A transformer consists of a magnetic core and two electrical windings. Electricity from the primary winding induces electricity in the secondary winding through magnetic coupling. There are two main types of construction: core type and shell type. Core type transformers have concentric windings around the core limbs, while shell type have windings around a central limb with side limbs completing the magnetic path. Transformers change voltage and current levels, allow impedance matching, and provide electrical isolation between circuits. They are vital components for electric power transmission and distribution.
A transformer is a static device.
The word ‘transformer’ comes form the word ‘transform’.
Transformer is not an energy conversion device, but it is device that changes AC electrical power at one voltage level into AC electrical power at another voltage level through the action of magnetic field but with a proportional increase or decrease in the current ratings., without a change in frequency.
It can be either to step-up or step down.
Transformer types core, shell, toroidal. steps to design a EI core type transformer by calculating tongue width, stack height etc and two examples are given
insulators, conductors, transformer and ac motorsChippa Srikanth
it is basic to know of insulator conductor, transformer and ac motors. it is very useful to all electrical engineers. it is not only for engineers it is easily under standed by every one.
This ppt describes the function of Power Transformer in a Power Generation plant. Here DPL(Durgapur Projects Limited) was our VT venue, so chose it as the Base.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
A transformer is a static device.
The word ‘transformer’ comes form the word ‘transform’.
Transformer is not an energy conversion device, but it is device that changes AC electrical power at one voltage level into AC electrical power at another voltage level through the action of magnetic field but with a proportional increase or decrease in the current ratings., without a change in frequency.
It can be either to step-up or step down.
Transformer types core, shell, toroidal. steps to design a EI core type transformer by calculating tongue width, stack height etc and two examples are given
insulators, conductors, transformer and ac motorsChippa Srikanth
it is basic to know of insulator conductor, transformer and ac motors. it is very useful to all electrical engineers. it is not only for engineers it is easily under standed by every one.
This ppt describes the function of Power Transformer in a Power Generation plant. Here DPL(Durgapur Projects Limited) was our VT venue, so chose it as the Base.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
6. A transformer consists of two electrical isolated windings coupled through a
magnetic medium. When one of the winding is connected to ac supply of one
voltage level, it can produce alternating supply of the same frequency but different
voltage depending upon the turns ration. The two major types of construction of
transformers (used in transmission and distribution of electrical energy) are core
type and shell type. Depending on the application, these transformers can be
classified as distribution transformers and power transformers.
The most important function performed by transformers are,
Changing voltage and current level in an electric system.
Matching source and load impedances for maximum power transfer in
electronic and control circuitry.
Electrical isolation.
The standard ratings of oil immersed, naturally cooled 3 phase 11 kV/433 -
250 V distribution transformers shall be 10, 16, 25, 63, 100, 160, 200, 250,
315, 400, 500, 630, 1000, 1250, 1600, 2000 and 2500 kVA
7. The transformer either single or 3-phase, usually consists of the following elements:
a) Magnetic circuit, consisting of limbs (core), yokes and clamping structures
The core support the winding and it offers a low reluctance path to the magnetic flux. The core is a
stack of cold rolled grain oriented annealed silicon steel insulated lamination. Both sides of 0.3 to 0.5
mm thick laminations are coated with hot oil proof insulation to reduce eddy loss. 3 to 4% Si content in
steel increases its resistivity to eddy currents and reduce hysteresis losses.
CRGO laminations are cut at an
angle and core leg and core yoke
laminations are interleaved in
mitred joints. This reduces No
load losses, No load current &
Noise level. The permissible no
load current is only 3-5% of full
load current.
Core is bolted together and to the frames firmly to
prevent vibration or noise.
8. b) Electric Circuit: A standard transformer will have
two winding sets which are insulated from one
another. In the winding construction single HV coil
is wound over LV coil.
In high voltage winding, large number of turns of
thinner cross section is used. Low voltage winding
has thicker conductors and has fewer turns than its
high voltage counterpart.
HV and LV windings are wound from Super Enamel
covered /Double Paper covered, aluminium /copper
conductor/ foil 100 kVA and below and only copper
conductor/foil above 100KVA. Current density for HV
and LV winding should not be more than 2.8 Ampere
per sq mm for copper and 1.6 Ampere per sq mm for
Aluminium Conductor.
LV winding shall be such that neutral formation will be
at top.
9. c) dielectric circuit, consisting of
insulation in different form and used at
different places in the transformer,
namely: core to LV, LV to HV, etc.
Transformers normally use
cardboard and insulating paper as a
means of isolating both primary and
secondary winding from each other
as well as the transformer core. Inter
layer insulation is epoxy dotted
Kraft Paper/Nomex and pressboard.
All spacers, axial wedges / runners
used in windings are made of pre-
compressed Pressboard-solid. In
cross-over coil winding of HV all
spacers and all axial wedges /
runners are dovetail in shape.
Heavy cellulose sheets are used as
insulation between two phases.
10. Another insulating material comes in the form of
transformer oil. Axial & Radial cooling ducts in and
between sections of the windings allow the free flow
of oil around the conductors.
In addition to dissipate heat due to losses in a
transformer, insulating oil provides a medium with
high dielectric strength in which the coils and core
are submerged. This allows the transformers to be
more compact, which reduces costs. Oil cannot retain
high dielectric strength when exposed to air or
moisture. Dielectric strength declines with absorption
of moisture and oxygen. These contaminants also
deteriorate the paper insulation. For this reason,
insulating oil is prevented from contacting air. A
conservator with breather is used to pressure
variations resulting from thermal expansion and
contraction of insulating oil.
11. The two major construction of transformers are
core type and shell type.
CORE TYPE TRANSFORMER
In core type transformer, the magnetic core is built
of laminations to form a rectangular frame and the
windings are arranged concentrically with each
other around the legs or limbs. The low voltage
winding is wound near the core and high voltage
winding is wound over low voltage winding away
from core in order to reduce the amount of
insulation and increase life of it.
SHELL TYPE TRANSFORMER
In shell type transformers the windings are put
around the central limb and the flux path is
completed through two side limbs. The central
limb carries total mutual flux while the side
limbs forming a part of a parallel magnetic
circuit carry half flux.
12. CORE TYPE
The top and bottom horizontal
portion of the core are called yoke.
The yokes connect the two limbs and
have a cross sectional area equal to or
greater than that of limbs. In a core-
type transformer, half of the
primary winding and half of the
secondary winding are placed
round each limb to reduce the
leakage flux.
.
SHELL TYPE
In shell type transformers the cross
sectional area of the central limb is
twice that of each side limbs.
13.
14. CORE TYPE SHELL TYPE
1. Easy in design and construction. Comparatively complex.
2. Low mechanical strength due to non-bracing of windings. High mechanical strength.
3. Reduction of leakage reactance is not easily possible. Reduction of leakage reactance is possible.
4. The assembly can be easily dismantled for repair work. It cannot be easily dismantled for repair work.
5. Better heat dissipation from windings. Heat is not easily dissipated from windings since it is
surrounded by core.
6. Best suited for EHV (Extra High Voltage) requirements. Not suitable for Extra High Voltage requirements.
7. Economic and popular in use. Used in welding or high current transformer where more
bracing support to winding is required.
15. Transformer design is optimized to minimize
manufacturing and operating cost of losses for utility.
The two important design part of transformer are
magnetic core frame and windings.
Core is built with Cold Rolled Grain Oriented low loss
silicon steel laminations.
Winding is made up of high conductivity & soft drawn
E.C. Grade copper or aluminum. Enamel conductors are
double paper insulated. Windings are designed to fulfill
mechanical, thermal and electrical requirements.
Our electric power transmission and distribution systems can deliver generated a.c.
energy over long distances economically and efficiently only because of extensive use of
transformers. As the transformers are such vital links in the network they must be very
reliable especially in conditions of lightning and overload including occasional short
circuits and switching surges.
16. Solid cellulose insulating materials and
transformer oil are mostly used in
distribution transformers. Main and most
important insulation between High and low
voltage coils are pressboard, separator or
cooling ducts. A Pressboard represents a
thick insulation paper made of extremely
pure cellulose fiber, suitably treated in the
manufacturing process and then compacted
at very high pressure. All spacers, axial
wedges / runners used in windings are made of
pre-compressed Pressboard-solid.
Diamond Dotted Press-paper (DDP) with
epoxy resin layer being used to insulate
adjacent layers of conductors or foils.
Heavy cellulose sheets are used as insulation
between two phases.
Insulation is required in a transformer, wherever a difference in potential exists between two points.
17.
18.
19. d=diameter of circumscribing circle
D=distance b/w centers of adjacent limbs
H=over all height
W=length of yoke =D+a
Hw=height of window
Ww=width of window
a=width of largest stamping
Hy=height of yoke
D=d+Ww
H=Hw+2Hy
Width over two limbs = D+ outer dia of hv
Width over one limb = outer dia of hv
20. d=diameter of circumscribing circle
D=distance b/w centers of adjacent limbs
H=over all height
W=length of yoke = 2*D + a
Hw=height of window
Ww=width of window
a=width of largest stamping
Hy=height of yoke
D=d + Ww
H=Hw + 2Hy
Width over two limbs = 2*D + outer dia of hv
Width over one limb = outer dia of hv
21. Width of core = Dy= b
height of yoke Hy= a
length of yoke = W = 2Ww+ 4a
over all height =H = Hw+ 2a