The study found that tramway systems have a lower carbon footprint over their 30-year lifetimes compared to all types of bus rapid transit (BRT) systems. While BRTs have some initial construction and manufacturing advantages, tramways produce significantly less greenhouse gas emissions during the operation and maintenance phase due to their improved energy efficiency. Even when accounting for variations in electricity sources, the tramway systems studied still emitted less carbon over their lifecycles. An optimized tramway system called Attractis developed by Alstom performed best of all, cutting construction phase emissions by over 20% compared to standard tramway systems.
Assessment of technologies to decarbonize the transport sectorIEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes the results of a life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing the environmental impacts of current and future passenger vehicles, including internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), battery electric vehicles (BEV), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). The LCA finds that BEVs and FCEVs can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 70% compared to ICEVs if powered by renewable electricity or hydrogen. However, the production of batteries and fuel cells for BEVs and FCEVs still carries environmental burdens. In the short term, natural gas vehicles show the most potential for reducing impacts, while electric vehicles in the long term need sufficient clean electricity and recycling
At the 2014 annual Dispersion Modellers user group meeting guest speaker James Tate spoke the topic: 'Making better use of microsimulation models for estimating vehicle emissions'
Modelling Urban Transports in a City Energy System ModelIEA-ETSAP
This document discusses modelling urban transport systems in a city energy model using TIMES. It begins by outlining the characteristics of urban transport including high frequency, low speeds, and short distances. It then discusses learning from existing transport models to better represent factors like trip purposes and commodity groups that influence demand. The document proposes modelling passenger and freight transport in Malmo using TIMES, disaggregating demand based on mode, location, and trip purpose. It generates illustrative scenarios with different climate and air quality targets to explore policy impacts and tradeoffs between emission reductions. In the end, it emphasizes making underlying assumptions transparent through a city interface and optimizing for both CO2 and air quality.
The document analyzes the climate impact of investing in high-speed rail infrastructure for inter-city passenger transport compared to other modes like cars, buses, conventional and high-speed trains, and aviation. It calculates the greenhouse gas emissions per passenger kilometer for different modes and assumes how traffic may shift from other modes to high-speed rail. Based on a hypothetical example of a new 500km high-speed rail line generating 1 million trips per year, it estimates it could reduce emissions by around 9,000 tons annually but that emissions from construction may take decades to offset. It concludes that the climate benefits of high-speed rail are small and other lower-cost measures may be better for reducing transport greenhouse gas emissions.
At the 2014 annual Dispersion Modellers user group meeting guest speaker Sean Beevers spoke on the topic: 'Update on progress with the development of a hybrid personal exposure model'
Assessment of technologies to decarbonize the transport sectorIEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes the results of a life cycle assessment (LCA) comparing the environmental impacts of current and future passenger vehicles, including internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), battery electric vehicles (BEV), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). The LCA finds that BEVs and FCEVs can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 70% compared to ICEVs if powered by renewable electricity or hydrogen. However, the production of batteries and fuel cells for BEVs and FCEVs still carries environmental burdens. In the short term, natural gas vehicles show the most potential for reducing impacts, while electric vehicles in the long term need sufficient clean electricity and recycling
At the 2014 annual Dispersion Modellers user group meeting guest speaker James Tate spoke the topic: 'Making better use of microsimulation models for estimating vehicle emissions'
Modelling Urban Transports in a City Energy System ModelIEA-ETSAP
This document discusses modelling urban transport systems in a city energy model using TIMES. It begins by outlining the characteristics of urban transport including high frequency, low speeds, and short distances. It then discusses learning from existing transport models to better represent factors like trip purposes and commodity groups that influence demand. The document proposes modelling passenger and freight transport in Malmo using TIMES, disaggregating demand based on mode, location, and trip purpose. It generates illustrative scenarios with different climate and air quality targets to explore policy impacts and tradeoffs between emission reductions. In the end, it emphasizes making underlying assumptions transparent through a city interface and optimizing for both CO2 and air quality.
The document analyzes the climate impact of investing in high-speed rail infrastructure for inter-city passenger transport compared to other modes like cars, buses, conventional and high-speed trains, and aviation. It calculates the greenhouse gas emissions per passenger kilometer for different modes and assumes how traffic may shift from other modes to high-speed rail. Based on a hypothetical example of a new 500km high-speed rail line generating 1 million trips per year, it estimates it could reduce emissions by around 9,000 tons annually but that emissions from construction may take decades to offset. It concludes that the climate benefits of high-speed rail are small and other lower-cost measures may be better for reducing transport greenhouse gas emissions.
At the 2014 annual Dispersion Modellers user group meeting guest speaker Sean Beevers spoke on the topic: 'Update on progress with the development of a hybrid personal exposure model'
Peter Lindlahr - City of Hamburg - Hamburg's Approach to Sustainable Developm...Shane Mitchell
The document summarizes Hamburg's approach to sustainable development and smart growth. It discusses Hamburg's population and status as a major port and aviation center in Europe. It also mentions Hamburg's goal to reduce CO2 emissions by 2 million tons within 5 years. Additionally, it outlines Hamburg's criteria for good governance in managing ecological efforts, providing incentives for energy savings, and using regulation and subsidies. The document then explores challenges in mobility, urban planning, clean energy, and climate adaptation/mitigation efforts. Specific initiatives discussed include investments in public transit, the HafenCity development project, energy efficiency standards, and the Hamburg Climate Action Plan.
At the 2014 annual Dispersion Modellers user group meeting guest speaker Christine McHugh spoke on the topic: 'Comparison of Air Quality in World Cities'
6. Assessment of impact of speed limit reduction and traffic signalDr, Madhava Madireddy
Reducing speed limits from 50 km/h to 30 km/h in a residential area of Antwerp and coordinating traffic lights along a major road were found to reduce vehicle emissions:
- Speed limit reduction led to around 25% lower CO2 and NOX emissions from smoother traffic flow.
- Coordinating traffic lights to create a "green wave" reduced emissions by about 10% along the arterial road.
- An integrated traffic simulation and emission model was used to assess the environmental impacts of these traffic management measures on a neighborhood in Antwerp, Belgium.
El 5 de juny de 2015, amb motiu del dia mundial del medi ambient, va tenir lloc el Simposi europeu sobre qualitat de l'aire, soroll i els seus efectes sobre la salut a les aglomeracions urbanes, un esdeveniment organitzat pel Departament de Territori i Sostenibilitat de la Generalitat de Catalunya, l'Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal) i el Centre de Recerca en Epidemiologia Ambiental (CREAL), centre aliat ISGlobal.
Future beholds in unconventional electric vehiclesViresh Malhotra
Electric vehicles are growing in popularity in Europe. Germany and France have the highest adoption rates on the continent, with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles being particularly popular among consumers. While electric vehicles reduce emissions and oil dependence, challenges remain around a lack of standardization, new competitors, and integrating new technologies. Overcoming these barriers will be important for European automakers seeking to acquire companies in the growing electric vehicle market.
The document presents scenarios for transportation in Hanoi, Vietnam out to the year 2020 that illustrate the impacts of different policies on vehicle use, emissions, and urban development. Reasonable estimates for vehicle growth, travel distances, and emissions factors are used to model the effects of stronger pollution standards, improved fuel efficiency, and policies promoting public transit, walking, and biking. The scenarios show that acting now to shift toward more sustainable transportation options is important as Hanoi is already highly motorized and millions more residents are expected by 2020, so current decisions will largely determine the future shape and feel of the city.
Inaugural Professorial lecture by Simon Shepherd, Professor of Choice Modelling & Policy Design. Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, 9th September 2014.
For audio recording see: www.its.leeds.ac.uk/about/events/inaugural-lectures2014
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/s.shepherd
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/research/themes/dynamicmodelling
Routes to Clean Air 2016 - Dr Jon Lamonte, Transport for Greater ManchesterIES / IAQM
This document discusses air quality and interventions in Greater Manchester. It notes that Transport for Greater Manchester oversees transport across the region, which has over 2.7 million residents across 10 local authorities. It outlines challenges with emissions and current actions being taken, including expanding public transport infrastructure, over 300 electric vehicle charging points, and improving bus and freight fleets. Future plans discussed include expanding the use of low-emission vehicles, further public transport improvements, and considering a Clean Air Zone, though political and economic impacts would need to be balanced.
The document discusses air pollution problems in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and proposes repowering the engines of public buses in the city with CAT industrial engines. Ulaanbaatar has extremely high air pollution levels due to emissions from vehicles, industries, heating and waste burning. The city's public buses currently use Korean-made engines that contribute to pollution. The proposal suggests partnering with CAT to introduce their lower-emission engine technology and aftertreatment systems to repower some buses as a pilot project. This could potentially reduce bus emissions by 20% as part of the city and country's efforts to address air quality issues through organizations like the Clean Air Foundation.
Routes to Clean Air 2016 - Liz Bates, City of York Council and Bradford MDCIES / IAQM
Talk title: Will Defra's air quality plan help improve air quality in York and Bradford
Routes to Clean Air is a two-day conference from the IAQM where academics, professionals and policy makers share their experiences of improving traffic emissions.
This event highlights the importance of public communication and behavioural change surrounding road transport and air quality issues.
Getting zero emission trucks on the roadOeko-Institut
This document discusses strategies for decarbonizing long-haul trucking in Germany. It finds that electrifying freight transport through battery, overhead wire, or fuel cell trucks can achieve zero emissions. However, infrastructure buildout must be rapid and energy costs are a major factor in overall costs. Direct use of electricity through overhead wires is the most efficient and requires the least new renewable energy.
The document discusses the European Green Deal (EUGD) proposed by the European Commission to make the EU climate neutral by 2050. It aims to decarbonize the transport sector, which accounts for 25% of EU emissions. Key policies include revising fuel taxes to promote low-carbon fuels, expanding the emissions trading system to maritime and road transport, and increasing funding for electric vehicles and alternative fuels. While stakeholders like port organizations welcome the EUGD, others note more needs to be done, like shifting more freight from roads to rail and inland waterways.
The document discusses efforts by cities in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area of Finland to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption through cooperation. It notes that the population and emissions are growing in the area. The main sources of emissions are heating, electricity use, and transportation. It proposes a climate vision and sectoral visions to minimize emissions through improved energy efficiency, sustainable transportation and land use planning, low-carbon building and energy solutions. Specific policies and initiatives discussed include increasing public transit usage, utilizing biofuels in buses and vehicles, retrofitting existing buildings for energy efficiency, and optimizing district heating and cooling systems.
The document discusses RATP's Bus2025 program to transition its bus fleet in the Paris region to be entirely electric or bioVNG by 2025. The program aims to set an environmental benchmark for sustainable mobility. It involves testing electric bus technologies, partnering with energy companies, and adapting maintenance centres for the new fleet. The transition will require an industry-wide effort but positions RATP as a leader in clean bus services globally.
The performance of advanced fuels in end-use sectors – EUA toolIEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes research on the performance of alternative fuels in aviation, marine transportation, and on-road transportation. It finds that fuel properties significantly impact end-use performance. Models are developed to predict changes in fuel consumption and emissions based on properties like density, lower heating value, and cetane number. Recommendations for viable alternative fuels by 2040 include electricity, hydrogen, methane, methanol, ethanol, and renewable diesel in certain applications depending on technology readiness and infrastructure. Collaboration is proposed between research groups to share modeling methodologies and databases.
This study used micro-simulation traffic modeling (Paramics) coupled with an emissions prediction model (Versit+) to examine the impact of two traffic management schemes on vehicle emissions in Antwerp, Belgium. Reducing the network speed limit was found to decrease CO2 emissions by 23-41% and NOx and PM by 27-45%, while removing green wave traffic signal coordination increased emissions by around 10%. The models provided an effective way to evaluate potential traffic and air quality impacts of management strategies at a network level.
Routes to Clean Air 2016 - Elliot Treharne, GLAIES / IAQM
Talk title: London's Air Quality Challenge
Routes to Clean Air is a two-day conference from the IAQM where academics, professionals and policy makers share their experiences of improving traffic emissions.
This event highlights the importance of public communication and behavioural change surrounding road transport and air quality issues.
The document summarizes a market study justifying investments in Kazakhstan's public transport sector. It finds that many cities have high air pollution levels and aging bus fleets that are mostly diesel-powered. The legal framework supports replacing buses older than 7-12 years with newer models. A state program aims to cut the share of worn buses by 50% by 2019. The study recommends a program to replace old buses with modern compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, or diesel buses, which would reduce emissions and costs while supporting domestic bus production.
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/research/mobility-energy-futures-series
Freight transport constitutes a very significant but under researched part of total transport demand, and one in which
the prospects for lower energy use and associated lower
carbon emissions may prove particularly elusive. Reducing
energy use and carbon emission whilst maintaining the freight
transport services that the modern global economy requires
will hinge on many recent and current trends being changed.
This document discusses key development patterns and practices for building cloud applications, covering topics in two parts. Part 1 discusses automating everything, source control, continuous integration and delivery, web development best practices, identity integration, and data storage options. Part 2 covers data partitioning strategies, unstructured blob storage, designing to survive failures, monitoring and telemetry, transient fault handling, distributed caching, and queue-centric work patterns. The document emphasizes leveraging these cloud patterns to build scalable and resilient cloud solutions.
This document provides the syllabus for an English literature course on South African poetry from the Black Consciousness Movement and protest poetry of the 1960s-1970s to more recent post-apartheid poems. The syllabus lists the dates of class meetings and assignments, which include poems by Mongane Serote, Oswald Mtshali, Tatamkhulu Afrika, Ingrid de Kok, Antjie Krog, Gabeba Baderoon that represent different eras of South African poetry from protest to post-apartheid works. Examples of assigned poems are also provided with brief summaries of the themes and subjects covered.
Peter Lindlahr - City of Hamburg - Hamburg's Approach to Sustainable Developm...Shane Mitchell
The document summarizes Hamburg's approach to sustainable development and smart growth. It discusses Hamburg's population and status as a major port and aviation center in Europe. It also mentions Hamburg's goal to reduce CO2 emissions by 2 million tons within 5 years. Additionally, it outlines Hamburg's criteria for good governance in managing ecological efforts, providing incentives for energy savings, and using regulation and subsidies. The document then explores challenges in mobility, urban planning, clean energy, and climate adaptation/mitigation efforts. Specific initiatives discussed include investments in public transit, the HafenCity development project, energy efficiency standards, and the Hamburg Climate Action Plan.
At the 2014 annual Dispersion Modellers user group meeting guest speaker Christine McHugh spoke on the topic: 'Comparison of Air Quality in World Cities'
6. Assessment of impact of speed limit reduction and traffic signalDr, Madhava Madireddy
Reducing speed limits from 50 km/h to 30 km/h in a residential area of Antwerp and coordinating traffic lights along a major road were found to reduce vehicle emissions:
- Speed limit reduction led to around 25% lower CO2 and NOX emissions from smoother traffic flow.
- Coordinating traffic lights to create a "green wave" reduced emissions by about 10% along the arterial road.
- An integrated traffic simulation and emission model was used to assess the environmental impacts of these traffic management measures on a neighborhood in Antwerp, Belgium.
El 5 de juny de 2015, amb motiu del dia mundial del medi ambient, va tenir lloc el Simposi europeu sobre qualitat de l'aire, soroll i els seus efectes sobre la salut a les aglomeracions urbanes, un esdeveniment organitzat pel Departament de Territori i Sostenibilitat de la Generalitat de Catalunya, l'Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal) i el Centre de Recerca en Epidemiologia Ambiental (CREAL), centre aliat ISGlobal.
Future beholds in unconventional electric vehiclesViresh Malhotra
Electric vehicles are growing in popularity in Europe. Germany and France have the highest adoption rates on the continent, with plug-in hybrid electric vehicles being particularly popular among consumers. While electric vehicles reduce emissions and oil dependence, challenges remain around a lack of standardization, new competitors, and integrating new technologies. Overcoming these barriers will be important for European automakers seeking to acquire companies in the growing electric vehicle market.
The document presents scenarios for transportation in Hanoi, Vietnam out to the year 2020 that illustrate the impacts of different policies on vehicle use, emissions, and urban development. Reasonable estimates for vehicle growth, travel distances, and emissions factors are used to model the effects of stronger pollution standards, improved fuel efficiency, and policies promoting public transit, walking, and biking. The scenarios show that acting now to shift toward more sustainable transportation options is important as Hanoi is already highly motorized and millions more residents are expected by 2020, so current decisions will largely determine the future shape and feel of the city.
Inaugural Professorial lecture by Simon Shepherd, Professor of Choice Modelling & Policy Design. Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, 9th September 2014.
For audio recording see: www.its.leeds.ac.uk/about/events/inaugural-lectures2014
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/s.shepherd
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/research/themes/dynamicmodelling
Routes to Clean Air 2016 - Dr Jon Lamonte, Transport for Greater ManchesterIES / IAQM
This document discusses air quality and interventions in Greater Manchester. It notes that Transport for Greater Manchester oversees transport across the region, which has over 2.7 million residents across 10 local authorities. It outlines challenges with emissions and current actions being taken, including expanding public transport infrastructure, over 300 electric vehicle charging points, and improving bus and freight fleets. Future plans discussed include expanding the use of low-emission vehicles, further public transport improvements, and considering a Clean Air Zone, though political and economic impacts would need to be balanced.
The document discusses air pollution problems in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and proposes repowering the engines of public buses in the city with CAT industrial engines. Ulaanbaatar has extremely high air pollution levels due to emissions from vehicles, industries, heating and waste burning. The city's public buses currently use Korean-made engines that contribute to pollution. The proposal suggests partnering with CAT to introduce their lower-emission engine technology and aftertreatment systems to repower some buses as a pilot project. This could potentially reduce bus emissions by 20% as part of the city and country's efforts to address air quality issues through organizations like the Clean Air Foundation.
Routes to Clean Air 2016 - Liz Bates, City of York Council and Bradford MDCIES / IAQM
Talk title: Will Defra's air quality plan help improve air quality in York and Bradford
Routes to Clean Air is a two-day conference from the IAQM where academics, professionals and policy makers share their experiences of improving traffic emissions.
This event highlights the importance of public communication and behavioural change surrounding road transport and air quality issues.
Getting zero emission trucks on the roadOeko-Institut
This document discusses strategies for decarbonizing long-haul trucking in Germany. It finds that electrifying freight transport through battery, overhead wire, or fuel cell trucks can achieve zero emissions. However, infrastructure buildout must be rapid and energy costs are a major factor in overall costs. Direct use of electricity through overhead wires is the most efficient and requires the least new renewable energy.
The document discusses the European Green Deal (EUGD) proposed by the European Commission to make the EU climate neutral by 2050. It aims to decarbonize the transport sector, which accounts for 25% of EU emissions. Key policies include revising fuel taxes to promote low-carbon fuels, expanding the emissions trading system to maritime and road transport, and increasing funding for electric vehicles and alternative fuels. While stakeholders like port organizations welcome the EUGD, others note more needs to be done, like shifting more freight from roads to rail and inland waterways.
The document discusses efforts by cities in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area of Finland to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption through cooperation. It notes that the population and emissions are growing in the area. The main sources of emissions are heating, electricity use, and transportation. It proposes a climate vision and sectoral visions to minimize emissions through improved energy efficiency, sustainable transportation and land use planning, low-carbon building and energy solutions. Specific policies and initiatives discussed include increasing public transit usage, utilizing biofuels in buses and vehicles, retrofitting existing buildings for energy efficiency, and optimizing district heating and cooling systems.
The document discusses RATP's Bus2025 program to transition its bus fleet in the Paris region to be entirely electric or bioVNG by 2025. The program aims to set an environmental benchmark for sustainable mobility. It involves testing electric bus technologies, partnering with energy companies, and adapting maintenance centres for the new fleet. The transition will require an industry-wide effort but positions RATP as a leader in clean bus services globally.
The performance of advanced fuels in end-use sectors – EUA toolIEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes research on the performance of alternative fuels in aviation, marine transportation, and on-road transportation. It finds that fuel properties significantly impact end-use performance. Models are developed to predict changes in fuel consumption and emissions based on properties like density, lower heating value, and cetane number. Recommendations for viable alternative fuels by 2040 include electricity, hydrogen, methane, methanol, ethanol, and renewable diesel in certain applications depending on technology readiness and infrastructure. Collaboration is proposed between research groups to share modeling methodologies and databases.
This study used micro-simulation traffic modeling (Paramics) coupled with an emissions prediction model (Versit+) to examine the impact of two traffic management schemes on vehicle emissions in Antwerp, Belgium. Reducing the network speed limit was found to decrease CO2 emissions by 23-41% and NOx and PM by 27-45%, while removing green wave traffic signal coordination increased emissions by around 10%. The models provided an effective way to evaluate potential traffic and air quality impacts of management strategies at a network level.
Routes to Clean Air 2016 - Elliot Treharne, GLAIES / IAQM
Talk title: London's Air Quality Challenge
Routes to Clean Air is a two-day conference from the IAQM where academics, professionals and policy makers share their experiences of improving traffic emissions.
This event highlights the importance of public communication and behavioural change surrounding road transport and air quality issues.
The document summarizes a market study justifying investments in Kazakhstan's public transport sector. It finds that many cities have high air pollution levels and aging bus fleets that are mostly diesel-powered. The legal framework supports replacing buses older than 7-12 years with newer models. A state program aims to cut the share of worn buses by 50% by 2019. The study recommends a program to replace old buses with modern compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, or diesel buses, which would reduce emissions and costs while supporting domestic bus production.
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/research/mobility-energy-futures-series
Freight transport constitutes a very significant but under researched part of total transport demand, and one in which
the prospects for lower energy use and associated lower
carbon emissions may prove particularly elusive. Reducing
energy use and carbon emission whilst maintaining the freight
transport services that the modern global economy requires
will hinge on many recent and current trends being changed.
This document discusses key development patterns and practices for building cloud applications, covering topics in two parts. Part 1 discusses automating everything, source control, continuous integration and delivery, web development best practices, identity integration, and data storage options. Part 2 covers data partitioning strategies, unstructured blob storage, designing to survive failures, monitoring and telemetry, transient fault handling, distributed caching, and queue-centric work patterns. The document emphasizes leveraging these cloud patterns to build scalable and resilient cloud solutions.
This document provides the syllabus for an English literature course on South African poetry from the Black Consciousness Movement and protest poetry of the 1960s-1970s to more recent post-apartheid poems. The syllabus lists the dates of class meetings and assignments, which include poems by Mongane Serote, Oswald Mtshali, Tatamkhulu Afrika, Ingrid de Kok, Antjie Krog, Gabeba Baderoon that represent different eras of South African poetry from protest to post-apartheid works. Examples of assigned poems are also provided with brief summaries of the themes and subjects covered.
Smoking has significant negative health impacts both for smokers and those around them due to secondhand smoke exposure. It causes numerous cancers and other diseases. Cigarettes contain over 60 carcinogens including tar, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and metals. About 19,000 Australians die each year from smoking-related diseases. The document provides 25 tips for quitting smoking such as making a plan, avoiding smoking triggers, and changing routines to reduce cravings. Quitting smoking improves health and quality of life.
DNA replication is semi-conservative, as proved by the Meselson-Stahl experiment. It occurs during interphase and involves unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicase, followed by synthesis of new strands by DNA polymerases with RNA primers provided by primase. Replication proceeds bidirectionally from an origin of replication and results in two identical copies of the original DNA molecule.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a la invasión de Ucrania. El embargo prohibirá las importaciones marítimas de petróleo ruso a la UE y pondrá fin a las entregas a través de oleoductos dentro de seis meses. Esta medida forma parte de un sexto paquete de sanciones de la UE destinadas a aumentar la presión económica sobre Moscú y privar al Kremlin de fondos para financiar su guerra.
Este documento describe los principales desafíos de la movilidad urbana, incluyendo el consumo de energía, la contaminación, el ruido, los accidentes, la congestión, el uso del espacio, la exclusión social y los efectos en la salud y calidad de vida. También discute conceptos como la accesibilidad, proximidad y movilidad sostenible como claves para mejorar la movilidad urbana.
Joanna Warren Smith, President, Camp Consulting Services
Dan Weir, Director of Camping Services, Frost Valley YMCA
Burberry’s CEO will soon lead Apple’s sales team in changing their culture from ‘transactional’ to one of ‘relationship building.’ Follow the lead
of the Fortune 500 tech giant to build relationships that will positively impact all facets of your business. Develop a strategic, pragmatic and
manageable plan that will nurture connections and leverage relationships to increase camp enrollments, retention, fund raising and community
collaborations.
Students learned about 21st century skills and how to work effectively in teams. The lesson focused on developing collaboration abilities and the importance of cooperation to achieve goals. Working together, the class practiced good communication and dividing tasks to complete an assignment.
This document discusses the history of child labor in factories and industries in various countries from the 18th century to present day. It provides photos and descriptions of children working in difficult conditions in textile mills, coal mines, potteries and other factories with long hours, low pay and safety risks. Many faced injuries or death from dangerous machinery. Child labor laws were introduced but not always enforced. The document shows child labor continues today in places like brick making factories in Pakistan, garment factories in India and waste sorting in landfills in Nicaragua.
The document discusses competency evaluation approaches including norm-referenced and criterion-referenced. It also discusses Singapore's use of a teacher competency model consisting of five competency clusters that is used for hiring, evaluation, career pathing, and determining bonuses. The competency model along with performance goals at each employment stage help continuously improve teaching and educate students.
Dokumen ini membahas penggunaan gelas plastik sebagai alat peraga untuk mempermudah siswa memahami konsep dasar aljabar. Alat ini terdiri dari gelas plastik, batu, kertas, dan lem. Setiap gelas diisi batu sesuai nilai variabel dan dioperasikan sesuai aturan dasar aljabar seperti penjumlahan dan pengurangan variabel. Dengan alat peraga ini, siswa dapat mempraktikkan langsung konsep-konsep alj
This document provides the syllabus for an English literature course on South African poetry from the Black Consciousness Movement and protest poetry of the 1960s-70s to more recent post-apartheid poems. It lists the dates, topics, and required readings for each class, including poems by Mongane Serote, Oswald Mtshali, Tatamkhulu Afrika, Ingrid de Kok, Antjie Krog, Gabeba Baderoon that represent different eras of South African poetry dealing with issues of apartheid, protest, and the post-apartheid experience. Sample summaries of individual poems are also included to provide context and an overview of the themes and styles presented in the poems.
Permainan "Gebok" melibatkan dua kelompok siswa yang saling melempar bola untuk menjatuhkan tumpukan kaleng bernomor. Siswa harus menyusun kembali kaleng-kaleng tersebut sesuai urutan bilangan. Permainan ini bertujuan membantu siswa belajar membilang secara berurutan, serta menanamkan sikap seperti kerja sama dan sportivitas.
It's worth your time: Managing millennialsDan Weir
You want to talk again about this project? You are stressed with your workload but you want more? You want a raise but you have only been here 3 months? It’s a different generation entering the workforce. The great part about working with millennials is that they are hungry to take on the world. The difficult part is they don’t know where to start first. Learn from Dan and Lindsay techniques that have worked for them with managing millennials. Walk away with a new understanding of how the typical employee from this generation thinks. Leave with new ideas of how to lead and guide this enthusiastic group.
Este documento presenta una guía de estudio para la primera evaluación de la asignatura de Geología I para estudiantes de Ingeniería Civil de la Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Arquitectura de la Unidad Zacatenco del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. La guía contiene definiciones de conceptos básicos de geología, una breve historia de la disciplina, su importancia en la vida cotidiana y las ciencias en las que se basa y con las que se relaciona como la geotecnia, geofísica y paleontología. Tamb
Permainan "Gebok" melatih siswa SD untuk menentukan letak bilangan pada garis bilangan dengan menyusun kembali kaleng susu yang berserakan sesuai angka yang tertera. Tujuannya adalah membiasakan siswa membilang secara berurutan. Permainan ini juga menanamkan sikap seperti berani, ulet, toleran, dan mampu berkomunikasi.
This document provides the syllabus for an English literature course on South African poetry from the Black Consciousness Movement and protest poetry era to the post-Apartheid era. It lists the dates, topics, and required readings for each class, which include poems from Mongane Serote, Oswald Mtshali, Tatamkhulu Afrika, Ingrid de Kok, Antjie Krog, Gabeba Baderoon that represent the progression of South African poetry through different historical periods.
VMTurbo provides demand driven control software for virtualized and cloud environments. Some key points about the company:
- Founded in 2009 and has grown to over 1200 customers and 450 employees.
- The software characterizes application workload demand and uses a supply-demand matching engine to ensure workloads get the resources needed while maximizing efficiency.
- It addresses the gap that native hypervisor schedulers have in managing application workload demand in real-time across complex virtualized environments.
- The control provided goes beyond real-time to also handle reservations, deployment planning, and projecting future workload pipelines.
The document outlines a plan to develop electric vehicle infrastructure in London through partnerships. It aims to install 25,000 charging points across the city by 2015, including 500 on-street points, 2,000 in public car parks, and 22,500 through businesses. This would include a mix of slow charging points for long stays and 50 fast charging points within 3 miles of each other by 2012. The goal is to make London a leader in electric vehicles in Europe.
Professor Alan McKinnon, Kühne Logistics University is Guest Speaker for a CILT Green Series Webinar examining green technology and sustainability issues in relation to the logistics and transport sector
In 2011, the European Commission concluded in its white paper “Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area” that the phase-out of fossil fuels driven cars by 2050 was necessary to achieve its energy and climate objectives. In 2019, as part of the European Green Deal, the Commission is proposing to revise the regulation on CO2 standards for cars and vans, to ensure a clear pathway towards zero-emission mobility.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to road transport have grown since 1990 by 20.5%, and now account for one-fifth of EU GHG emissions – and they keep growing. The picture is similar regarding final energy consumption. Road transport uses 24% of EU final energy, having grown by 28% since 1990.
The good news is that a zero-emission technology is ready today for market uptake: the battery electric vehicle. From day one this vehicle completely cuts local GHG and air pollutant emissions and emits three times less GHG emissions on a well-to-wheel basis. On a life cycle basis (“cradle to grave”), a battery electric vehicle also generates significantly less GHG emissions than cars using gasoline or diesel. Moreover, the full decarbonisation of the electricity system, which is foreseen well before 2050, will enable battery electric vehicles to make transport fully climate-neutral.
Electrifying road transport is also the fastest and most cost-effective way to achieve energy efficiency goals because it is the asset with the highest replacing rate (average car ownership period 5-7 years1)and is currently at least 2.5 times more efficient than alternative technologies.
On 28 November 2019 the European Parliament declared a climate emergency and its Members asked for immediate and ambitious action to limit the effects of climate change2. Battery electric vehicles are ready to contribute to addressing this challenge. What is needed now is to accelerate the deployment of full electric vehicles.
Copper is one of the main materials that makes this transition possible. On average a battery electric vehicle requires three times more copper than a vehicle driven by a combustion engine. Half of it is in the battery system, mainly as foil in the anode of the cell working as current collector and heat dissipator. About one quarter is in the drive motors and their control system, and the other quarter is in wire harness, connectors and electronics. In addition, copper plays a role in the charging infrastructure and in the generation of renewable electricity to power the vehicles.
The document summarizes key points from Chapter 10 of the IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report on mitigation of climate change in the transport sector. It finds that transport is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions growth. Road transport accounts for the majority of transport emissions. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly reduced transport emissions in 2020 due to economic lockdowns. Widespread electrification of transport and alternative fuels like biofuels and hydrogen will be crucial to reduce emissions, though challenges remain in decarbonizing aviation and shipping. Shifting passengers to public transit and electrifying rail systems also provides opportunities for lower emissions.
The document discusses the benefits of electrifying transportation and outlines areas where governments can support the transition to electric vehicles and other electric modes of transportation. It finds that electrification is already underway in many areas like light rail, subways, buses, and some fleet vehicles. The benefits of electrification include lower costs of ownership, reduced emissions, and enabling future technologies like autonomous vehicles. However, challenges remain around infrastructure, standards, and ensuring the electric grid can support increased electric transportation. The document recommends that governments support electrification through funding projects, procuring electric vehicles, providing tax incentives, and investing in research and development to help address challenges and maximize the benefits of transitioning to electric transportation.
The document outlines plans to develop an electric vehicle charging infrastructure network across London by 2015. It aims to install 25,000 charging points, including 500 on-street points, 2,000 in public car parks, and 22,500 in partnership with businesses. This will include a mix of slow, fast, and potential rapid charging points. The goals are to stimulate electric vehicle adoption and make London a leader in electric transportation.
This document discusses smart cities and sustainable transportation strategies in London. It provides details on London's objectives to improve air quality and reduce emissions through initiatives like expanding ultra low emission zones for vehicles, transitioning the bus fleet to zero emissions by 2037, promoting cycling and public transportation, and retrofitting buildings to be more energy efficient. The document outlines London's vision for a "Green New Deal" and decarbonized future across its transport, built environment, and waste systems. It also discusses TfL's priorities for 2021-22 and the project management process for delivering sustainable projects.
The document discusses predictions for the future of commercial road freight transport and trucks by 2050 based on a report by the IRU and TML. It outlines three main targets for 2050: 1) lowering carbon dioxide emissions by 37-43% through more efficient diesel engines and increased electrification, 2) decreasing road fatalities to 265 deaths annually through advanced safety technologies, and 3) improving operational efficiency through technologies like platooning. While roads and trucks will still be used, trucks are predicted to have more electric and alternative fuel options, advanced driver assistance, and increased automation.
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Alternative Fuel Public Transport BusesIJERD Editor
The paper objective is to develop an analytical framework that will give us more insight into the
trends in emissions standards as well as technology development, and eventually translate these insights into a
sound investment decision making strategy. Public transport buses are high usage vehicles that operate in
heavily congested areas where air quality improvements and reductions in public exposure to harmful air
contaminants are critical. As such, they are good candidates for achieving both near-term and long-term
emission reductions. Cleaner and less polluting public transport buses based on alternative fuels are of
paramount importance if cities are to attain their ambitious emissions reduction targets. Decision making for the
investment in alternative fuel buses is dependent on future technological development and emissions standards,
and it is difficult, given the uncertainty in regards to both these factors.
Beuc2016 low carbon cars in the 2020s reportRoger Atkins
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Electric bikes have quietly become a prominent mode of sustainable transportation. While only 112,000 electric cars were sold worldwide in 2013, 40 million electric bikes were sold that year, 32 million of them in China alone. This was fueled by Chinese government policies classifying e-bikes as non-motorized transport, exempting them from licensing requirements and allowing access to bike lanes. However, e-bikes' sustainability depends on factors like the energy source used for charging and safe battery recycling, and they may not reduce motorized vehicle use in all contexts. More research is needed to understand e-bikes' environmental, safety, and accessibility impacts in different locations.
Transportation, Electric Vehicles and the EnvironmentHector Rodriguez
Transportation is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Personal vehicles, freight trucks, and airplanes account for over 80% of transportation emissions. Several strategies can help reduce these emissions, including telecommuting to reduce commuting, fleet management through driver training and efficient routing, using more fuel-efficient hybrid and electric vehicles, adopting alternative fuels, and implementing designs that reduce vehicle drag. Larger adoption of these approaches could meaningfully lower the environmental impacts of the transportation sector.
This compendium of case studies was written by local authorities for local authorities, as part of the Clean Fleets project.
The case studies outline concrete procurement activities of public authorities and fleet operators. They illustrate real examples of vehicle procurement in detail including results and lessons learned. We hope to inspire others to learn from and replicate these examples.
Each case study includes contact details for those who would like to discuss the activity in more detail.
For further information please visit www.clean-fleets.eu or
get in touch with procurement@iclei.org
This document reviews the technical characteristics and environmental impacts of electric vehicles compared to internal combustion engine vehicles. It finds that electric vehicles are more energy efficient, with the converted Smart exhibiting a fourfold improvement in energy efficiency over the internal combustion version. However, literature data on vehicle emissions and energy use often underestimate real-world performance of internal combustion vehicles. Measured data from the converted Smart show electric vehicles can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by over 80% compared to an internal combustion vehicle when powered by the local electricity grid, with even greater reductions possible using renewable electricity. The life cycle carbon footprint of electric vehicle batteries varies significantly in literature sources but driving an electric vehicle over 100,000 km is calculated to reduce emissions by over 80% compared
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Horizon 2020 research opportunity - new generate rail services - Tony MercadoKTN
Presentation 6 of 8 from Horizon 2020 for Rail event held 8th Nov 2013.
The calls for research being made under the rail heading in the surface transport work programme for 2014 - New generation of rail vehicles (enhanced functionality, comfort, operational performance; reduced whole life cost of vehicles by improved reliability, reduced energy consumption and increased capacity)
The document discusses a study conducted by Siemens using its City Performance Tool to analyze the feasibility of the city of Aarhus, Denmark achieving its goal of becoming carbon neutral by 2030. The study found that this target is realistic if the city further electrifies transport and encourages the private sector to do the same. Several scenarios were modeled, with the most ambitious scenario reducing carbon emissions by 94% compared to a 2030 business-as-usual forecast. However, none of the scenarios reduced emissions to exactly zero due to some remaining electricity imports. The study identifies the most impactful technologies for reducing carbon in buildings and transport.
1. TRAMWAYS
OR BUS RAPID TRANSIT
WHICH IS GREENER?
A study of the lifecycle CO2
emissions of
tramway & BRT systems
A Carbone 4 study, sponsored by Alstom
2. 2
The global population is set to rise to 9.7 billion by
2050, when 70% of people will live in urban areas.
Annual global urban transport emissions are set
to double, as a result, to nearly 1 billion annual
tonnes of CO2
equivalent by 2025*.
Since transport is responsible for 23% of all energy-
related carbon dioxide (CO2
) emissions, curbing
transport emissions will be key to reaching the
+2 °C target set at COP21, the United Nations
Climate Change Conference in Paris.
The local transport policies of cities have a major
impact on global warming.
For cities to be truly green, then, they need to be
less about cars.
Local and regional governments talk tough on the environment. In Europe, since 2008, through the Covenant
of Mayors initiative, some 6,000 cities have voluntarily committed to an average 28% CO2
reduction.
But results are slow to materialise. The 2012 LSE
green cities survey of 90 world cities found that
only 43% of cities reported success in reducing
their greenhouse gas emissions**.
Fairly fast to construct, Bus Rapid Transit Systems
(BRTs) have enjoyed strong growth in expanding
cities worldwide in a bid to meet rising demand in
public transport.
But how do they compare to tramways in terms of the system’s carbon footprint, over a 30-year lifecycle?
Alstom and Carbone 4 conducted the first analysis to answer this question.
ALSTOM develops and markets the most complete range of systems, equipment and services in the
railway sector. The company is present in 60 countries and employs 31,000 people.
CARBONE 4 is a leading independent consulting firm based in Paris specialised in climate-resilient and
low-carbon strategy. Its team has developed strong analytical and field competences to help private and
public actors transition to a low-carbon and climate-resilient economy.
GROUND-BREAKING
STUDY TO ASSESS
THE ENVIRONMENTAL
LIFECYCLE IMPACTS
OF TRAMWAY
AND BRT SYSTEMS
2
“Many cities have not yet
been successful in curbing
their CO2
emissions”
* IEA - A tale of renewed cities.
** LSE Cities - Going green; How cities are leading the next economy.
42%
23%
35%
WORLD ENERGY-RELATED CO2
emissions per sector
TRANSPORT
Source : IEA, 2015
Industry
& others
Power
Generation
4. 4
So which transport system has the best
environmental performance over the lifecycle?
According to the Carbone 4 study, on the reference
case route, and over a 30-year period, the tramway
would have a smaller carbon footprint than any
type of BRT.
Although BRTs offer short-term advantages during
the busway construction and bus manufacturing
phases, the tramway system is a clear long-
term winner, with much lower overall lifetime
emissions, thanks to its better operation and
maintenance performance and the longer lifetime
of the trams.
Due mainly to the combustion of diesel to power
the bus, a diesel BRT’s total lifetime emissions
are more than twice as high as the ones of a
tramway system.
For the same reason, a plug-in hybrid BRT system
emits about 30% more greenhouse gas (GHG)
than a tramway system over its lifetime. The
BRT system also uses more electricity than the
tramway one with a similar transport capacity.
Even a fully-electric BRT system has 17% higher lifetime emissions than a tramway system, since a city
would need to operate a large fleet of buses to achieve the same transport capacity as 20 trams, resulting
in 3.6 times more annual bus vehicle kilometres travelled.
Construction and manufacturing
Because BRT infrastructure is lighter, during the initial construction phase, its associated emissions would
be 2.2 times lower than for a tramway. If a city can use existing road infrastructure as a basis to build
a BRT system, it would however need to reinforce it for heavy traffic and build stops and other associated
elements.
At the vehicle manufacturing stage, a diesel BRT also enjoys a significant advantage: the manufacturing of
a tram emits 400 tons of CO2
e whereas a diesel bus emits only 30 tons of CO2
e.
GREENHOUSE GAS:
TRAMWAY A CLEAR
WINNER
20.9
6.1 4.4
8.0
39.4
14.1
4.7 4.0
8.0
30.8
6.0 4.3 3.8 5.5
19.6
6.1 4.5 3.8
8.9
23.3
6.1 4.5 4.0
12.7
27.3
EMISSIONS FROM CONSTRUCTION PHASE
ktCO2e
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION
ENERGY
ROLLING STOCK
MANUFACTURING
TOTAL
BRT diesel
BRT plug-in hybrid
BRT electric
Tramway system
standard offer
ATTRACTIS
19.6 23.3 27.3 39.4 30.8
179.7
102.8 83.9 55.4 54.6
199.3
126.1
111.2
94.8 85.4
TOTAL EMISSIONS BY PHASE OVER 30 YEARS
ktCO2e
ATTRACTISTramway system
standard offer
BRT
diesel
BRT
plug-in hybrid
BRT
electric
Operation
Construction
Operation
Construction
5. 5
But a city would need to operate a fleet of 20 trams or 90 buses to provide the same service on this route.
Since a bus only has half the lifetime of a tram,
lifetime diesel fleet manufacturing will emit 5,500
tons of CO2
e, compared with 8,000 tons of CO2
e
for a tramway, significantly narrowing its lead.
In fact, the diesel BRT system is the only one to
offer these advantages: manufacturing emissions
for a plug-in hybrid bus fleet are 11% higher than
for a tram fleet, while the emissions of a fully-
electric bus fleet are 58% higher.
This is because batteries are carbon intensive to
produce, heavy and take up space, reducing the
number of passengers a hybrid or fully-electric bus
can carry.
Operation and maintenance
Following the initial construction and manufacturing phase, the carbon emissions advantages of a tramway
system rapidly outpace all BRT systems.
A diesel BRT system generates 3.3 times more operation GHG emissions
over 30 years than a tram, a plug-in hybrid system 86%, and a fully-
electric system 51% more.
To calculate these figures, the Carbone 4 study broke down operation
emissions into four main sources: traction energy, energy used for depots,
gas leakages and maintenance.
A tram emits roughly four times less CO2
from traction energy than
a diesel bus. Since the energy used for depots is due mainly to traction
energy between line and depot, the same figures apply.
Although plug-in hybrid and electric traction energy emissions are lower
than for diesel, since a bus fleet needs to travel four times more vehicle
kilometers than a tram fleet to transport the same number of people over the same route, even the fleet of
fully electric buses will use 1.6 times more electricity than a tram.
Tramway systems also have significantly lower air conditioning-system gas leakages – another source of
GHG emissions. Legislation applying to tramways in this field is much more stringent than for road vehicles.
“Tramway
systems have
the lowest
operation and
maintenance
emissions”
30.1
0
17.4
7.9
55.4
30.1
0 16.6 7.9
54.6
138.2
7.1 17.2 17.2
179.7
65.9
7.7
18.1 11.1
102.8
47.8
8.1 18.5 9.5
83.9
EMISSIONS FROM OPERATION PHASE
ktCO2e
TRACTION
ENERGY
REFRIGERANT GAS
LEAKAGES
MAINTENANCE ENERGY USED
FOR DEPOTS
TOTAL
BRT diesel
BRT plug-in hybrid
BRT electric
Tramway system
standard offer
ATTRACTIS
6. 6
Impact of energy mix
Electricity production accounts for more than 40% of global fossil CO2
emissions. Since tramways are powered
solely by electricity, how does the electricity mix influence the carbon footprint advantage of tramway
systems?
Even in a worst case scenario in which the electricity emission factor is around 0.800 kg CO2
e per kWh, as
in China, all other assumptions remaining the same, the tramway’s carbon footprint remains lower on a
30-year lifetime than a diesel, hybrid or electric BRT system.
“Tramway systems have a
lower carbon footprint than
BRTs even with high carbon
content electricity”
What’s more, the electricity emission factors are
expected to significantly decrease in the coming
years, thanks to the current development of
renewable energy, which will reduce further the
footprint of electrical modes.
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80
0
50
100
150
200
250
SENSITIVITY TEST ON ELECTRICITY EMISSION FACTOR
Total emissions on a 30-year lifetime ktCO2e
Electricity Emission Factor
(kgCO2/kWh)
BRT electric
BRT plug-in hybrid
BRT diesel
Attractis
Tramway system standard offer
France
Colombia
Belgium
Ecuador
Argentina
Germany
Algeria
Senegal
Taiwan
China
7. 7
Eager to reduce costs and minimise disruption
while maximising environmental performance,
many city authorities are opting to develop
tramway systems in a turnkey mode.
Attractis, an integrated tramway system developed
by Alstom, is one such alternative.
A 12km long Attractis tram system can be fully operational within 30 months: this is a much quicker
deployment time than available up until now. Attractis aims at offering up to 20% savings in investment
from a classical tramway line.
When compared against each of the study’s criteria, Attractis almost always gives the best carbon
performance compared with rival systems.
In terms of carbon footprint, the construction phase offers the greatest potential for tramway system
improvements. Since the optimised Attractis system uses fewer materials, such as concrete, steel and cables
in construction, it can cut GHG emissions by more than 20%.
Altogether, over a 30-year lifetime, the Attractis
tramway system emits 57% less GHG than a diesel
BRT, 32% less than plug-in hybrid, and 23% less
than fully-electric.
In terms of sensitivity to electricity mix, Attractis
delivers a performance equal to a standard
tramway.
“Attractis cuts tramway
construction GHG emissions
by more than 20%”
ALSTOM ATTRACTIS:
AN OPTIMISED
TRAMWAY SYSTEM
12.4 12.0
6.1 4.7
20.9
14.1
39.4
30.8
CONSTRUCTION EMISSIONS FROM TRAMWAY SYSTEMS
ktCO2e
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
OTHER
(construction energy, rolling-stock manufacturing)
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Tramway system
standard offer
ATTRACTIS