The respiratory system has both conducting and respiratory zones. The conducting zone includes the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi which warm, moisten, and filter air. The respiratory zone includes bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs, and alveoli which perform gaseous exchange. Key structures include the nasal cavities with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, trachea with hyaline cartilage and submucosal glands, and alveoli lined by Type I and II cells that facilitate gas exchange through a thin membrane.

2. RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

3. FUNCTIONS
 AIR CONDUCTION
 AIR FILTRATION
 GASEOUS EXCHANGE
 SENSE OF SMELL
 PHONATION
 ENDOCRINE

4. CONDUCTING PART
 HYALINE CARTILAGE
 MUCOSA
 EPITHELIUM
PSEUDOST. CILIATED COL./ St. Sq.
Ciliated
columnar, goblet, brush, Granule, basal
Metaplasia, Smokers, Kartegner syndrome
 LAMINA PROPRIA

5. CONDUCTING PART RESPIRATORY PART
 NASAL CAVITIES  RESPIRATORY
 NASO & BRONCHIOLES
OROPHARYNX  ALVEOLAR DUCTS
 LARYNX  ALVEOLAR SACS
 TRACHEA  ALVEOLI
 BRONCHI
 BRONCHIOLES

6. NASAL CAVITIES
 Two halves median nasal septum
 Nares & Choanae
 Roof, Floor, Medial & lateral wall
 Lateral wall, Choncha
 Mucosa
 Vestibule
 Respiratory segment
 Olfactory segment

8. VESTIBULE
 Anterior dilated part
 ST. Sq. E. with HAIR & SEBACOUS glands
(traps larger particles)
 Post part– pseudostratified-- glands absent
 Filtration

9. RESPIRATORY SEGMENT
 LARGEST PART
 MEDIAL & LATERAL WALLS
 CONCHA
 MUCOSA (warms moistens & filters)
 EPITHELIUM PSEUDO STRATIFIED CILIATED
COLUMNAR WITH GOBLET CELLS
 LAMINA PROPRIA (vascular network capillary
loops- engorged- swelling of mucosa , mucous glands
with demilunes)


10. OLFACTORY SEGMENT
 ROOF
 YELLOWISH BROWN
 EPITHELIUM
Bipolar APICAL & BASAL POLES
APICAL dendritic olfactory vesicle & cilia
BASAL axonal
Supporting cells MECHANICAL & METABOLIC SUPORT
Basal cells
Brush cells
Glands
 LAMINA PROPRIA
Blood & lymph vessels, non myelinated & myelinated nerves & olfactory
glands bowmans gland

12. TRACHEA

14. TRACHEA
 SHORT FLEXIBLE TUBE
 LOWER BORDER OF CRICOID TO
STERNAL ANGLE
 2.5cm / 10cm
 AIR PASSAGE & CONDITIONING OF AIR

15. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
 MUCOSA
 SUBMUCOSA
 CARTILAGENOUS LAYER
 ADVENTITIA

16. MUCOSA
 EPITHELIUM ----RESPIRATORY
CILIATED COLUMNAR
GOBLET CELLS
BRUSH CELLS
BASAL CELLS
GRANULE CELLS
MAST CELLS & LYMPHOCYTES
 BASEMENT MEMBRANE
 THICKCh. cough. Cigerette smoking
 LAMINA PROPRIA--- LOOSE C.T. CELLULAR
LYMPHOID TISSUE, ELASTIC FIBERS, ELASTIC
MEMBRANE

17. SUB MUCOSA
 LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 SUBMUCOSAL GLANDS
 TUBULOALVEOLAR
 MIXED
 POST. PART
 LARGER BLOOD VESSELS &
LYMPHATIC
 DIFFUSED & NODULAR LYMPHOID
TISSUE

18. CARTILAGE
 HYALINE NON ARTCULAR CARTILAGE
 PERICHONDRIUM
FIBROUS
CELLULAR LAYER ( chondrgenic cells)
 MATRIX
GROUND SUBSTANCE, territorial & interterritorial
> SO4
FIBER collagen type II, IX, X, XI
 CELLS CHONDROBLAST CHONDROCYTES
LACUNAE

19. TRACHEAL CARTILAGE
 C SHAPED HYALINE CARTILAGES
 TRACHEALIS

20. ADVENTITIA
 LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 BLOOD
VESSELS, LYMPHATICS, NERVES &
ADIPOSE TISUE

21. CONDUCTING PART
 PRINCIPAL BRONCHI
RIGHT & LEFT
 LOBAR OR SECONDRY BRONCHI
3 RIGHT, 2 LEFT
 SEGMENTAL OR TERTIARY BRONCHI
BRONCHPULMONARY SEGMENT
 BRONCHIOLES--- TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
PULMONARY LOBULES

23. RESPIRATORY PART
 RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
 ALVEOLAR DUCTS
 ALVEOLAR SACS
 ALVEOLI

24. BRONCHI
 EXTRA PULMONARY BRONCHI STRUCTURE SIMILAR
TO TRACHEA
 INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHI 5 LAYERS
< DIAMETER
MUCOSA
EPITHELIUM < height of cells, < thickness of basement membrane
LAMINA PROPRIA reduced rich in elastic fibers
MUSCULARIS
SUBMUCOSA
CARTILAGE PLATES
ADVENTITIA

26. BRONCHIOLES
 Conducting part
 < 5mm, no cartilage or glands pulmonary lobule
 Epithelium simple ciliated columnar < goblet cells,
 Thick layer of smooth muscle
 Submucosa no glands
 No cartilage
 Terminal bronchioles pulmonary acinus, simple
cuboidal epithelium, clara cells

27. CLARA CELLS
 NONCILIATED CELLS WITH A
ROUNDED UPPER PART CONTAINING
SECRETORY GRANULES
 SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT –luminal
adhesion
 CCI6 ---pulmonary marker

28. RESPIRATORY BRONCIOLES
 TRANSITIONAL ZONE
 CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
INITIALLY ciliated, granule & brush
LATER CLARA CELLS
 SCATTERED ALVEOLI

30. ALVEOLAR DUCTS
LINEAR DUCTS LINED BY
ALVEOLI, SMOOTH MUSCLE
DISSAPPEAR ONLY ELASTIC &
RETICULAR FIBERS

31. ALVEOLAR SACS
CLUSTER OF ALVEOLI
SHARING A COMMON OPENING

32. PULMONARY ALVEOLI
 Thin epithelium resting on a basal lamina
 Type I 95% SIMPLE Sq. occluding junctions
 TYPE II 5% CUBOIDAL SURFACTANT
 ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
TAR BODIES, HEART FAILURE CELLS

35. INTER ALVEOLAR SEPTUM
 LINNING CELLS OF ADJACENT
ALVEOLI & INTERVENING
STRUCTURES
 EPI, B.L.—C.T.—B.L., EPI
 COLLAGEN & ELASTIC FIBERS
 FIXED & FREE CELLS
 CAPILLARIES

36. PULMONARY CAPILLARIES
 THIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS CAVEOLE
 CLEAR & THROMBI
 METABOLISM OF CHYLOMICRONS
 ANGIOTENSIN I—II
 THROMBOPLASTIN, PROSTAGLANDIN
 INACTIVATE SEROTININ

37. ALVEOLAR PORES
PORES OF KOHN,
10– 15 micrometer,
OBST. LUNG DISEASE

38. ALVEOLAR MEMBRANE
 GASSEOUS EXCANGE
 THICK & THIN PART
 EPI.– B/L. C.T. B/L. ENDOTHELIUM

40. BLOOD SUPPLY
 PULMONARY ARTERY--- CAPILLARIES--
VEINS
 BRONCHIOLAR ARTERIES---VEINS