of audible tone
– “Walk Sign is on for all crossings”
• Concerns expressed about confusion
– Lack of parallel traffic sound
– How does a visitor detect the difference ?
– Confusing for guide dogs … who do you follow
– Need for tactile way finding
– Concern about crowding around APS buttons
– Lack of distinct north-south vs. east-west tones
January 11, 2009
16. Pedestrian Signal Priority
Countdown Signals Display
• Issue caused by concurrent and
priority phasing
• PCS count down the clearance
time
• Crossing clearance on the
diagonal is greater than the
orthogonal
• PCS devices use simple logic –
count down time based on the
previous display time
January 11, 2009
17. Pedestrian Signal Priority
Signs
Signs:
• To sign or not to sign
• Are the signals intuitive or
susceptible to
misinterpretation?
Markings:
• Full diagonal or stub
January 11, 2009
18. Pedestrian Wish List for
Traffic Signals
1. Pedestrian Detection
SAP SAC issue
3. PII – pedestrian
infrastructure integration
…. low cost handheld
device using DSRC to
communicate information
to peds (particularly
visually-impaired)
January 11, 2009
19. For Further Information:
Bruce Zvaniga
Manager, Urban Traffic Control Systems
City of Toronto Transportation Services
703 Don Mills Road, 5th Floor
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M3C 3N3
Phone: 416-392-8826
E-mail: bruce_zvaniga@toronto.ca
http://www.toronto.ca
January 11, 2009
