This document discusses malaria control programs and budgets for scheduled castes and tribes in Odisha, India. It finds that while a large portion of program budgets come from SC/ST funds, there is no prioritization or tracking of SC/ST beneficiaries. SC/ST community members are underrepresented in monitoring teams. Some dominant caste members took more than their share of bed nets, denying them to SC/ST families. Village governance groups meant to oversee programs lack knowledge and are dominated by secretaries. Training programs fail to include group members. While programs aim to help all, there is no effort to ensure SC/ST communities benefit from the funds intended for their development.

1. CONTENTS
Sl.No. Subject Page No.
1. SCP/TSP in Odisha
2. NRHM and Public Health Department 3
3. SCP /TSP allocation to Health Dept. 4
4. Malaria Controle Programme (NMEP) in Kandhamal. 4
5. Budget allocation for Mo Mosari for Kandhamal 6
7. Unit Numbers of LLIN and Mo Mosari 10
7. Recommendation

2. Odisha is widely known as one of the poorest state in India with 41.9 million
populations as per 2011 census. In 2004 Human Development Report, the Human
Development Index holds this state at fifth lowest among the 15 major states of the
country. The Scheduled Casts (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) are the most marginalized
and vulnerable community in the state who constitutes 38.66% of stateís total population.
The economic status of SCs/ STs continues to lag behind other communities, with
a much higher percentage of SCs/ STs living below the poverty line as compared to
others. The population below poverty line in rural Odisha among SC is 41.4 % and the
same for urban area is 26.3%. And among ST it is 63.5% in the rural and 39.7% urban
area ( 2011-12). An astonishing out of twenty states Odisha continue to have higher SC
and ST poverty rates than the national poverty rate for all groups (ArvindPanagariya1)
Special Component Plan (SCP) or Scheduled Castes Sub Plan (SCSP) for SCs
1
MAP OF ODISHA
1working paper no. 2013-02 , Poverty by Social, Religious & Economic, Groups in India and Its Largest States, 1993-94 to 2011-12

3. In addition to the protection guaranteed by the Constitution of India, the Govt. of
India introduced the Special Component Plan ( SCP), or the Scheduled Castes Sub Plan
(SCSP)in 1979-80. As per this policy guidelines , the government to ensure that a pro
rata proportion of overall plan funds are specifically used for the Dalits. This means that
if the Dalits comprise 16 percent of the population then at least 16 percent of funds
allocated by the government of India and State for development programs. In 2006-07
the SCP was renamed the Scheduled Caste Sub Plan (SCSP). The core objective of
SCSP is to proactively promote the educational, social, and economic development of
the Dalits and play a ìpositive interventionist role to neutralize the accumulated distortions
of the past. However, the subsequent history of the SCSP reflects the persistence of
deep-seated prejudices pertaining to ìuntouchabilityî within society and amongst
government functionaries, and their resultant failure to effectively implement policies
meant for the development of the Dalits.
Tribal Sub Plan (TSP ) for Tribals
The basic features of Tribal Sub-Plans is similar to SCP; bridge the gaps by
assuring flow of outlays and benefits from the total plan outlay for the development of
Schedules Tribes at least in proportion to their population. Tribal Sub-Plan assistance is
provided to tribal families through a variety of programmes.
Odisha State Plan , SCSP and TSP
For the FY 2013-14 , the total State plan allocation for the 40 administrative
department is Rs. 19,368 crores an increase of Rs. 2,168 crores from previous ie FY
2012-13. The total allocations under SCSP by all the departments puts together is Rs.
3,158.69 crores in FY 2013-14 an increase by Rs. 372.69 crores ( 2012-13). In terms of
SCP percentage to the total plan outlay is 16.30 % and 16.19 % respectively for FY -
2013-14 and 2012-13.The data also reflects that out of 40 departments in the government
only 27 departments contributed to the total SCP. The total allocations under TSP by all
the departments put together is Rs. 4,096.82 crores( 23.81 %) to the total state plan
allocation for 2012-13.
Both (Plan and Non-Plan Expenditure Details) the budget books for Odisha currently
provide information on the allocations under SCSP/TSP, though there are no separate
statements on the SCSP/TSP. From these budget documents, a clear pattern emerges
as regards the priority accorded by state governments to Health care for SC/ST .
2

4. As per the guidelines of the SCSP & TSP, every department in the state government
and Ministry in the central government shall keep aside plan allocations to the tune of not
less than the percentage proportion of SC population to the general population as per
the latest census conducted by the Govt. of India. Since the population of Scheduled
castes is 17.13%and Scheduled Tribe population is 21.53% to the general population in
Odisha( 2011 Census) , it was expected that every department in the Odisha state
government shall allocate 17.13 % of their departmental allocations under SCP or SCSP
including the Public Health Department.
Public Health Department and National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)
The on an average Odisha health budget/ expenditure is around 4.30 % of the total
state budget over the last five financial years i.e. 2009-10 AE to 2014-15 BE22The Detail
Demands of Grants ( DDGs) statement provides details about of budget and expenditure.
The Column 2 of the Table -1 shows the allocations to the Healthdepartment by
financial year. Out of 40 departments in the government, Health Department position
remained stagnant on 13th position for FY ñ 2012-13, FY- 2013-14.
3

5. The Outcome budget of Ministry of Health and Family welfare department provide
the information of NRHM allocation as shown in Column 6 of table 1, For last two FY
2012 -13 and 2013-14 the allocation is Rs. 620 crores, remain stagnant. For the
implementation of the NRHM program the budget/grant are received from Central Govt
and some part of allocation is contributed by the State govt from its State Plan. It was
also observed that in FY 2010-11 and 2011-12 has contributed Rs. 64 crores and 103. 26
crores (DDGs, Dept of H & FW, Finance Dept. Govt. of Odisha)
The Table-1 also reflects the Health Departmental allocations under SCP and TSP
based on the departmental allocations. In FY-2012-13 the percentage of SCP funds to
the departmental plan size is 20.22%, in FY- 2013-14 is 12.57 % .For TSP is 29.59 %
in FY 2012-13 and is 17.41% in FY -2013-14. The data shows that though there was
increase in the State Health Plan but the SCSP & TSP allocation has decline, less then
the percentage to the population norm.
Table No.1 Plan Allocation to the Health Department Vs Departmental
allocations to SCSP & TSP
Financial State HealthPlan Health Plan Position of NRHM SCP TSP
year (FY) Health Plan (SCSP) and health allocation allocation allocation allocation
(%) department
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2010-11Act 144.08 23.37 (16.22%) 29.35(20.37%) 446.66 NA NA
2011-12Act 200.57 29.64(14.77%) 44.27(22.07%) 467.62 NA NA
2012-13BE 389.66 78.77(20.22%) 115.3(29.59%) 13th 620.20 12 14.89
2013-14 BE 555.00 69.77( 12.57%) 95.78(17.41%) 13th 620.20 26.71 26.18
Source: Outcome Budget of respective year ; Detail Demands for Gants; Finance account,
Govt of Odisha
Malaria Control Programme in Odisha:
The Stateís ecological and geographical conditions favour various ecotypes of
malaria with Anopheles fluviatilis being the predominant vector mosquito. Orissa has a
high proportion (>85%) of falciparum malaria which is known to cause complications
and death. Based on several drug resistance studies, most of its blocks have been
declared chloroquine resistant. Nearly 1.5 million Malaria cases are reported annually
in India of which 0.4 million are in
4

6. 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 (BE) 2014-15 (BE)
Total Health
(Rs.cr) 1,159.35 1,431.39 1,425.10 2,064.88 2,262.58 3,381.09
Orissa. Malaria morbidity and mortality is reported to be high in in certain district
of Orissa, include Kandamal district. A large proportion of the population in Kandhamal
district represent SCs and tribal communities whose economic and health status is
abysmally low.
5
In order to control the malaria
, Orissa government stated ìbooster
doseî with an intervention of ëLong
Lasting Insecticidal Net (LLIN)í
distribution in 2010 ( February to
March) through State Vector Borne
Disease Control Programme (State
VBDCP) in collaboration with the
National Rural Health Mission
(NRHM) and Technical and
Management Support Team (TMST)
supported by bilateral agency ,DFID.
The first phase of LLIN net distribution in Orissa was done in 2009-10 and second
phase in 2011-12. Simultaneously, the State carried out the ëMo MasariSchemeëfocusing
on the pregnant women under the Orissa Health Sector Plan. Against the backdrop of
widespread chloroquine resistance, no chemoprophylaxis with chloroquine is
recommended for pregnant women the Insecticide Treated Mosquito Nets is consider
as only preferable options to adopted as a preventive measure against malaria during
pregnancy in Odisha. The current malaria drug policy (2010, make anti-malarial kit
available to ANMs and ASHAs for early diagnosis and complete treatment of each malaria
case is followed in state. The State NVBDCP office has advised ANMs and ASHSs not to
treat malaria positive pregnant mother and refer them to a nearest higher facility for
treatment and do the follow-up. Thus none of the ANM or ASHA are treating pregnant
women (Mohammad A Hussain et.al1). Thus once can see that pregnant mothers and
children under five who are most vulnerable to malaria infection are left with the limited
scope of LLIN.

7. Budget allocation for Mo Mosari (Malaria control) program
Most of the budget documents pertaining to health budget of Govt of Odisha,
reveals that there are different budget head which are contributing for the LLIN program,
namely 1) Mo Masari Scheme ( State plan) ,the state plans are basically taken/prepared
by the Planning Sub-committee of the Cabinet (PSC) the resources are mobilized by the
state.2) National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP)under Central sponsored Plan2(
see table 1b).3) Odisha Health Sector Development Plan (OHSDP) under DFID
Assistance.
Table No-1a Budget Allocation for Mo Masari Scheme in last 3 years (State Plan)5:
Year Total Plan Outlay SCSP TSP
2011-12 Act 3.00 0.00 0.00
2012-13 RE 4.00 1.00 2.00
2013-14 BE 10.00 0.00 0.00
Table No-1b Budget Allocation under National Malaria Eradication Programme
(NMEP), 2011-12 to 2013-14 (Central sponsored Plan):
Year Total Plan NMEP-State Share SCSP TSP
Outlay
2011-12Act.Exp 30.00 0.06 0.00 0.00
2012-13 R E 30.00 0.29 0.08 0.08
2013-14 BE 30.00 0.29 0.08 0.08
6

8. Table No-1c Odisha Health Sector Development Plan (OHSDP) under DFID Assistance,
provision for procurement and distribution of LLIN under State Plan
Year Total Physical SCSP (TSP)
Plan Outlay Target
2011-12AExp 79.99 50,000 LLIN distributed 0.00 0.00
2012-13 RE 62.59 1lakh LLIN procured and distributed 10.34 13.85
2013-14 BE 40.00 4 lakh LLIN to be procured and distributed 6.00 8.00
7
In the FY 2012-13, ( Table
no.1a)the Revised Estimate budget for
Mo Masari Scheme (state plan)was Rs
4.00 Crore out of the total allocation75%
( ieRs. 3 crores) of the total allocation
comes under the SCSP and TSP.
Similar, under the OHSDP under DFID
Assistance ( Table no. 1c) out of the
total allocation 62.59 crore In FY 2012-
13( RE), Rs 10.34 Crore and Rs 13.85
Crore allocation is under SCSP and TSP onwards procurement of LLIN (SCSP and TSP
allocation together account more than 30%). Also in the FY i.e 2013-14 BE, the allocation
under SCSP and TSP was Rs 6.00 crore and Rs 8.00 crore out of total plan out lay (Rs
40.00 crore)of the scheme(here SCSP and TSP allocation is near about 30%). On
verification of the physical target from the outcome budget 2012-13and 2013-14, it
is quite clear that all the LLINs are procured form SCSP and TSP fund only. The
central sponsored scheme named National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP) also
aims at controlling Malaria through LLIN, the state share ( as contribution) of Rs 0.16
crore is shown to avail GOI funding under NMEP . Out of the total state share Rs 0.29
Crore SCSP andTSP together contributed near about 50%.
The following are the specific observation regarding the LLINs/ Mo Masari schemes
and also finding from the field study from Daringibadi block1.

9. The schemes Mo Masari, NMEP and OHSDP under DFID (anti-malaria
interventions) are ëGeneral schemesí intended to protect overall population of the malaria
burden districts in Odisha and not only dalits and Adivasis.One of the study reported that
there are no specific provision or prioritization of SCs and STs in distribution of LLINs
though major share of these schemes comes from SCSP and TSP allocation2.
There is no specific monitoring
mechanism in place to track SC/ST
beneficiaries under these malaria control
schemes. The SC/ST community members
are systematically under represented at
District, block, sub-center level monitoring
teams which was formed for maintaining
transparency. Due to lower representation
and social discrimination, their demand has
not been considered at many cases. In some
villages, it was complained that the dominant
caste people grabbed more LLINs than
required numbers by using their influences
or forcefully. Later they sold it at market price
to others. Whereas, dalits and Adivasi
families were denied of LLINs , they were told
that the stock has been finished.
President of every GKS (Gaon Kalyan Samiti ) is the concerned Ward
member and AWW (Angan Wadi Worker) is the secretary (Convener), excluding
these two members there are another 8 members in each GKS. The other members
are from SHG or a lay woman of the village. They do not know their role and
responsibility and power. The secretary herself maintains all related records
update and ask the members for signature for approval. Also other members
donít know the annual subscription for GKS. Only the secretary leads over the
GKS team.
In CHC ( community Health Centre ) level Trainings are conducted and
ASHA/ AWW/ANM are the participants. Despite the guideline no GKS member
attended in the training. The secretary conducts a monthly meeting in centre to
treat it as training.
8
Village Badabanga and Sikaketa ,
Kirikuti and interacted with few
villagers,
™™™™ AWW Anganwadi worker said some
people used some time for fishing.
™™™™ Covering the chicks from eagles
etc.
™™™™ GKS plays no role here because
they do not know their role and
responsibility for the village,
simply they are being enlisted in
the paper as GKS member. The
GKS convener AWW plays the vital
role alone.

10. 9
™ SC/ST beneficiaries also complained
about the not getting prior information
about the date of distribution of
Mosquito nets at the village whereas
others were able to get the same.
ASHAs and Health worker are
normally avoided to visit dalit bastis,
even though they visit they do not
pass information regarding mosquito
net distribution.
In our study villages (Sikaketa, Badabanga, Kirikuti are covered under Simanbadi
Subcentre area and Gumikia, Kundupanga, Tilori are covered under Budaguda
subcentre area) ASHAs or GKS members belongs to other caste or community,
it was stated that they write the date of distribution on the ëSwathyaKanthaí
(place health related information are deplayed as notice display by GKS) which
is normally near to Angan Wadi Centre. Due to limited access, because all are
not regularly visited to Angan Wadi Centre and they were ignorant about the
date of distribution. The caste and religion of ASHA matters.
™ Some of the SC/ST community members reported limited knowledge on the proper
use of these mosquito nets. It was seen that many households did not wash their
Nets for years, because they fear that the medicinal effect would wear off and it will
be less effective against malaria bearing mosquitoes.
Community Health Centre has organized NIDHI MOUSA Adalat to create
awareness it has put significant impact upon the people for awareness building
about using the net, it is observed But the program covered in limited area , not
reached to the remote dalit and tribal hamlets.
Nidhi Mousa Adalot (street play) has been played in 24 places of Daringbadi
CHC. To enhance the awareness among the people for using nets. It was focused
to more populated villages, weekly market areas and Panchayat head quarter
areas. There was no time limit. If team reached during morning they performed
at 10 A.M if they reached during 4 P.M they performed. In tribal pockets the
people have to know in which time it is going to performed and about the venue
and accessibility of the spot but due to limited spot the mission was not achieved
to reach the people.

11. ™ Process of distribution : - ASHA identifies the beneficiary and submit the report to
ANM then it goes to CHC for issuing of the nets. But it was not distributed since last
year.
ASHA of Siangballi Sub centre
ìIn order to give protection to pregnant woman and the child government has introduced
this program. But in reality this Mo Mosari net was not distributed in some sub centre
where as some sub centre had distributed ì
Smt MagnatiPradhan, a mother of new born child and a villager of Badahkia
village of this sub centre (during the field team visited to Budaguda health sub
centre) state ì got the mosquito net after 2 months of deliveryî . Same case has
also happened in Badabanga and sikaketa village of Simonbadi PHC area.
The Sarapanch SarangdharPradhan of Gumikia Gram panchayat said that
ANM demanded the beneficiary , pregnant woman, to deposit Rs 100/- per net.
Hence the pregnant women are not interested to collect the net with this payment
amount demanded by ANM of the panchayat .
It was observed that net is also provided to the Ashram school hostel boarders
(under Tribal Welfare Deptt.). hostel boarders were supposed to be providedss under
MO MOSARI scheme, but they all were not provided because of short supply /
inadequate mosquito net by district head office and this year they havegiven
requirement to the CDMO to supply the net by which rest students will be provided . As
the DWO Phulbani said during the interview
KandhamalDist(Unit in numbers)
LLIN (Mo Masari) LLIN (Mo Masari) for
for pregnant women residential school
2010-11 12, 000
2011-12 11,800
2012-13 9,900 1,600
2013-14 38,000* 5857 # , 894 ##
At the end it is understood that SCs and STs are getting very limited benefit of the
LLINs/Mo Masari schemes. Like many other schemes, their access to the scheme is
restricted due caste based discrimination and other social factors. As we had mentioned
10

12. above, a large chunk of the fund for these malaria control programme comes from SCSP
and TSP allocation but it was widely observed that they are the last to get the benefit,
face violence in case they demand, least awareness etc.
Observations on the inclusiveness of the Malaria Control Programme (LLIN/
Mo Masari) by going through its PIPs and Guidelines on Distribution
Here we had tried to understand, how the issue of Dalit and Adivasi inclusion is
addressed in the guidelines and State PIPs. Is there any specific provision to address
the vulnerabilities of these communities?
Our observation regarding guidelines as follows:
™ The objectives of these schemes do not focus or ensure the total malaria eradication
in SC/ST population, it aims at overall population. Only under Mo Masari scheme, it
target tribal residential hostels.
™ In selection of villages to cover under this programme, there are no specific criteria
to select Dalit and Adivasi hamlets among the priority areas in selected districts.
™ There are very limited scopes of participation of Dalit and Adivasi representatives in
the distribution of LLIN in the villages. According to the norms, GKS can only involve
PRIs, SHGs, CBOs and NGO to facilitate. AND it also well known fact that without
involvement of the community representatives from SCs and STs in the distribution
process, there is greater chance of exclusion or denial.
™ Regarding voluntary contribution, it crate a lot of misunderstanding, it is seen as
bribe to get LLINs. Some places there are chance of collecting more than the
suggested amount especially from illiterate Dalits and Adivasis.
™ In the guidelines, there is no mentioning of distribution points or where it should be
distributed among beneficiaries. Without proper guidelines, AHSA or AWW keep the
entire stock in their own house and distribute from there, which increase the chances
of corruptions.
11

13. Recommendation
1. LLIN, MTS and Mo Masari Schemes introduced but these schemes are too similar
between each other so it is quite difficult to understand about the number of
beneficiaries and who are they, hence the department should upload detailed
information about the above schemes through the website for wider transparency.
2. SCSP and TSP are basically meant for constructive development of the dalit and
tribal people so that they may able to face for their livelihood and creation of
productive assets. Though it also focused on health aspects but the Mo Masari
scheme should not cover under SCSP or TSP.
3. There is a process at panchayat level of Kandhamal district that on 1st and 16th of
every month a meeting is going on. The panchayat should play its role to track how
the nets came and distributed among the beneficiaries. So the guideline needs to
be following up on transparency system.
4. 73rd amendment act says the planning should be at Pallisabha level and approve at
Gram Sabha level. In this process the policy should focus this aspect so that better
transparency and wider awareness can be reflected on SCSP and TSP.
5. Monitoring mechanism needs more human resource so government should plan to
appoint more personalities to monitor the program.
6. Gaon Kalan Samiti members are purely ignore about their role and responsibilities
so it is necessary to empower them about specific themes and programs of GKS
and health activities.
7. There should be a public disclosure about the fund allocated and utilized through
SCSP and TSP at Panchayat level. Panchayat should produce about the fund
utilization through information wall. Panchayats have to play as nodal point at
panchayat level. So that SCSP fund can be identified.
Swadhikar/ NCDHR have works on fighting discrimination & violence and
accessing socio-economic rights of Dalits in across 15 states of India. NCDHR has
collaborated national and international advocacy interventions for visibilizing caste-based
discrimination practices and in strengthening socially excluded communities in holding
state accountable.
Open Budgets for Inclusion of Excluded Communities in Accessing Services
and Development Progressí . The initiatives has been taken by Dalit human rights
campaigning organizations under the project title of ëOpen Budgets for Inclusion of
Excluded Communities in Accessing Services and Development Progressí. Since 2013,
12

14. the project activities are run in three state namely Odisha, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh
by VICALP ( Odisha), Prayas Gramin Vikas Samaiti (Bihar) and Swadikar-NCDHR (MP)
coordinated by the National project office SWADHIKAR ñ NCDHR( National Campaign
on Dalits Human Rights).
The project aim to strengthen the capacity of civil society organization to keep a
watch on Government budget and the politics behind the budget , SCP/TSP budget
allocations for SCs and STs and itís utilization. Established District Budget Watch Group
(DBWG) with support of the Budget Resource Center at the district head quarter ( in the
initial year in six district of three states) . Strengthen the representation & effective
participation at PRIís .Conduct Expenditure analysis & tracking studies on the
Implementation of the schemes ,fund flow to the frontline services providers or the
beneficiaries, institutional structures, of the scheme/program. The publication aimed at
raising the systemic issues in implementation; It will act as useful reference for demand
inclusive and accountability polic. Periodic (quarterly) publication highlight updates/efforts
on the work of DWG, their stories, successes and challenges. More importantly, this will
serve as mechanism in pressuring government or concerned stakeholders in implementing
the SCSPTSP as planned, putting/highlighting the analysis of the SCSP/TSP of the
district and continuous call of transparencies . Notably, this simple publication will be an
awareness tool for the larger community and thus will be published both in English and
State specific local language.
Visionaries of Creative Action for Liberation and Progress (VICALP) is a grass-root
organization registered under Society Registration Act of 1860 in the year 1995.
Since its inception, VICALP has been working with the marginalized Tribal, Dalit, and
other poor people in Mohana block of Gajapati and Daringbadi block of Kandhamal
districts-Odisha as direct operational blocks.
VICALP has been in association and in partnership with NCDHR-SWADHIKAR
since its inception. VICALP implemented various projects and programs of NCDHR as
its Odisha State partner, and in-fact the campaign regarding SCSP-TSP has been a
combine effort of NCDHR-VICALP collectives since 2007 till-date
13

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16. 15