Tracheostomy- indications, types
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This document discusses tracheostomy, including indications, functions, and types. Tracheostomy is a life-saving procedure that creates an opening in the trachea and converts it into a stoma on the skin surface. Indications for tracheostomy include respiratory insufficiency, respiratory obstruction, and retained secretions due to various conditions such as emphysema, bronchitis, inability to cough, paralysis, and more. Functions of tracheostomy are to bypass obstructions, improve ventilation, provide protection, and allow for suction of secretions. Types of tracheostomy include emergent, urgent, therapeutic, elective, temporary, and permanent procedures.
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This document provides an overview of interstitial lung disease and CT diagnosis techniques. It begins with disclosures from the author and an outline of topics to be covered, including CT protocols, patterns seen in ILD, and integrating imaging findings with patient history. Specific ILD patterns like ground glass opacity, reticulation, honeycombing, and others are defined. Case examples are presented and classified by predominant pattern. The classification of interstitial pneumonias including UIP, NSIP, and others is discussed. Etiologies, features and prognosis of conditions like IPF and NSIP are also summarized.
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1. A 24-year-old woman presents with fever and enlarged hilar lymph nodes on chest X-ray. Her calcium level is elevated, suggesting the probable diagnosis of sarcoidosis.
2. A 37-year-old woman develops acute pneumonia symptoms and chest X-ray shows consolidation of her right lower lobe. Histology shows neutrophilic exudates in bronchioles and alveoli, consistent with bacterial pneumonia.
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CT: Interstitial lung disease
1. An 84-year-old male patient presented with breathlessness and was found to have bilateral diffuse interlobular septal thickening and ground-glass opacities on HRCT, suggestive of interstitial lung disease, possibly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
2. HRCT is superior to chest x-ray for assessing interstitial lung diseases as it allows for better evaluation of the extent and distribution of lung abnormalities. It can also help determine whether a lung biopsy is needed and from where samples should be taken.
3. Dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, wheezing and chest pain are common respiratory symptoms in interstitial lung diseases. Physical exam may reveal crack
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1. Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) involve the lung parenchyma including the alveoli, capillaries, and spaces between.
2. ILDs are classified based on known causes, idiopathic forms, and granulomatous types. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common idiopathic form.
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Restrictive lung disease
This document discusses restrictive lung disease, which is defined by reduced lung volumes. It can be caused by intrinsic lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma through inflammation or scarring, or extrinsic disorders of the chest wall, pleura, or respiratory muscles. Common intrinsic lung diseases include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and interstitial lung disease caused by drugs. Extrinsic disorders involve diseases of the pleura, chest wall, or neuromuscular system. Restrictive lung disease results in hypoxemia, reduced diffusion capacity, and impaired gas exchange. Evaluation involves pulmonary function tests and imaging, and treatment depends on the underlying cause.
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The document discusses diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), also known as interstitial lung disease. It describes that DPLD encompasses hundreds of diseases that can be classified based on known versus unknown causes. Key points include that DPLD involves the lung interstitium and alveoli, and common patterns include reticulation, ground glass opacities, and nodules. Diagnosis involves considering clinical presentation, disease progression, radiological findings such as high-resolution CT, and histopathology from procedures like bronchoscopy. Common etiologies include connective tissue disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, drugs, radiation, and idiopathic interstitial pneumonias.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a condition that damages the lungs and prevents sufficient oxygen from entering the bloodstream. It is caused by injury to the lungs from direct or indirect insults. In ARDS, the alveolar-capillary membrane is compromised, allowing fluid to enter the lungs. Treatment involves intensive care, use of a ventilator to deliver oxygen under pressure, and addressing the underlying cause while preventing further lung injury. The goal is to support breathing and remove fluid from the damaged lungs.
Interstitial lung-disease
The document discusses interstitial lung diseases (ILD), a broad category of lung disorders characterized by inflammation and scarring of the lungs. ILDs can have diverse causes and presentations. Symptoms include breathlessness, cough, and fatigue. Investigations involve imaging like chest X-rays and CT scans showing infiltrates and fibrosis. Management focuses on removing triggers, suppressing inflammation, and palliation. Treatment may include corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, oxygen therapy, and rehabilitation.
Interstitial lung disease
Interstitial lung diseases are a group of diffuse inflammatory disorders that affect the alveoli and lung interstitium. They have various causes including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, collagenic vascular diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, occupational lung diseases from dust inhalation, malignancies, infections, medications, and other miscellaneous conditions. Symptoms typically develop gradually and include dry cough and progressive dyspnea. Diagnosis involves chest imaging showing reticulonodular infiltrates and lung architecture distortion. Treatment focuses on steroids, symptomatic relief, and addressing underlying causes or complications.
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COPD is a chronic obstructive lung disease characterized by obstruction of airflow from the lungs. It encompasses emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Emphysema involves destruction of lung tissue and abnormal enlargement of airspaces, while chronic bronchitis is defined by a cough producing mucus for at least 3 months per year. Smoking is the leading cause of COPD and causes an imbalance between lung elastase and alpha-1 antitrypsin, damaging lung elastic tissue over time and leading to airflow obstruction. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chronic cough, and wheezing.
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This document discusses imaging findings related to pulmonary diseases. It begins with an outline of topics, including the tree-in-bud sign and Golden S sign. It then provides more detail on these signs. The tree-in-bud sign represents inflammatory material filling small airways and appears on CT as small centrilobular nodules connected to linear branching opacities. The Golden S sign refers to a reverse S-shaped shadow caused by right upper lobe collapse around a central mass. Case studies and images are presented to illustrate these signs. The document serves to educate practitioners about recognizing patterns associated with various pulmonary conditions on imaging.
Interstitial lung diseases- HRCT
This document provides a detailed summary of various patterns seen on HRCT scans of the lungs including reticular, nodular, ground glass, mosaic and honeycombing patterns. It describes the characteristic radiological features of different interstitial lung diseases such as UIP, NSIP, COP, RB-ILD, DIP, LIP, AIP and others. Key diagnostic criteria and differentiating features between these conditions are discussed. HRCT images demonstrating examples of the described patterns are also included.
Radiographic Evaluation of Interstitial Lung Disease Laura E. Heyneman, MD Du...
Radiographic Evaluation of Interstitial Lung Disease Laura E. Heyneman, MD Du...Al-YAQIN DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASONIC CLINIC BAGHDAD
Approach to ILD
•
What is the pattern?
•
Acute vs chronic?
•
Any clues?
–
distribution
–
lung volumesInterstial lung diseases
The document discusses several diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLDs), including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pneumoconiosis, and interstitial lung disease associated with connective tissue diseases. DPLDs are classified into groups based on known or unknown causes and clinicopathologic features. High-resolution CT findings are described for several conditions, along with differential diagnoses. Common manifestations across connective tissue diseases include interstitial pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis.
Epistaxsis
Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, affects around 5-10% of the population each year. The document discusses the causes, risk factors, evaluation, and treatment of epistaxis. It notes that most cases are mild and can be managed with local pressure or anterior nasal packing. More severe or posterior bleeds may require posterior nasal packing or other interventions to stop bleeding and address the underlying cause.
interstitial lung diseases
This document provides an overview of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). It discusses the protective mechanisms of the lung, pathogenesis of ILDs including different presentation patterns, classification of ILDs, diagnostic testing approaches, treatment options including drug therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation. Key points covered include common causes of different radiographic patterns seen on chest imaging for ILDs and rules for approaching a practical diagnosis of ILD based on clinical and imaging features.
10.RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) involves diffuse damage to the alveolar epithelium and capillaries resulting in progressive respiratory failure unresponsive to oxygen treatment. It has numerous causes including shock, sepsis, trauma, and infections. On x-ray, ARDS appears as bilateral diffuse widespread lung opacity. Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (also called hyaline membrane disease) occurs most commonly in preterm infants and those with maternal diabetes or multiple births. It results from a deficiency of surfactant causing atelectasis and hyaline membrane formation. Pulmonary embolism occurs when blood clots most often from the legs travel to the lungs. While most emboli do not cause infarction, large embol
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Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a blood clot in the cavernous sinus, a cavity at the base of the brain containing veins, nerves and other structures. It is usually caused by an acute facial infection involving the maxillary teeth, upper lip, nose or orbit that spreads retrogradely through facial veins to the cavernous sinus. Symptoms include diplopia, photophobia, orbital edema, exopthalmos, and involvement of cranial nerves III-VI causing ophthalmoplegia and loss of corneal reflex. Treatment requires high dose intravenous antibiotics and surgical decompression of any underlying infection.
Lung Abscess, Pulmonolgy
Abstract Lung Abscess is a liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and arrangement of cavitation (in excess of 2 cm) containing necrotic debris and liquid brought about by parenchymal infection. It very well may be brought about by yearning, which may happen during changed cognizance and it for the most part causes a discharge filled depression. In addition, liquor addiction is the most widely recognized condition inclining to lung abscesses. Lung abscess is viewed as essential (60%) when it comes about because of existing lung parenchymal process and is named auxiliary when it entangles another procedure, e.g., vascular emboli or follows rupture of extrapulmonary abscess into lung. There are a few imaging strategies which can distinguish the material inside the thorax, for example, electronic tomography (CT) output of the thorax and ultrasound of the thorax. Broad Spectrum anti-biotics to cover blended vegetation is the pillar of treatment. Pneumonic physiotherapy and postural drainage are additionally significant. Surgeries are required in specific patients for pneumonic resection Keywords: Lung abscess, anti-bodies, video-assissted thoracoscopic medical procedure (VATS), thoracoscopy
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This document provides information on managing emergent airway issues in the ENT department. It discusses causes of difficult airways, airway assessment techniques, maintaining a patent airway through techniques like bag mask ventilation, endotracheal intubation and laryngeal mask airway. It also covers management of trauma to the face, neck and airway as well as conditions like epistaxis, foreign bodies, peritonsillar abscesses, Ludwig's angina and sudden hearing loss.
management of airway
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Pericardial diseases
This document discusses pericardial diseases, focusing on pericarditis, pericardial effusion, and cardiac tamponade. It defines the pericardium and its functions. It describes the symptoms, signs, and diagnostic criteria for acute pericarditis. Causes of pericarditis include infections, autoimmune disorders, neoplasms, radiation, renal failure, and trauma. Treatment involves NSAIDs, colchicine, or steroids depending on severity and recurrence risk. Pericardial effusion and tamponade can develop as complications, requiring drainage procedures or surgery.
Chest trauma
Chest injuries are a leading cause of trauma deaths. Immediate life-threatening chest injuries include airway obstruction, tension pneumothorax, open pneumothorax, massive hemothorax, flail chest, and cardiac tamponade. These injuries can cause death within seconds if not recognized and treated promptly. Potentially life-threatening injuries include cardiac contusion, aortic disruption, diaphragmatic rupture, esophageal injury, pulmonary contusion, and tracheobronchial injuries. Prompt assessment and management following ATLS guidelines is essential to stabilize vital functions and prevent complications such as respiratory failure, shock, and death from chest injuries.
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The document discusses patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), a congenital heart defect where the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth. It defines PDA and covers its embryology, causes, types, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations including physical exams, imaging and echo, complications and management approaches like medications, cardiac catheterization and surgery. PDA is most common in preterm infants and causes include prostaglandins inhibiting ductal closure. Diagnosis involves listening for a heart murmur with echo used to confirm the defect. Treatment involves closing the ductus either medically using drugs like indomethacin or surgically.
Tetanus
This document provides information about tetanus including:
1. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria entering the body through a wound and releasing a neurotoxin.
2. Symptoms include painful muscle spasms and stiffness, initially affecting the jaw and face before spreading.
3. Treatment focuses on wound care, antitoxin administration, and controlling spasms with medications while providing supportive care. Immunization is the best preventive strategy.
medically comprimised.pptx
This document discusses several topics related to infectious diseases and their treatment and prevention. It begins with an overview of cerebrovascular accidents (strokes) including types, signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. It then covers infective endocarditis, describing the definition, causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and recommended antibiotic regimens. Finally, it discusses standard infection control procedures and references for preventing disease transmission, with a focus on tuberculosis including its pathogenesis, classification, and presentation.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF THYROID SWELLING AND COMPLICATION OF (5).pptx
This document discusses surgical management and postoperative complications of thyroid surgery. It describes various types of thyroid surgeries including hemithyroidectomy, subtotal thyroidctomy, total thyroidctomy, and more. Critical steps of the surgical procedure are outlined including positioning, incision, identification and preservation of recurrent laryngeal nerve, and hemostasis. Potential complications such as hemorrhage, nerve injury, hypocalcemia, and vocal cord paralysis are reviewed. Management of thyroid cancers and long term follow up with radioactive iodine are also summarized.
Approach to uawo
This document provides an outline and objectives for a seminar on approaches to upper airway obstruction. It discusses the definition of upper airway obstruction, types of obstruction, causes including infectious and non-infectious, clinical presentation in pediatrics, and management. Specific conditions covered in more depth include croup, acute epiglottitis, and retropharyngeal abscess. Croup is the most common cause and presents with barking cough and inspiratory stridor, often treated with nebulized epinephrine and steroids. Epiglottitis requires securing the airway with intubation due to risk of complete obstruction. Retropharyngeal abscess can develop from local infections draining to neck lymph
Anesthesia_for_the_Trauma_Patient.pptx
1. The initial assessment of a trauma patient involves a primary, secondary, and tertiary survey to identify injuries and form a treatment plan.
2. The primary survey focuses on the ABCDEs - Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, and Exposure. Establishing an airway is the top priority.
3. A secondary survey involves a full head-to-toe examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests to identify all injuries and inform management.
4. A tertiary survey before discharge identifies any previously missed injuries. Regional or general anesthesia may be used depending on the injuries.
thyroid-surgerycomplications-161231064413.pdf
The document discusses various complications that can occur after thyroid surgery. Some immediate complications include hemorrhage, infection, recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, thyroid crisis or storm, and respiratory obstruction. Late complications include thyroid insufficiency, recurrent thyrotoxicosis, progressive exophthalmos, and hypertrophic scarring. The recurrent laryngeal nerve is at risk and its anatomy is discussed. Injury can cause temporary or permanent vocal cord paralysis. Management depends on whether paralysis is unilateral or bilateral.
Epistaxis
Epistaxis, or nosebleed, is bleeding from the nose or nasal cavity. It is common and can occur at any age. The nose has a highly vascularized mucosa to warm and humidify air, placing it at risk for bleeding from minor trauma or irritation. The anterior septum area called Little's area is a common site of epistaxis due to its anastomosis of arteries. Epistaxis can be anterior, bleeding visible in the nose, or posterior, bleeding draining back internally. Management involves cauterization, nasal packing, or ligation of arteries in severe cases.
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SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF THYROID SWELLING AND COMPLICATION OF (5).pptx
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Recomendamos muito.
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Tracheostomy- indications, types
- 1. TRACHEOSTOMY INDICATIONS, FUNCTIONS, TYPES PRESENTED BY: NANDAN PRASAD1
- 2. INTRODUCTION PRESENTED BY: NANDAN PRASAD2 Life saving procedure An Opening in anterior wall of trachea is created and converted into a stoma on the skin surface.
- 3. INDICATIONS PRESENTED BY: NANDAN PRASAD3 RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY RESPIRATORY OBSTRUCTION RETAINED SECRETIONS
- 4. RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY PRESENTED BY: NANDAN PRASAD4 Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis Bronchiectasis Atelectasis
- 5. RESPIRATORY OBSTRUCTION PRESENTED BY: NANDAN PRASAD5 UPPER RESPIRATORY OBSTRUCTIONS Congenital anomaly (eg, laryngeal hypoplasia, vascular web) Upper airway foreign body that cannot be dislodged with Heimlich and basic cardiac life support maneuvers Supraglottic or glottic pathologic condition (eg, infection, neoplasm, bilateral vocal cord paralysis) Neck trauma that results in severe injury to the thyroid or cricoid cartilages, hyoid bone, or great vessels Facial fractures that may lead to upper airway obstruction (eg, comminuted fractures of the mid face and mandible) Upper airway edema from trauma, burns, infection, or anaphylaxis
- 6. RETAINED SECRETIONS PRESENTED BY: NANDAN PRASAD6 INABILITY TO COUGH COMA STROKE NARCOTIC POISONING PARALYSIS OF RESPIRATORY MUSCLES SPINAL INJURIES GBS POLIO MYASTHENIA GRAVIS SPASM OF RESPIRATORY MUSCLES TETANUS ECLAMPSIA STRYCHNINE POISONING PAINFUL COUGH CHEST INJURIES RIB FRACTURES PNUEMONIA ASPIRATION OF SECRETIONS BULBAR POLIO POLYNEURITIS B/L LARYNGEAL PALSY
- 7. FUNCTIONS OF TRACHEOSTOMY PRESENTED BY: NANDAN PRASAD7 Bypass obstruction Improve ventilation – a) decreasing dead space by 30-50% b) reducing resistance Protection Secretions Blood Packing Suction
- 8. TYPES OF TRACHEOSTOMY PRESENTED BY: NANDAN PRASAD8 • Sudden distress with impending death • High complication rate (cricothyrotomy)EMERGENT • Awake patient LOCAL anesthesia • Respiratory distressURGENT • THERAPUETIC • PROPHYLACTICELECTIVE • Elective tracheostomy temporarily done • Closed when causative disease is curedTEMPORARY • B/L abductor paralysis, Laryngeal stenosis • LaryngectomyPERMANENT
- 9. THANK YOU PRESENTED BY: NANDAN PRASAD9