The health care system in West Bengal, India is struggling to effectively serve its citizens. Public health expenditure is very low, leading to hunger and starvation deaths in some districts. Health indicators like infant mortality rate are poor, and West Bengal ranks 19th among Indian states. Challenges include underfunding of health services, lack of resources and staff vacancies in rural areas. Key districts have the highest levels of health deprivation and poor access to services. Meeting health targets by 2015 will require ensuring quality basic care for disadvantaged groups and prioritizing the poorest districts.
Ailing health status in west bengal critical analysisAlexander Decker
The document analyzes the ailing health status in West Bengal, India. It finds that public health expenditure is low, leading to issues like hunger and starvation deaths in some districts. Key health indicators for West Bengal like infant mortality rate are poor compared to other states. The six poorest districts have the worst health facilities and outcomes. Meeting health targets by 2015 is a challenge due to inadequate access to quality services for disadvantaged groups and poor rural infrastructure. Strengthening rural health programs and improving access, especially for vulnerable populations in underserved districts, is needed.
2 role of the government in health class vii 7Mahendra SST
NCERT CBSE SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS 6,7,8,9,10 HISTORY POLITICAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS
IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL GET ACCESS ABOUT CLASS SUBJECT SPL CHAPTER ROLE OF GOVT IN HEALTH What is health?
THE COST OF A CURE
Division Of Health Services
(a) Public health services and
(b) Private health facilities
Is adequate healthcare available to all?
What can be done?
The Kerala experience
The Costa Rican approach
Delivering micro health insurance through national rural health missionCIRM
The document proposes a framework for developing sustainable health insurance models under India's National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) to address challenges in health financing. It discusses how health insurance can help risk pooling for inpatient care, increase health service utilization, standardize quality care, and cover access barriers. The document recommends increasing government health spending, addressing supply and demand barriers for the poor, and mitigating risks of catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditures. It analyzes models of community-based health insurance and proposes a national apex body to develop standardized protocols, rates, and referral systems to make health insurance more efficient and equitable.
The document analyzes health care access in Bangladesh using data from a survey of 664 households. It investigates the determinants of illness, choice of health care provider, and household out-of-pocket health expenditures. The summary is:
- The study uses survey data from 664 Bangladeshi households to analyze factors that influence illness, choice of health care provider, and household health care spending.
- Independent variables include individual characteristics, illness conditions, health facility attributes, household characteristics, environment, and economic status. Dependent variables include illness, choice of provider, and out-of-pocket expenditures.
- Preliminary univariate analysis of the survey data shows that 59% of respondents were young adults
Health and economics are interlinked, as health requires resources like money, time, and services provided through economic means. A person's health is correlated with their access to healthcare, which is impacted by a nation's health-related investments, funding, and policies. In Nepal and worldwide, many barriers exist that prevent people from accessing adequate economic health facilities, leading 150 million people to suffer financial hardship annually due to direct medical costs. While governments work to increase access to healthcare, high rates of corruption limit the impact of increased funding. Nepal spends only a small percentage of its budget and GDP on healthcare, resulting in most health expenditures being paid directly by individuals. To address this, Nepal has begun pilot programs for universal health insurance to help make
This document is a project report on a study about awareness and willingness to pay for health insurance in Durgapur, West Bengal. It includes an abstract, introduction, literature review, objectives, hypotheses, methodology, and results from surveys of 200 individuals. Chi-square tests and factor analysis were used to analyze the data. Key findings included low levels of health insurance awareness and willingness to pay, and factors like gender, age, education and income affecting willingness. The conclusion discusses determinants of awareness and recommends how to increase health insurance uptake.
Health care policy in the United States, Canada and ChinaYuzhou Sun
This document compares the health care systems of the United States, Canada, and China. It finds that while the US spends the most on health care as a percentage of GDP, it has a lower life expectancy than Canada. China spends the least but has increased funding for reform. Key factors discussed include pharmaceutical costs, administration costs, income levels, the uninsured population, lifestyle/obesity rates, and recent reforms in the US and China. Excessive medical treatment and fraud are also noted as increasing costs without improving health outcomes.
Ailing health status in west bengal critical analysisAlexander Decker
The document analyzes the ailing health status in West Bengal, India. It finds that public health expenditure is low, leading to issues like hunger and starvation deaths in some districts. Key health indicators for West Bengal like infant mortality rate are poor compared to other states. The six poorest districts have the worst health facilities and outcomes. Meeting health targets by 2015 is a challenge due to inadequate access to quality services for disadvantaged groups and poor rural infrastructure. Strengthening rural health programs and improving access, especially for vulnerable populations in underserved districts, is needed.
2 role of the government in health class vii 7Mahendra SST
NCERT CBSE SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS 6,7,8,9,10 HISTORY POLITICAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS
IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL GET ACCESS ABOUT CLASS SUBJECT SPL CHAPTER ROLE OF GOVT IN HEALTH What is health?
THE COST OF A CURE
Division Of Health Services
(a) Public health services and
(b) Private health facilities
Is adequate healthcare available to all?
What can be done?
The Kerala experience
The Costa Rican approach
Delivering micro health insurance through national rural health missionCIRM
The document proposes a framework for developing sustainable health insurance models under India's National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) to address challenges in health financing. It discusses how health insurance can help risk pooling for inpatient care, increase health service utilization, standardize quality care, and cover access barriers. The document recommends increasing government health spending, addressing supply and demand barriers for the poor, and mitigating risks of catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditures. It analyzes models of community-based health insurance and proposes a national apex body to develop standardized protocols, rates, and referral systems to make health insurance more efficient and equitable.
The document analyzes health care access in Bangladesh using data from a survey of 664 households. It investigates the determinants of illness, choice of health care provider, and household out-of-pocket health expenditures. The summary is:
- The study uses survey data from 664 Bangladeshi households to analyze factors that influence illness, choice of health care provider, and household health care spending.
- Independent variables include individual characteristics, illness conditions, health facility attributes, household characteristics, environment, and economic status. Dependent variables include illness, choice of provider, and out-of-pocket expenditures.
- Preliminary univariate analysis of the survey data shows that 59% of respondents were young adults
Health and economics are interlinked, as health requires resources like money, time, and services provided through economic means. A person's health is correlated with their access to healthcare, which is impacted by a nation's health-related investments, funding, and policies. In Nepal and worldwide, many barriers exist that prevent people from accessing adequate economic health facilities, leading 150 million people to suffer financial hardship annually due to direct medical costs. While governments work to increase access to healthcare, high rates of corruption limit the impact of increased funding. Nepal spends only a small percentage of its budget and GDP on healthcare, resulting in most health expenditures being paid directly by individuals. To address this, Nepal has begun pilot programs for universal health insurance to help make
This document is a project report on a study about awareness and willingness to pay for health insurance in Durgapur, West Bengal. It includes an abstract, introduction, literature review, objectives, hypotheses, methodology, and results from surveys of 200 individuals. Chi-square tests and factor analysis were used to analyze the data. Key findings included low levels of health insurance awareness and willingness to pay, and factors like gender, age, education and income affecting willingness. The conclusion discusses determinants of awareness and recommends how to increase health insurance uptake.
Health care policy in the United States, Canada and ChinaYuzhou Sun
This document compares the health care systems of the United States, Canada, and China. It finds that while the US spends the most on health care as a percentage of GDP, it has a lower life expectancy than Canada. China spends the least but has increased funding for reform. Key factors discussed include pharmaceutical costs, administration costs, income levels, the uninsured population, lifestyle/obesity rates, and recent reforms in the US and China. Excessive medical treatment and fraud are also noted as increasing costs without improving health outcomes.
The document summarizes the current state and future outlook of healthcare in India. It notes that healthcare spending in India is over $18 billion currently and expected to grow to $45 billion by 2012. Several key achievements in public health are highlighted, including the elimination of smallpox and a reduction in mortality rates. The healthcare sector is projected to require investments of $100-140 billion over the next decade. Major drivers of future growth are identified as increased health insurance penetration, a growing disease burden from lifestyle changes, greater preventative care awareness, and employer-provided health services.
The document provides information about social health insurance in Nepal. It discusses Nepal's National Health Insurance Policy passed in 2014 that aims for universal health coverage. The Social Health Security Program was implemented in 2016 to provide health insurance coverage and access to services. Currently the program operates in 44 districts and has enrolled over 1.1 million people, providing annual benefits of up to 100,000 NPR per household. The program aims to expand nationwide by 2076 to further improve healthcare access and financial protection for citizens.
This document discusses healthcare in India and proposes ways to make it more affordable and accessible. It notes that healthcare costs are rising and most people rely on private healthcare, while public healthcare is underfunded and understaffed. It analyzes issues like disease burdens, the growth of private sector, health insurance schemes, use of generics, and medical tourism. It recommends increasing public spending on healthcare to at least 5% of GDP, improving infrastructure, enhancing the health workforce, and promoting primary healthcare to achieve universal coverage in an equitable manner.
This document summarizes a research dissertation on local government and health service delivery in Uganda, specifically in Lira District. The study examines the accessibility and quality of health services provided by Adekokwok Sub-County and ways to improve delivery. Some key points:
1) Decentralization policy aims to provide services like health care locally but allegations of insufficient delivery due to poor management and lack of accountability remain.
2) Accessibility of health services in the sub-county is limited. Services in some rural areas are inaccessible or unequipped. Quality is also poor in many parts of the country.
3) Suggested ways to improve include increasing funding to local governments and ensuring proper accountability
Emerging health issues of elderly citizens-Case Studies Conducted in Chamaraj...Manjunath Mysore
This document summarizes two case studies of elderly citizens in Chamarajanagar Town, India. Case Study 1 profiles 60-year-old Ramanna, who lives with his wife and is economically independent but feels socially neglected by neighbors. Case Study 2 profiles 75-year-old Kalamma, who lives with her son's family but feels exploited and mistreated by her daughter-in-law despite contributing to the family's well-being when she was younger. Both case studies illustrate the health and social challenges faced by elderly citizens in the town.
This study aims to analyze the effect of the National Health Insurance Program on
Economic Growth, HDI and Poverty. It analyzes the Effect of Health Government
Expenditures on Economic Growth, HDI and Poverty. It analyzes the Effect of
Government Spending on Health Infrastructure on Economic Growth, HDI and
Poverty. It analyzes the Effects of Economic Growth and HDI as Mediation on the
Effect of JKN on Health and Infrastructure Expenditures on Hospitals for Poverty.
Data analysis using the path analysis approach. To support quantitative analysis, the
Path Analysisapproach is used. The results showed that the National Health Insurance
program significantly affected Economic Growth. Health government spending
greatly influences economic growth. Government expenditure on Hospital
Infrastructure greatly influences Economic Growth. Economic growth does not
mediate the effect of National Health Insurance on the level of Poverty through
Economic Growth and the Human Development Index as an Intervening Variable. The
National Health Insurance does not affect the level of poverty through Economic
Growth and the Human Development Index. Health expenditure does not affect the
level of poverty through economic growth and the human development index as an
intervening variable. Hospital Infrastructure Development does not affect the level of
Poverty through Economic Growth and the Human Development Index as an
Intervening Variable.
This document provides an overview of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in India. It defines UHC as a system that provides health care and financial protection to all residents of a country. It discusses dimensions of UHC coverage, essential aspects like protection from health risks and financial protection. It outlines India's current health care scenario, challenges to achieving UHC, and recommendations from a high-level expert group to reform India's health system to provide comprehensive and affordable coverage to all citizens.
The document provides an overview of India's national health policy and healthcare system. It discusses the history of health planning in India from the pre-independence period to the present, outlining various committees and policies that have shaped the system. The healthcare system in India has a public sector comprising primary health centers, hospitals at various levels, and health insurance schemes, as well as a large private sector. The national health policy aims to improve health services and outcomes through setting priorities and strategic directions.
This document provides a literature review comparing the healthcare systems of Thailand and the United States. It outlines the history and foundations of medicine in both countries, including key people like Hippocrates and developments like the establishment of Medicaid/Medicare in the US and universal healthcare in Thailand. The review compares statistics, coverage, costs, and challenges faced by each system, such as physician shortages. It concludes that both systems would benefit from efforts to improve wait times, increase the medical workforce, and enhance access and affordability of care.
Seminar on the topic - Policies for care of elderly in India includes provisions, rights, legal protection and services available for elderly people in INDIA.
The document discusses innovations that could help universalize primary health care (PHCs) in India. It identifies several issues with India's current primary health care system, including illiteracy, pollution, low health budgets, and high costs. It then proposes several innovations: 1) Promoting generic medicines to make drugs more affordable; 2) More effective monitoring of health programs; 3) Increased government spending on health infrastructure; 4) A stricter medical council to regulate doctors; 5) Engaging NGOs to provide education and remote health services; and 6) Increased community participation in health care design and delivery. Implementation would require funding generic drug companies, increasing coordination between state governments and local health services, and accountability measures for doctors
This document discusses health issues in India and debates around why health has not improved more given India's strong economic growth. It summarizes two competing theories - Dréze and Sen argue health problems exist due to lack of public healthcare funding and facilities, while Bhagwati and Panagariya argue India's growth has not had enough time to improve health. The document also provides background on India's economic liberalization and rising GDP, but notes health statistics have not improved as expected, suggesting more government investment in public health is needed.
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the relationship between public expenditure and health status in Ghana. The main findings are:
1) The availability of physicians and health insurance are the most important determinants of health status in Ghana, as measured by under-five mortality rate.
2) Contrary to some previous studies, income per capita was found to be an insignificant determinant of health status in Ghana.
3) The results support increasing public investment in health, especially to train more physicians, as well as expanding Ghana's national health insurance program.
The document summarizes healthcare financing in India. It discusses that healthcare financing aims to ensure access to health services. The key principles are generating revenue, pooling funds for cross-subsidization between rich/poor and healthy/sick, and purchasing efficient services. In India, healthcare is financed primarily through out-of-pocket payments by households, while government expenditure is low compared to other countries. Reforms like NRHM and RSBY aim to increase public allocation to healthcare. Challenges include expanding coverage with limited resources and improving spending efficiency.
The document discusses healthcare in India, including the current state and future outlook. It notes that healthcare spending is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, reaching 7-8% of GDP by 2012. Both public and private sectors are discussed, with most healthcare currently provided privately and out-of-pocket. Rural healthcare access significantly trails urban areas. The market is seen as highly promising but still very underdeveloped and unorganized compared to other countries.
The document provides demographic and health information about Lao PDR, including:
- Lao PDR has a population of 6.4 million people, with high rates of rural residence and poverty.
- Health indicators remain poor compared to other Southeast Asian countries, with communicable diseases and malnutrition as leading causes of death.
- The health system is governed by laws and policies focused on primary health care and maternal/child health. It aims to expand coverage of basic health services through public facilities and community outreach programs.
- Service delivery is provided through a network of village health workers, health centers, district and provincial hospitals using integrated approaches for maternal, newborn and child health as a priority. Traditional medicine also remains
The document discusses the effects of health insurance on demand for healthcare in Oyo State, Nigeria. It finds that older people tend to use health insurance (NHIS) more than others, with 22% of older people using it. Health insurance reduces the financial burden of healthcare costs on households by making payments predictable. However, most healthcare facilities in Oyo State are privately owned, making care potentially more expensive without insurance. The study aims to determine how health insurance affects demand for healthcare in the state.
The National Health Policy of India has undergone revisions over time. The 1983 policy aimed to provide 'Health for All by 2000' but was revised in 2002 to be more realistic. The 2002 policy recognized progress made but also acknowledged ongoing disparities. It identified goals like reducing mortality and improving health indicators. The policy aimed to strengthen primary healthcare, decentralize services, promote rational drug use, and enhance equity and access through increased investment in health.
This document provides a select bibliography on West Bengal with 50 references from various years ranging from 1921 to 2007. The references cover topics related to land reforms, panchayati raj system of local governance, agriculture, rural development programs, socio-economic changes, and decentralization efforts in West Bengal.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
The document summarizes the current state and future outlook of healthcare in India. It notes that healthcare spending in India is over $18 billion currently and expected to grow to $45 billion by 2012. Several key achievements in public health are highlighted, including the elimination of smallpox and a reduction in mortality rates. The healthcare sector is projected to require investments of $100-140 billion over the next decade. Major drivers of future growth are identified as increased health insurance penetration, a growing disease burden from lifestyle changes, greater preventative care awareness, and employer-provided health services.
The document provides information about social health insurance in Nepal. It discusses Nepal's National Health Insurance Policy passed in 2014 that aims for universal health coverage. The Social Health Security Program was implemented in 2016 to provide health insurance coverage and access to services. Currently the program operates in 44 districts and has enrolled over 1.1 million people, providing annual benefits of up to 100,000 NPR per household. The program aims to expand nationwide by 2076 to further improve healthcare access and financial protection for citizens.
This document discusses healthcare in India and proposes ways to make it more affordable and accessible. It notes that healthcare costs are rising and most people rely on private healthcare, while public healthcare is underfunded and understaffed. It analyzes issues like disease burdens, the growth of private sector, health insurance schemes, use of generics, and medical tourism. It recommends increasing public spending on healthcare to at least 5% of GDP, improving infrastructure, enhancing the health workforce, and promoting primary healthcare to achieve universal coverage in an equitable manner.
This document summarizes a research dissertation on local government and health service delivery in Uganda, specifically in Lira District. The study examines the accessibility and quality of health services provided by Adekokwok Sub-County and ways to improve delivery. Some key points:
1) Decentralization policy aims to provide services like health care locally but allegations of insufficient delivery due to poor management and lack of accountability remain.
2) Accessibility of health services in the sub-county is limited. Services in some rural areas are inaccessible or unequipped. Quality is also poor in many parts of the country.
3) Suggested ways to improve include increasing funding to local governments and ensuring proper accountability
Emerging health issues of elderly citizens-Case Studies Conducted in Chamaraj...Manjunath Mysore
This document summarizes two case studies of elderly citizens in Chamarajanagar Town, India. Case Study 1 profiles 60-year-old Ramanna, who lives with his wife and is economically independent but feels socially neglected by neighbors. Case Study 2 profiles 75-year-old Kalamma, who lives with her son's family but feels exploited and mistreated by her daughter-in-law despite contributing to the family's well-being when she was younger. Both case studies illustrate the health and social challenges faced by elderly citizens in the town.
This study aims to analyze the effect of the National Health Insurance Program on
Economic Growth, HDI and Poverty. It analyzes the Effect of Health Government
Expenditures on Economic Growth, HDI and Poverty. It analyzes the Effect of
Government Spending on Health Infrastructure on Economic Growth, HDI and
Poverty. It analyzes the Effects of Economic Growth and HDI as Mediation on the
Effect of JKN on Health and Infrastructure Expenditures on Hospitals for Poverty.
Data analysis using the path analysis approach. To support quantitative analysis, the
Path Analysisapproach is used. The results showed that the National Health Insurance
program significantly affected Economic Growth. Health government spending
greatly influences economic growth. Government expenditure on Hospital
Infrastructure greatly influences Economic Growth. Economic growth does not
mediate the effect of National Health Insurance on the level of Poverty through
Economic Growth and the Human Development Index as an Intervening Variable. The
National Health Insurance does not affect the level of poverty through Economic
Growth and the Human Development Index. Health expenditure does not affect the
level of poverty through economic growth and the human development index as an
intervening variable. Hospital Infrastructure Development does not affect the level of
Poverty through Economic Growth and the Human Development Index as an
Intervening Variable.
This document provides an overview of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in India. It defines UHC as a system that provides health care and financial protection to all residents of a country. It discusses dimensions of UHC coverage, essential aspects like protection from health risks and financial protection. It outlines India's current health care scenario, challenges to achieving UHC, and recommendations from a high-level expert group to reform India's health system to provide comprehensive and affordable coverage to all citizens.
The document provides an overview of India's national health policy and healthcare system. It discusses the history of health planning in India from the pre-independence period to the present, outlining various committees and policies that have shaped the system. The healthcare system in India has a public sector comprising primary health centers, hospitals at various levels, and health insurance schemes, as well as a large private sector. The national health policy aims to improve health services and outcomes through setting priorities and strategic directions.
This document provides a literature review comparing the healthcare systems of Thailand and the United States. It outlines the history and foundations of medicine in both countries, including key people like Hippocrates and developments like the establishment of Medicaid/Medicare in the US and universal healthcare in Thailand. The review compares statistics, coverage, costs, and challenges faced by each system, such as physician shortages. It concludes that both systems would benefit from efforts to improve wait times, increase the medical workforce, and enhance access and affordability of care.
Seminar on the topic - Policies for care of elderly in India includes provisions, rights, legal protection and services available for elderly people in INDIA.
The document discusses innovations that could help universalize primary health care (PHCs) in India. It identifies several issues with India's current primary health care system, including illiteracy, pollution, low health budgets, and high costs. It then proposes several innovations: 1) Promoting generic medicines to make drugs more affordable; 2) More effective monitoring of health programs; 3) Increased government spending on health infrastructure; 4) A stricter medical council to regulate doctors; 5) Engaging NGOs to provide education and remote health services; and 6) Increased community participation in health care design and delivery. Implementation would require funding generic drug companies, increasing coordination between state governments and local health services, and accountability measures for doctors
This document discusses health issues in India and debates around why health has not improved more given India's strong economic growth. It summarizes two competing theories - Dréze and Sen argue health problems exist due to lack of public healthcare funding and facilities, while Bhagwati and Panagariya argue India's growth has not had enough time to improve health. The document also provides background on India's economic liberalization and rising GDP, but notes health statistics have not improved as expected, suggesting more government investment in public health is needed.
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the relationship between public expenditure and health status in Ghana. The main findings are:
1) The availability of physicians and health insurance are the most important determinants of health status in Ghana, as measured by under-five mortality rate.
2) Contrary to some previous studies, income per capita was found to be an insignificant determinant of health status in Ghana.
3) The results support increasing public investment in health, especially to train more physicians, as well as expanding Ghana's national health insurance program.
The document summarizes healthcare financing in India. It discusses that healthcare financing aims to ensure access to health services. The key principles are generating revenue, pooling funds for cross-subsidization between rich/poor and healthy/sick, and purchasing efficient services. In India, healthcare is financed primarily through out-of-pocket payments by households, while government expenditure is low compared to other countries. Reforms like NRHM and RSBY aim to increase public allocation to healthcare. Challenges include expanding coverage with limited resources and improving spending efficiency.
The document discusses healthcare in India, including the current state and future outlook. It notes that healthcare spending is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, reaching 7-8% of GDP by 2012. Both public and private sectors are discussed, with most healthcare currently provided privately and out-of-pocket. Rural healthcare access significantly trails urban areas. The market is seen as highly promising but still very underdeveloped and unorganized compared to other countries.
The document provides demographic and health information about Lao PDR, including:
- Lao PDR has a population of 6.4 million people, with high rates of rural residence and poverty.
- Health indicators remain poor compared to other Southeast Asian countries, with communicable diseases and malnutrition as leading causes of death.
- The health system is governed by laws and policies focused on primary health care and maternal/child health. It aims to expand coverage of basic health services through public facilities and community outreach programs.
- Service delivery is provided through a network of village health workers, health centers, district and provincial hospitals using integrated approaches for maternal, newborn and child health as a priority. Traditional medicine also remains
The document discusses the effects of health insurance on demand for healthcare in Oyo State, Nigeria. It finds that older people tend to use health insurance (NHIS) more than others, with 22% of older people using it. Health insurance reduces the financial burden of healthcare costs on households by making payments predictable. However, most healthcare facilities in Oyo State are privately owned, making care potentially more expensive without insurance. The study aims to determine how health insurance affects demand for healthcare in the state.
The National Health Policy of India has undergone revisions over time. The 1983 policy aimed to provide 'Health for All by 2000' but was revised in 2002 to be more realistic. The 2002 policy recognized progress made but also acknowledged ongoing disparities. It identified goals like reducing mortality and improving health indicators. The policy aimed to strengthen primary healthcare, decentralize services, promote rational drug use, and enhance equity and access through increased investment in health.
This document provides a select bibliography on West Bengal with 50 references from various years ranging from 1921 to 2007. The references cover topics related to land reforms, panchayati raj system of local governance, agriculture, rural development programs, socio-economic changes, and decentralization efforts in West Bengal.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
“Sarvé bhavantu sukhinaḥ, sarvé santu nirāmayāḥ, Sarvé bhadrāṇi pashyantu, mā kashchid_duḥkha-bhāg-bhavét”. The meaning of this Sanskrit Sloka is “All should/must be happy, be healthy, see good; may no one have sorrow. Mahatma Gandhi also says, “It is health which is real wealth, and not pieces of gold and silver”. Without robust health nobody can do anything. WHO emphasized on “Health for all” in this 21st Century in Geneva Conference in 1998. Government of India also committed to the goal of ‘Health for All’. WHO defined “health” as "State of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity". There are strong linkages between population, health and development. India’s health challenges are not only huge in magnitude due to its large population but they are complex due to its diversity and the chronic poverty and inequality. There are extreme inter-state variations, caused by not only the cultural diversity but because -the states are at different stages of demographic transition, epidemiological transition and socio economic development. Along with the old problems like persistence of communicable diseases and high maternal mortality in some parts, there is an urgent need to address the emerging issues like the threat of non-communicable diseases, HIV (AIDS) and health problems of the growing aged population. Accelerating demographic transition is not only necessary for the population stabilization but it is closely related to health goals. Despite substantial improvements in some health indicators in the past decade, India contributes disproportionately to the global burden of disease, with health indicators that compare unfavorably with other middle-income countries and India's regional neighbours. Large health disparities between states, between rural and urban populations, and across social classes persist. A large proportion of the population is impoverished because of high out-of-pocket health-care expenditures and suffers the adverse consequences of poor quality of health care. The obligation of the Government of India is to ensure the highest possible health status to its population and access to quality health care has been recognized by a number of its key policy documents. This paper attempts to study the over view of health care in India.
Key words: Health Care, National Health Policy, Access, Affordability, Equity, Urban Vs Rural-------------
India stands on the brink of a massive opportunity. Quality education and health for the 26 million children born each year and the 65 per cent of the population under the age of 35 could help provide a workforce that would propel India forward.
India is one of the few middle-income countries with a growing working-age population. It can harness this demographic dividend and potentially become a developed country within a generation. However, the window of opportunity is narrow and urgent actions are needed to achieve this goal.
Paper 3 healthcare status in chittagong city revised 28 janMohammad Haider
The document discusses the healthcare status and challenges faced by urban poor populations in Chittagong City, Bangladesh. It finds that overall healthcare access is moderate to very poor, especially in Sandwip Colony, due to a lack of public healthcare services and facilities like community hospitals and clinics. Establishing more accessible community healthcare facilities that provide free treatment and specialist doctors could help address issues around maternal, child, and general healthcare access for the urban poor. Further policy reforms and structural improvements are still needed to strengthen urban poor populations' access to essential healthcare services in Chittagong City.
WHAT IS HEALTH?
The word "health " refers to a state of complete emotional and physical wellbeing. Healthcare exists to help people
maintain this optimal state of health.
In 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO) defined health with a phrase that is still used today. "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." WHO, 1948.
In 1986, the WHO further clarified that health is: "A resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities."
This means that health is a resource to support an individual's function in wider society. A healthful lifestyle provides the means to lead a full life.
TYPES OF HEALTH
Mental and physical health are the two most commonly discussed types of health.
We also talk about "spiritual health," "emotional health," and "financial health," among others. These have also been linked to lower stress levels and mental and physical well being.
Physical health
Physical health involves proper functioning of all body parts. When they are all working at peak performance due not only to a lack of disease, but also to regular exercise, balanced nutrition, and adequate rest.
Mental health
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Regional Disparities in the Health Infrastructure and Facilities of Bareilly ...ijtsrd
Health is one of the critical human capital components which has significant contribution in the development of nation. The World Health Organisation WHO has defined health as ”œA state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or illness or infirmity”. The health condition has been measured with special reference to health facilities and health infrastructure which contribute significantly for the progress and benefit of society. Health has a vital link between interacting phenomenon with far reaching implications. One such implication is the realization that the availability of health services is the only one of many contributions to health development UN, 1984 . Only healthy and educated people can contribute to productivity in economic growth. The present study is an attempt to measure blockwise disparities in health infrastructure and facilities in Bareilly district. For this study, data is mainly collected from secondary sources like District Census Handbook and Sankhyakiya Patrika. Z score and composite standard score techniques have been used to analyse the data. The result analysis shows that Nawabganj, Kyara and Bhuta are developed blocks of Bareilly district regarding health infrastructure and facilities. On the other hand, Ramnagar, Fatehganj West, Bhojipura, Richha and Bhadpura are least developed blocks in terms of health facilities and Infrastructure Bareilly district of Uttar Pradesh. There is a need for government interventions and public awareness for the development of backward blocks of Bareilly district. Sania Jawaid | Jiyaul Hoque | Md Aaquib | Dr. Mahjabeen "Regional Disparities in the Health Infrastructure and Facilities of Bareilly District, Uttar Pradesh: An Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55055.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/55055/regional-disparities-in-the-health-infrastructure-and-facilities-of-bareilly-district-uttar-pradesh-an-analysis/sania-jawaid
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Ailing health status in west bengal critical analysis
1. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3240 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3259 (Online)
Vol 2, 2012
Ailing Health Status in West Bengal Critical Analysis
P.K. Rana, B.P. Mishra*
Department of law , Reader, M.S.Law College, Cuttack , Utkal University, ODISHA, INDIA
* E-mail of the corresponding author: mishrabhabaniprasad10@gmail.com
Abstract
The State of West Bengal in India is at the crossroads in the field of health care delivery system. Nutrition,
health and education are the three inputs accepted as significant for the development of human resources
and the progress of the State of West Bengal in India during the last decade towards achieving these three
inputs has been uneven. The main purpose of this article is to show the health facilities and challenges in
West Bengal of India where the problem of providing effective health care services to the majority of its
citizens has become an impossible task for the State of Government of West Bengal. Public Health
expenditure under the State of West Bengal is so low that there has been hunger and starvation deaths in
different districts of West Bengal. Different datas have been cited through different tables bringing into
limelight of Infant Mortality Rate, Birth Rate, Death Rate and the facilities of Government of Hospitals of
the State of West Bengal.This article has made a focus on the urgency of strengthening the implementation
of all the rural and urban health care program and improve infant and child feeding practices among
women. It is a challenge for the State of West Bengal in India to meet Millennium Development Goals by
2015.
Keywords: Ailing health status in West Bengal , Analysis
1. Introduction
The State of West Bengal where about three quarters of population live in villages, the remaining
quarter living in urban areas and more than half reside in greater Kolkata is at crossroads in the field of
health care delivery system. It is needless to say that the state economy rests on the health, ability and well-
being of the people. The promotion and protection of right to health of the people of a state is essential for
sustained economic and social development. These developments depend upon the satisfaction of an
individual on his certain basic minimum needs for a healthy and a reasonably productive living. The
enhancement of health is a constitute part of development and to give good health and economic prosperity
tend to support each other.1 Nutrition, health and education are the three inputs accepted as significant for
the development of human resources and the progress of the state of West Bengal during the last decade
towards achieving these three inputs has been uneven. An important feature to this has been the serious
under-funding of the health sector and the poor performance of the public health delivery system is crippled
by several constraints : vacancies and absenteeism of staff; urban/rich bias in the distribution and use of
facilities; lack of drugs and other essential supplies at the field level and low staff motivation and
management capacity. In 1978, at the Alma Ata Conference ministers from 134 member countries in
association with WHO and UNICEF declared “Health for all by the year 2000” selecting Primary Health
Care as the best tool to achieve it. Unfortunately that dream never came true. In many cases it has
deteriorated further. But the Government of India claims that the country is on track to meet the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) targets by 2015.2 It argues that the number of people living below
the poverty line has reduced. It claims that child and material mortality rates are reducing at a pace
commensurate with its plans. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
(MGNREGS) has increased rural employment. The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), a national policy to
universalise primary education, has increased enrolment in schools. The Reproductive and Child Health
Programme (RCHP) II, the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDSs) and the National Rural Health
1
2. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3240 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3259 (Online)
Vol 2, 2012
Mission (NRHM) have resulted in massive inputs in the Health Sector.3 But due to inbuilt weaknesses and
distortions, half-hearted attitude of Indian ruling classes and their governments, red-tapism, corruption,
nepotism, delayed response, poor-motivation, poor work culture, lack of co-ordination and other faults
NRHM has not been properly implemented like previous health policies and programmes.
2. Public Health Expenditure Under The State of West Bengal
West Bengal is one of the most fiscally stressed states of all the Indian states. The fiscal deficit has
been between 7 and 10% of the state Gross Domestic Product (GDP) during the past few years, and state
public debt has risen to 45% of GSDP. Interest payments now exceed 35% of revenue expenditure. This
has forced the government to reduce the already inadequate outlays for health and other development
expenditure. The Government of West Bengal is preparing a medium-term fiscal stabilization program,
and is expecting Asian Development Bank’s financial support in this effort. This is a major change for the
Government of West Bengal, which has only recently fully acknowledged the seriousness of the fiscal
problem, and has for the first time asked for external assistance to address it. Largely as a result of the
fiscal crisis, the share of West Bengal's budget devoted to health has declined sharply, from 6.0% in
1999/00 to just 3.9% in 2003/04 (the share of non-interest' expenditure has been more or less stable).
Health spending as a share of GSDP has also fallen, and was just 0.8% last year, which is the same as the
all-India average. Finally, per capita spending on health is near the average for Indian states at Rs 176 per
head (around US$ 3.50). Overall, the 2004/05 budget projects real expenditure 18% lower than in 2000/01.
Department of Health and Family Welfare seems to have made expenditure cuts chiefly through allowing
the number of staff vacancies to rise: officials estimate that 10% of all posts are now vacant. These
vacancies are concentrated in rural and deprived regions, which are least able to cope with them, given low
purchasing power and inadequate alternative (private) provision.4
2.1 Collapse Of Health Status In West Bengal
The government health system in West Bengal has been on the verge of collapse vis-a-vis booming of
private hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, diagnostic centres, insurance companies, Third Party
Admiistrators, touts etc. Their beloved government even waived tax from these money and profit making
organizations in the name of ‘research’. Government has no will to thwart the unethical and corrupt
activities of these private institutions like excessive and false billing, unnecessary investigations,
negligence in patient care, irrational use of ventilator, ICU etc. There is resentment against the Medical
Council also for their failure to take into task the grossly negligent doctors. Among Indian states West
Bengal stood 19th in Infant Mortality Rate (lMR) and topped on anemia in children.
In West Bengal while the history repeats the same path resultantly whatever the benefits have come in West
Bengal out of the land-reforms, reforms of education, reforms of health-cares, job-opportunities etc. have
gone of its larger shares to the social hierarchies. Whatever the shares the Dalits and the religious
minorities have got are very less in comparison to’ the’ population and definitely in violation of their
constitutional rights.6 The Government Hospitals by and large provide near about hundred percent of the
health-cares to the Dalits in the state. At present the efficiency of treatment in the Govt. Hospital has gone
to the poorest level. Anyone desiring satisfactory health-care is to depend on the private doctors or private
hospitals. Since the charges of treatment in the private hospital is exorbitantly high and the deposit prior to
admission needs minimum rupees ten thousands or more, it is now beyond doubt that the Dalits do not find
any space of their treatment in the private capacity. Dalits are very often found to die of mal-nutrition and
without proper treatment. In the tea-gardens of different places in North Bengal a few hundreds of the tribal
people have died of the starvation just after the tea-gardens have been locked out. In a span of thirteen
months in a particular tea-garden the death of 142 people occurred for scarcity of food only. In the NSSO
(national sample survey organization) report published in February, 2007 it is seen that West Bengal is
ahead of all the states in respect of the poor performance to provide full meal at least once a day through
the month of the year. What the Bengal media generally do? They are very habitual to point out the weak
points of the other states and very glamorously depict the starvation death of Kalanhandi in Orissa. The
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above report mentions that 10.6 percent of the rural people of Bengal suffer from the food scarcity whereas
it is 4.8 percent in case of Kalanhandi which stands second in the national gradation.7
3. Hunger, Starvation, Deaths
West Bengal, ruled by the Communist Party of India (Marxists) since 1977 faced widespread hunger and
starvation deaths in 2005. The victims included the workers in the tea gardens in Jalpaiguri district of North
Bengal, tribals in Amlashol in West Midnapur district and the villagers uprooted by land erosion by the
Padma river in Malda and Murshidabad districts. The Supreme Court in its various interim orders in Writ
Petition (civil) No. 196/2001 (Peoples Union for Civil Liberties Vs. Government of India & Ors.) directed
the government of India and the State governments/Union Territories to take steps to prevent hunger and
starvation by identifying persons living Below Poverty Line (BPL) and making them beneficiaries of
various poverty alleviation programmes of the government such as National Food For Work Programme.
But the government of India and the State governments failed to effectively implement the Supreme Court
orders.
3.1 Poor Economic Scenario: In Different Districts
On 15 March 2005, the then opposition Congress and Trinamul Congress legislators (now in power)
walked out of the State Assembly of West Bengal in protest against the state government’s “failure to stop
starvation deaths” in different parts of the state.8 In June 2005, the Supreme Court directed the West Bengal
State Human Rights Commission to. investigate into the alleged starvation deaths in Murshidabad district.9
The villagers were deprived of work although Murshidabad district had been declared as a backward
district under the National Food for Work Programme.10 which was launched in November 2004, in 150
most backward districts of the country, identified by the Planning Commission in consultation with the
Ministry of Rural Development and the State Governments. A few families who were issued BPL (Below
Poverty Line) ration cards did not get their rations properly as rice was not always available in the
government designated ration shops. A few who got job under the National Food for Work Programme
were not paid full wages. The workers were supposed to get five kilograms of rice and Rs 32 in cash but
the CPI-M cadres deduct two rupees from each day’s cash wage and 300 grams from the ration as donation
to party fund.11 On 2 April 2005, a 16-year·old girl identified as Rumpa Sharma hung herself from the roof
of her mud house after three days of starvation at Dayarampur village in Murshidabad district.12 On 9
September 2005, Hazrat Mollah died of starvation in Dayarampur village in Murshidabad district. He had
been suffering from malnutrition for a long period of time.13 The tribals in Amlashol of West Midnapore
district were worst affected. Majority villagers of Amlashol, despite their acute poverty, were not enrolled
as BPL families and only a few families had been listed under Annapurna Yojana. A few villagers had
ration cards. The shop from which they were supposed to collect their rations was 35 kilometres away from
the food storage. There was no medical facility.14
3.2 Some Burning Examples: Witnesses Of Death In Hunger
On 19 February 2005, a 30-year·old tribal woman Parbati Shabar died of starvation in Amlashol. Her
family members stated that the deceased had nothing to eat for a month. But the Belpahari Block
Development Officer (BDO) Subhashis Bej claimed that her death was due to illness and not starvation.15
On 16 April 2005, 42-year-old tribal Lula Shabar died of starvation in Amlashol. According to Lula’s
nephew Rathu Shabar, Lula cried “bhat dey, bhat dey’ (give me rice, give me rice) for three days before he
died. But there was virtually nothing to eat in the family. The district administration, however, attributed
Lula’s death to tuberculosis.16 Tea gardens also witnessed wide-spread hunger. In 2005, about 2000 tea
garden workers had been reportedly facing stark starvation ever since the Potong tea estate near the Indo-
Nepal boarder under the Mirik block in Darjeeling district was closed down in March 2000 by the Tea
Trading Corporation India (TTCI) owned by the central government.17
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4. Key Challenges For Meeting The Health MDG Targets
The key challenge of meeting the health (MDG)targets for West Bengal is to ensure that poor households
— specifically women and children from scheduled caste, scheduled tribe and other disadvantaged social
groups — are able to demand and access quality basic health care services. A recent study18 comparing
levels of access to health services across 16 states of the country places West Bengal in the lowest category
alongside Rajasthan, Orissa, Bihar and Assam. It is worth noting that disaggregated data on health
indicators by social groups is not easily available and accessible. The Health Monitoring and Information
System (HMIS) which will ensure disaggregated data is generated on a regular basis and made readily
accessible for evidence based policy planning. The other key challenge for ensuring equitable health
outcomes is to priorities policy responses for the six poorest districts, which also have the poorest health
indicators for West Bengal. The District Development Report for West Bengal19 indicates that Malda, Uttar
Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Murshidabad, Purulia and Coochbehar have the highest levels of health
services deprivation - i.e. the highest levels of children not fully immunised and non-institutional deliveries
... “ This reflects the inadequacies of outreach of health services provided by the state, alongside poor
quality delivery services. Children born in the poorest districts are less likely to survive than to children
born in other districts; similarly, in these districts pregnant mothers are less likely to receive antenatal care
and institutional support for deliveries, thereby making them more vulnerable.20
6. Conclusion And Recommendation
This paper has attempted to show the health facilities and challenges in West Bengal where the
problem of providing effective health care services to the majority of its citizens has become an impossible
task for the state Government of West Bengal. A huge section of the rural Bengal is succumbing to deaths
which could be avoided to a great extent with safe drinking water, proper sanitation, may be with some
very elementary medicines. Rural health services which form the backbone of public health system, is
lacking in basic infrastructure, staff and essential medicines. The sufficient manpower is an important
prerequisite for the efficient functioning of the Rural Health Infrastructure. Health indicators are very poor
and the poor face financial ruin if visited by a serious health event. India is committed to the goal ‘health
for all’ and in the last four decades, a wide network of primary health centres and subcentres has been
created. Yet most of the states including West Bengal are far away from this goal. It can be easily
apprehended from many surveys as well as NFHS-1 and NFHS -2 that either the services do not reach the
disadvantaged sections of the society or people from those sections do not utilize the available services.
Apart from economic condition, the social hierarchy or the system of social stratification existing in the
society of West Bengal is likely to influence the health behaviour of individuals. Social stratification
system determines the living conditions, privileges, obligations and cultural traditions surrounding the life
of a person which in turn affect his perceptions regarding health, knowledge of health care and accessibility
to health resources.21 There is an urgent need to strengthen the implementation of all the rural and Urban
Health Care programmes and improve infant and young child feeding practices among lactating women.
However most of the patients in Government Hospitals have to wait hours after hours for treatment. Still a
good section of the society is visiting these hospitals as they are financially crippled. Who is responsible for
this dilapidated health structure of West Bengal ? This question echoes in the panorama of the broken
health structure of the state of West Bengal.
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Reference
1. National Health Development Report 2001, p. 64
2. K.S. Jacob : ‘Millennium Development Goals and India’, published in The Hindu, a news paper,
dt. October 20, 2010.
3. Ibid.
4. www.webhealth.gov.in visited on dt. 30.08.2010 see also West Bengal : health Systems
Development Initiative : Programme Memorandum, Govt. of West Bengal, Govt. of India, DFID,
U.K. 15th January, 2005.
5. Gurub Roy : Manifesto of People’s Health Movement in West Bengal, India, May 2009 available
at Human Resource Development Report http:// hdr.org/en/reports.
6. http://www.dalitmirror.com/topic1.html.
7. Ibid.
8. Congress, Trinamul walkout of Assembly, The Statesman, a newspaper, dt.16 March, 2005.
9. Probe Starvation deaths, SC asks panel, The Tribune, a newspaper , dt. 4 June 2005.
10. The Inquiry report is available at http://www.masumindia.org/tribep.htm
11. Murshidabad : Nature’s fury, hunger, death, apathy by Zafarul – Islam Khan, The Milli Gazette, 1-
15 May, 2005, also available at http : //
www.milligazette.com/dailyupdate/2005/20050501.htm
12. Hungry and Dying in Padma’s lap, Tehelka dt. 18 June, 2005, available at http : //
www.tehelka.com
13. HU-07-2005 : UPDATE (India) : Starvatron deaths continue despite government’s commitment to
provide food assistance in West Bengal, Asian Human Rights Commission, Hunger Alert, 16 Sept.
2005, available at http://www.foodjustice.net
14. “The Hunger Game – There is a law against everything, none against starving to death”, by
Bhaswati Chakravorty, The Telegraph,a newspaper, Kolkata dt. 26 April, 2005.
15. Woman dies, family blames hunger – Almasol death precedes CM visits to hand over houses, The
Telegraph, a newspaper, dt. 25 February, 2005.
16. Starvation stench in Almashol again, The Telegraph, a newspaper, dt. 21 April, 2005.
17. Starvation looms over tea workers, The Statesman, a newspaper, dt. 16 July, 2005.
18. P. Samuel, et al 2004, State of India of India’s Public Services : Benchmarks for the states, EPW
Feb. 28, 2004.
19. B. Chatterjee, D.K. Ghosh, 2003, Towards District Development Report for West Bengal, SIPRD,
West Bengal.
20. Supra Note 3 at 20.
21. SNM Kopparty (1994) : Social Inequality and Health Care, Northern Book Centre, New Delhi.
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Table – 1
Comparing the Birth rate, Death rate and Infant mortality rate :
West Bengal & India
Birth Rate Death Rate Infant Mortality Rate
West India West India West India
Bengal Bengal Bengal
Total Total Total Total Total Total
1980 31.7 33.7 10.9 12.6 N.A. 114
1981 33.2 33.9 11.0 12.5 91 110
1982 32.3 33.8 10.4 11.9 86 105
1983 32.0 33.7 10.3 11.9 84 105
1984 30.4 33.9 10.7 12.6 82 104
1985 29.4 32.9 9.6 11.8 74 97
1986 29.7 32.6 8.8 11.1 71 96
1987 30.7 32.2 8.8 10.9 71 95
1988 28.4 31.5 8.4 11.0 69 94
1989 27.2 30.6 8.8 10.3 77 91
1990 28.2 30.2 8.4 9.7 63 80
1991 27.0 29.5 8.3 9.8 71 80
1992 24.8 29.2 8.4 10.1 65 79
1993 25.7 28.7 7.4 9.3 58 74
1994 25.2 28.7 8.3 9.3 62 74
1995 23.6 28.3 7.9 9.0 58 74
1996 22.8 27.5 7.8 9.0 55 72
1997 22.4 27.2 7.7 8.9 55 71
1998 21.3 26.5 7.5 9.0 53 72
1999 20.7 26.1 7.1 8.7 52 70
2000 20.7 25.8 7.0 8.5 51 68
2001 20.6 25.4 7.0 8.4 51 66
2002 20.5 25.0 6.7 8.1 49 63
Source : Health on the March, West Bengal, 2003-04
Vital Statistics
West Bengal’s performance had always been better than all-India aggregates with regard to most
of the vital statistics. Interstate comparison puts West Bengal in the middle position among the major 15
stats as far as vital statistics are concerned. In respect of Crude Birth Rate (CBR). West Bengal stands third
with a value of 20.5 with the top slot occupied by Kerala at 17.2 in 2001. The state stands with respect to
Death rate with a value of as against 8.4 for India.
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