The document discusses the theory of planned behavior and its ability to predict healthy eating behaviors. The theory suggests that behavior is deliberate and can be planned and predicted based on attitudes, perceived social pressures, and perceived behavioral control. Several studies are evaluated that applied the theory to healthy eating. The studies found some support for the theory in predicting intentions, but weaker predictive power for actual behaviors. Perceived behavioral control was a weaker predictor than self-efficacy. Overall, the theory shows potential but requires refinements like incorporating self-efficacy to better predict complex health behaviors.
Attitudes and the Theory of Planned Behaviour Applied to LeisureNicole Jensen
This document was created for the purpose of assessment for BBus(Events) at Griffith University in 2010-. ALL INFORMATION IS FICTIONAL, and the Comic Sans font was a joke among the group.
The theory of planned behavior proposes that a person's intentions and behaviors are influenced by their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Specifically, it suggests that a person's attitude towards a behavior, expectations of others, and feelings of self-efficacy combine to shape their behavioral intentions and actions. This theory, developed by Icek Ajzen, has been applied to understand various communication phenomena and can provide insights into behaviors like sexual initiation. While useful, the theory also has limitations and does not account for all human behaviors.
The theory of reasoned action (TRA) and theory of planned behavior (TPB) models predict behavioral intentions and behaviors. The TRA model from 1967 examines behavioral intentions rather than attitudes, and the TPB added perceived behavioral control in 1988. The models assess behavioral, normative, and control beliefs that influence attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control and ultimately behavioral intention. While effective in explaining cognitive factors influencing decisions, the models omit external demographic and personality factors and may not predict behaviors with long delays between intention and action.
The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) were developed in the 1960s and 1970s by social psychologists Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein to predict human behavior. The TRA focused on behavioral intentions as the main predictor of behaviors. The TPB extended the TRA by adding perceived behavioral control to account for behaviors with incomplete voluntary control. Both theories posit that behavioral intention, shaped by attitudes and subjective norms, is the strongest predictor of actual behavior. The theories provide frameworks for understanding motivations and designing interventions to change behaviors.
This document provides an overview of the Theory of Planned Behavior. It explains that the theory predicts intention to perform a behavior based on three factors: attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. It defines each of these factors and describes how intention and these factors are measured, typically using Likert-style surveys. The key concepts of the theory are behavioral intention, attitude toward behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.
The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) was developed in the 1960s-1980s to establish a relationship between attitudes and overt behaviors. The TRA model proposes that behavioral intentions are determined by two factors: attitude toward the behavior and subjective norms. These intentions are highly correlated with actual behaviors. The TRA has been used in information systems research to study topics like online grocery buying intentions, factors influencing technology adoption behaviors, and social networking behaviors. While useful, the TRA is limited when behaviors are not under volitional control and does not account for all external factors that could influence intentions and behaviors.
Attitudes and the Theory of Planned Behaviour Applied to LeisureNicole Jensen
This document was created for the purpose of assessment for BBus(Events) at Griffith University in 2010-. ALL INFORMATION IS FICTIONAL, and the Comic Sans font was a joke among the group.
The theory of planned behavior proposes that a person's intentions and behaviors are influenced by their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Specifically, it suggests that a person's attitude towards a behavior, expectations of others, and feelings of self-efficacy combine to shape their behavioral intentions and actions. This theory, developed by Icek Ajzen, has been applied to understand various communication phenomena and can provide insights into behaviors like sexual initiation. While useful, the theory also has limitations and does not account for all human behaviors.
The theory of reasoned action (TRA) and theory of planned behavior (TPB) models predict behavioral intentions and behaviors. The TRA model from 1967 examines behavioral intentions rather than attitudes, and the TPB added perceived behavioral control in 1988. The models assess behavioral, normative, and control beliefs that influence attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control and ultimately behavioral intention. While effective in explaining cognitive factors influencing decisions, the models omit external demographic and personality factors and may not predict behaviors with long delays between intention and action.
The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) were developed in the 1960s and 1970s by social psychologists Icek Ajzen and Martin Fishbein to predict human behavior. The TRA focused on behavioral intentions as the main predictor of behaviors. The TPB extended the TRA by adding perceived behavioral control to account for behaviors with incomplete voluntary control. Both theories posit that behavioral intention, shaped by attitudes and subjective norms, is the strongest predictor of actual behavior. The theories provide frameworks for understanding motivations and designing interventions to change behaviors.
This document provides an overview of the Theory of Planned Behavior. It explains that the theory predicts intention to perform a behavior based on three factors: attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. It defines each of these factors and describes how intention and these factors are measured, typically using Likert-style surveys. The key concepts of the theory are behavioral intention, attitude toward behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.
The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) was developed in the 1960s-1980s to establish a relationship between attitudes and overt behaviors. The TRA model proposes that behavioral intentions are determined by two factors: attitude toward the behavior and subjective norms. These intentions are highly correlated with actual behaviors. The TRA has been used in information systems research to study topics like online grocery buying intentions, factors influencing technology adoption behaviors, and social networking behaviors. While useful, the TRA is limited when behaviors are not under volitional control and does not account for all external factors that could influence intentions and behaviors.
The document summarizes the Theory of Planned Behavior developed by Icek Ajzen. The theory proposes that behavioral intentions are influenced by attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. It was developed from Ajzen's prior Theory of Reasoned Action which looked at attitude and subjective norms as predictors of intentional behaviors. The Theory of Planned Behavior adds perceived behavioral control to account for behaviors that are not entirely voluntary. It has been used to study health behaviors like safe sex practices, obesity, alcohol and cigarette use. While useful, some critics argue it does not consider all influential factors.
The Theory of Reasoned Action proposes that behavioral intention is the best predictor of behavior. Behavioral intention is influenced by two factors - attitude, which is one's personal beliefs about performing a behavior, and subjective norms, which is the social pressure one feels about a behavior. Both attitude and subjective norms combine to form behavioral intention, which then predicts whether the behavior will be performed. This theory has been applied to understand and modify behaviors related to health issues like STD/HIV prevention, health/fitness, smoking, and drinking.
Social psychology group project - theory of planned behaviour ChunYinTo
This document summarizes a study that applied the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to understand students' intentions to attend all their university lectures. The study surveyed 55 students and found that attitude and perceived behavioral control explained 35.8% of the variance in intention. Intention alone explained 58.2% of the variance in actual lecture attendance. Perceived behavioral control and intention together did not significantly improve prediction of attendance over intention alone. The results provided partial support for the TPB but also indicated some factors may be unique to the sample of Hong Kong university students.
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) proposes that behavioral intention, which is the best predictor of actual behavior, is influenced by three factors: attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. More favorable attitudes, more positive social pressure, and greater perceived control over the behavior strengthens one's intention to perform that behavior. While intention predicts behavior, other factors can still interfere with actually performing the intended behavior. The TPB is useful for marketers and health researchers to predict behaviors and develop strategies. Some critics argue the subjective norm component needs improvement or that the three factors should interact rather than be separate models.
Theory of reasoned action and theory of plannedAdnan Ahmed
The Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior models human behavior. [1] The models were originally developed in the 1960s-1980s and assume human behavior is under voluntary control. [2] The models include components of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control that influence behavioral intentions and actions. [3] The theories work best for behaviors perceived to be under personal control.
The document summarizes the Theory of Planned Behavior developed by Icek Ajzen. The theory proposes that behavioral intentions are influenced by attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. It was developed from Ajzen's prior Theory of Reasoned Action which looked at attitude and subjective norms as predictors of intentional behaviors. The Theory of Planned Behavior adds perceived behavioral control to account for behaviors that are not entirely voluntary. It has been used to study health behaviors like safe sex practices, obesity, alcohol and cigarette use. While useful, some critics argue it does not consider all influential factors.
The document discusses several theories related to human behavior:
1. The Theory of Reasoned Action posits that behavioral intentions and behaviors are influenced by attitudes and subjective norms. It aims to explain the variance between attitudes and behaviors.
2. The Theory of Planned Behavior builds upon the Theory of Reasoned Action by adding the construct of perceived behavioral control to account for non-volitional behaviors. It suggests that perceived behavioral control, along with attitudes and subjective norms, influence behavioral intentions and behaviors.
3. Self-Efficacy Theory focuses on an individual's belief in their own ability to successfully perform a behavior or task. This psychological attribute, along with physical attributes, may impact behaviors over and above attitudes and
Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior KripaThapaMagar1
The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) were developed to understand relationships between attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. TRA was introduced in 1967 and suggests behavioral intention is predicted by attitude and subjective norms. TPB was introduced in 1980 and extended TRA by adding perceived behavioral control to account for non-volitional factors. Both theories have been widely used to predict health behaviors.
Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT) is a model that seeks to explain attitudes and attitude change. EVT posits that an attitude is determined by beliefs about an object and the evaluation of those beliefs. Specifically, an attitude is the sum of each belief about an object multiplied by the evaluation of the associated concept. According to EVT, attitudes predispose behavior and can change when new information alters beliefs or the evaluation of beliefs. EVT has been applied in fields like advertising, psychology, and education to understand social influence and attitudes.
- The study examined the effects of fitspiration images on body image satisfaction and inspiration levels in men and women.
- Participants who viewed fitspiration images reported lower body image satisfaction than those who viewed control images.
- Men who viewed fitspiration images reported higher levels of confidence, while women reported higher levels of self-consciousness.
- The results suggest fitspiration images may negatively impact body image satisfaction, particularly for women who engage with such images on social media.
Behavioral science systematically studies behavior through controlled experiments and observations. It encompasses how organisms interact in nature. Unlike lay understanding, behavioral science uses scientific methods to understand and predict behavior objectively. The core disciplines are psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Psychology studies behavior through cause-and-effect, sociology examines social systems, and anthropology understands human-environment relationships. Common methods are experiments, observation, case studies, questionnaires, and interviews.
This document provides an overview of several common health behavior models, including the Health Belief Model and Trans-Theoretical Model. It discusses key concepts and constructs of each model, such as perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers. The Health Belief Model focuses on attitudes and beliefs that influence behaviors. The Trans-Theoretical Model examines an individual's readiness to change behaviors through different stages. Both aim to help understand health behaviors and design effective interventions.
The document discusses several theories of behavior change that can be applied to improve health behaviors. It summarizes the Health Belief Model, which focuses on perceptions of susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers. It also describes the Stages of Change Model and Transtheoretical Model, which view behavior change as a process through stages. Motivational Interviewing is explained as a technique to activate a patient's own motivation for change through collaboration, evocation and autonomy.
Behavior modification is a theory that explains learning through the consequences of one's actions. It involves managing the antecedents (events before a behavior) and consequences (events after a behavior) to change behavior. The objective is to increase behaviors by rewarding them positively or removing negative consequences, and decrease behaviors by punishing them or removing rewards. Some examples of applying behavior modification include offering bonuses to reduce absenteeism, rewarding exercise to encourage healthy lifestyles, and giving cash incentives for steps taken to promote walking. However, behavior modification may not always be suitable since people respond differently.
The document discusses a changing behaviour workshop taking place on September 18th in Cork County Hall. It will cover topics such as behaviour models, measurement surveys, driving low carbon behaviour, and effective communication. Dr. Vincent Carragher will be speaking.
Leon Festinger first proposed cognitive dissonance theory in 1957. The theory suggests that people have an inner drive for cognitive consistency and avoid disharmony between attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. When two cognitions clash, it produces an unpleasant feeling of tension called cognitive dissonance that motivates us to resolve the inconsistency. Dissonance can be reduced by changing beliefs, actions, or perceptions to restore cognitive consistency. Understanding cognitive dissonance provides insight into human rationalization and decision making processes.
The document discusses strategies for healthy eating. It recommends eating enough calories from a variety of foods including fruits, vegetables, grains and legumes while keeping portions moderate. It also recommends limiting sugary foods, salt and refined grains, staying hydrated, and being physically active. The healthiest foods to eat include fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds, whole grains, eggs, dairy, seafood, poultry and lean meats. A healthy diet should be guided by the healthy diet pyramid. Eating smart involves chewing food slowly, avoiding eating while distracted, listening to hunger/fullness cues, and eating small frequent meals.
This document discusses the importance of eating a balanced diet for health. It notes that an unhealthy diet can increase the risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The document provides guidelines for building healthy meals and references resources on balanced diets and weight loss from organizations like the World Health Organization and Mayo Clinic.
The document outlines a study to develop a portable water purifier to help isolated communities access clean drinking water during emergencies. It aims to determine if the purifier can be useful and environmentally friendly, identify its advantages, and prove that different materials can impact the outcome. The significance is to create an effective purifier for providing drinkable water. The scope is focused on finding how effective the product can be using local materials, while it is limited to helping people in desperate situations, especially those isolated areas.
Purifier Logic Class II Biological Safety Cabinets PresentationLabconco Corporation
This document provides information about the Purifier® Logic® Class II Biological Safety Cabinet. It includes:
1) An overview of the cabinet's features such as its LED display, stainless steel construction, ergonomic design, and energy efficient motor.
2) Descriptions of the cabinet's operation and how its electronically commutated motor provides constant airflow and filter life monitoring.
3) Details on the cabinet's certifications and various accessory options like base stands, UV lights, and storage carts.
The document aims to educate users on the key specifications and benefits of the Purifier® Logic® Class II Biological Safety Cabinet.
This document contains a PLC program with 9 rungs. The program uses multiplication, subtraction, and move instructions to calculate pulse width, pulse time, and pulse time low from given values. It then uses these calculated values in timer on delay instructions to control the timing of outputs.
The document summarizes the Theory of Planned Behavior developed by Icek Ajzen. The theory proposes that behavioral intentions are influenced by attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. It was developed from Ajzen's prior Theory of Reasoned Action which looked at attitude and subjective norms as predictors of intentional behaviors. The Theory of Planned Behavior adds perceived behavioral control to account for behaviors that are not entirely voluntary. It has been used to study health behaviors like safe sex practices, obesity, alcohol and cigarette use. While useful, some critics argue it does not consider all influential factors.
The Theory of Reasoned Action proposes that behavioral intention is the best predictor of behavior. Behavioral intention is influenced by two factors - attitude, which is one's personal beliefs about performing a behavior, and subjective norms, which is the social pressure one feels about a behavior. Both attitude and subjective norms combine to form behavioral intention, which then predicts whether the behavior will be performed. This theory has been applied to understand and modify behaviors related to health issues like STD/HIV prevention, health/fitness, smoking, and drinking.
Social psychology group project - theory of planned behaviour ChunYinTo
This document summarizes a study that applied the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to understand students' intentions to attend all their university lectures. The study surveyed 55 students and found that attitude and perceived behavioral control explained 35.8% of the variance in intention. Intention alone explained 58.2% of the variance in actual lecture attendance. Perceived behavioral control and intention together did not significantly improve prediction of attendance over intention alone. The results provided partial support for the TPB but also indicated some factors may be unique to the sample of Hong Kong university students.
The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) proposes that behavioral intention, which is the best predictor of actual behavior, is influenced by three factors: attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. More favorable attitudes, more positive social pressure, and greater perceived control over the behavior strengthens one's intention to perform that behavior. While intention predicts behavior, other factors can still interfere with actually performing the intended behavior. The TPB is useful for marketers and health researchers to predict behaviors and develop strategies. Some critics argue the subjective norm component needs improvement or that the three factors should interact rather than be separate models.
Theory of reasoned action and theory of plannedAdnan Ahmed
The Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior models human behavior. [1] The models were originally developed in the 1960s-1980s and assume human behavior is under voluntary control. [2] The models include components of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control that influence behavioral intentions and actions. [3] The theories work best for behaviors perceived to be under personal control.
The document summarizes the Theory of Planned Behavior developed by Icek Ajzen. The theory proposes that behavioral intentions are influenced by attitude toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. It was developed from Ajzen's prior Theory of Reasoned Action which looked at attitude and subjective norms as predictors of intentional behaviors. The Theory of Planned Behavior adds perceived behavioral control to account for behaviors that are not entirely voluntary. It has been used to study health behaviors like safe sex practices, obesity, alcohol and cigarette use. While useful, some critics argue it does not consider all influential factors.
The document discusses several theories related to human behavior:
1. The Theory of Reasoned Action posits that behavioral intentions and behaviors are influenced by attitudes and subjective norms. It aims to explain the variance between attitudes and behaviors.
2. The Theory of Planned Behavior builds upon the Theory of Reasoned Action by adding the construct of perceived behavioral control to account for non-volitional behaviors. It suggests that perceived behavioral control, along with attitudes and subjective norms, influence behavioral intentions and behaviors.
3. Self-Efficacy Theory focuses on an individual's belief in their own ability to successfully perform a behavior or task. This psychological attribute, along with physical attributes, may impact behaviors over and above attitudes and
Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior KripaThapaMagar1
The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) were developed to understand relationships between attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. TRA was introduced in 1967 and suggests behavioral intention is predicted by attitude and subjective norms. TPB was introduced in 1980 and extended TRA by adding perceived behavioral control to account for non-volitional factors. Both theories have been widely used to predict health behaviors.
Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT) is a model that seeks to explain attitudes and attitude change. EVT posits that an attitude is determined by beliefs about an object and the evaluation of those beliefs. Specifically, an attitude is the sum of each belief about an object multiplied by the evaluation of the associated concept. According to EVT, attitudes predispose behavior and can change when new information alters beliefs or the evaluation of beliefs. EVT has been applied in fields like advertising, psychology, and education to understand social influence and attitudes.
- The study examined the effects of fitspiration images on body image satisfaction and inspiration levels in men and women.
- Participants who viewed fitspiration images reported lower body image satisfaction than those who viewed control images.
- Men who viewed fitspiration images reported higher levels of confidence, while women reported higher levels of self-consciousness.
- The results suggest fitspiration images may negatively impact body image satisfaction, particularly for women who engage with such images on social media.
Behavioral science systematically studies behavior through controlled experiments and observations. It encompasses how organisms interact in nature. Unlike lay understanding, behavioral science uses scientific methods to understand and predict behavior objectively. The core disciplines are psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Psychology studies behavior through cause-and-effect, sociology examines social systems, and anthropology understands human-environment relationships. Common methods are experiments, observation, case studies, questionnaires, and interviews.
This document provides an overview of several common health behavior models, including the Health Belief Model and Trans-Theoretical Model. It discusses key concepts and constructs of each model, such as perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers. The Health Belief Model focuses on attitudes and beliefs that influence behaviors. The Trans-Theoretical Model examines an individual's readiness to change behaviors through different stages. Both aim to help understand health behaviors and design effective interventions.
The document discusses several theories of behavior change that can be applied to improve health behaviors. It summarizes the Health Belief Model, which focuses on perceptions of susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers. It also describes the Stages of Change Model and Transtheoretical Model, which view behavior change as a process through stages. Motivational Interviewing is explained as a technique to activate a patient's own motivation for change through collaboration, evocation and autonomy.
Behavior modification is a theory that explains learning through the consequences of one's actions. It involves managing the antecedents (events before a behavior) and consequences (events after a behavior) to change behavior. The objective is to increase behaviors by rewarding them positively or removing negative consequences, and decrease behaviors by punishing them or removing rewards. Some examples of applying behavior modification include offering bonuses to reduce absenteeism, rewarding exercise to encourage healthy lifestyles, and giving cash incentives for steps taken to promote walking. However, behavior modification may not always be suitable since people respond differently.
The document discusses a changing behaviour workshop taking place on September 18th in Cork County Hall. It will cover topics such as behaviour models, measurement surveys, driving low carbon behaviour, and effective communication. Dr. Vincent Carragher will be speaking.
Leon Festinger first proposed cognitive dissonance theory in 1957. The theory suggests that people have an inner drive for cognitive consistency and avoid disharmony between attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. When two cognitions clash, it produces an unpleasant feeling of tension called cognitive dissonance that motivates us to resolve the inconsistency. Dissonance can be reduced by changing beliefs, actions, or perceptions to restore cognitive consistency. Understanding cognitive dissonance provides insight into human rationalization and decision making processes.
The document discusses strategies for healthy eating. It recommends eating enough calories from a variety of foods including fruits, vegetables, grains and legumes while keeping portions moderate. It also recommends limiting sugary foods, salt and refined grains, staying hydrated, and being physically active. The healthiest foods to eat include fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds, whole grains, eggs, dairy, seafood, poultry and lean meats. A healthy diet should be guided by the healthy diet pyramid. Eating smart involves chewing food slowly, avoiding eating while distracted, listening to hunger/fullness cues, and eating small frequent meals.
This document discusses the importance of eating a balanced diet for health. It notes that an unhealthy diet can increase the risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The document provides guidelines for building healthy meals and references resources on balanced diets and weight loss from organizations like the World Health Organization and Mayo Clinic.
The document outlines a study to develop a portable water purifier to help isolated communities access clean drinking water during emergencies. It aims to determine if the purifier can be useful and environmentally friendly, identify its advantages, and prove that different materials can impact the outcome. The significance is to create an effective purifier for providing drinkable water. The scope is focused on finding how effective the product can be using local materials, while it is limited to helping people in desperate situations, especially those isolated areas.
Purifier Logic Class II Biological Safety Cabinets PresentationLabconco Corporation
This document provides information about the Purifier® Logic® Class II Biological Safety Cabinet. It includes:
1) An overview of the cabinet's features such as its LED display, stainless steel construction, ergonomic design, and energy efficient motor.
2) Descriptions of the cabinet's operation and how its electronically commutated motor provides constant airflow and filter life monitoring.
3) Details on the cabinet's certifications and various accessory options like base stands, UV lights, and storage carts.
The document aims to educate users on the key specifications and benefits of the Purifier® Logic® Class II Biological Safety Cabinet.
This document contains a PLC program with 9 rungs. The program uses multiplication, subtraction, and move instructions to calculate pulse width, pulse time, and pulse time low from given values. It then uses these calculated values in timer on delay instructions to control the timing of outputs.
Weight Control And Healthy Eating for Women in SingaporeAzmiSuhaimi
This document summarizes a research study on weight control and healthy eating among female undergraduates in the National University of Singapore. The study found that over 67% of female undergraduates were controlling their weight, primarily through exercise and dietary changes. While intention to control weight was positively correlated with attitude, subjective norms, and self-efficacy, subjective norms had the strongest relationship. There was a positive correlation between intention and attitude towards healthy eating but a negative correlation between intention and frequency of healthy eating practices. The findings provide insight into weight control behaviors and perceptions among female university students.
This document provides information about transitioning to a plant-based diet, including key nutrients, exercise benefits, and food safety. It discusses transitioning gradually by focusing first on healthy foods while reducing dislikes. Colorful fruits and vegetables from the rainbow are emphasized. Food industry secrets and budget-friendly tips are also covered. Recipes like pumpkin ice cream are included to make the transition enjoyable.
The document discusses strategies for healthy eating. It recommends eating enough calories from a variety of foods including fruits, vegetables, grains and legumes while keeping portions moderate. It also recommends limiting sugary foods, salt and refined grains, staying hydrated, and being physically active. The healthiest foods to eat include fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds, whole grains, eggs, dairy, seafood, poultry and lean meats. A healthy diet should be guided by the healthy diet pyramid. Eating smart involves chewing food slowly, avoiding eating while distracted, listening to hunger/fullness cues, and eating small frequent meals.
This document discusses opportunities for nutrition policy, systems, and environmental changes in worksite wellness programs. It provides examples of best practices like implementing a healthy food environment policy to increase the availability, identification, and appeal of healthy options. Specific policy recommendations include requiring a minimum percentage of healthy foods in cafeterias and vending machines, using nutrition labeling, and pricing healthier foods lower. Additional quick start ideas mentioned are adding fresh fruits and veggies to vending machines, cafeterias, and break rooms along with hosting farmers markets, community supported agriculture drop-sites, and worksite gardens.
water purifier ppt its very simple to understand..in this ppt we compaired two different companies and thier market values on now days..its very useful for final year CASP subject students..
This document provides an overview of various behavior models used in health promotion, including definitions, history, and applications. It discusses models such as the Health Belief Model, Trans-Theoretical Model, Theory of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior, Social Cognitive Theory, Locus of Control, and Sense of Coherence. It also provides examples of applications of these models to oral health research, such as using the Health Belief Model to design an oral health education program and examining oral hygiene behaviors using the Trans-Theoretical Model.
Health Psychology. By Theresa Lowry-Lehnen. Lecturer of Psychology.Theresa Lowry-Lehnen
This document discusses health psychology and the factors that influence health and illness. It covers the following key points:
1. Health psychology examines the biological, psychological, and social factors that influence physical health and illness. It takes a biopsychosocial approach.
2. Psychological factors like stress can directly and indirectly impact health by influencing health behaviors and choices.
3. Health psychologists focus on health promotion, prevention and treatment of illness, and helping people adjust to illness or follow treatment plans.
4. Personality, coping styles, social support systems, health habits, and illness perceptions all influence health according to health psychology.
Smoking has been widespread in Britain since the 16th century, though its health risks were not firmly established until the 1950s. Currently, about 12 million British adults smoke, with rates highest among younger people and those from manual socioeconomic groups. Smoking causes over 100,000 deaths per year in the UK due to increased risks of cancer, heart disease, and respiratory illness. While some believe there are benefits to smoking like stress relief, evidence shows smokers have higher stress levels and that smoking provides only temporary relief through addiction, not actual stress reduction.
The document discusses nutrition and balanced diets. It notes that nutrition should be a high priority, as malnutrition is widespread among mothers and children due to faulty dietary habits stemming from ignorance. A balanced diet provides all required nutrients in proper amounts and proportions to perform the body's energy, building, and protective functions. It emphasizes including a variety of foods from the staple, energy-rich, and body-building food groups to obtain essential vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats and more. Antioxidants protect the body from harmful free radicals, and are found in plants like fruits and vegetables.
A balanced diet contains adequate amounts of all necessary nutrients from a variety of foods to promote good health. It provides energy, water, fiber, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. An improper or unbalanced diet can lead to poor growth, health issues, and diseases like obesity and diabetes. A balanced diet plan incorporates vegetables, fruits, dairy, grains, proteins, and healthy fats or oils at recommended amounts each day. The RDA defines adequate intake levels of essential nutrients to meet the nutritional needs of almost all healthy individuals.
The document discusses the health effects and consequences of smoking. It covers causes of smoking like peer pressure, reasons for quitting like health and cost, and possible solutions like nicotine gum and increased cigarette prices. Health risks of smoking include diseases and reduced life expectancy. The document provides statistics on smoking prevalence and deaths worldwide.
- The document discusses different models of eating behavior including developmental, cognitive, and psychophysiological models. The developmental model highlights the role of exposure, social learning, and associative learning in developing food preferences from a young age. The cognitive model emphasizes how beliefs and attitudes impact food choices. And the psychophysiological model examines the role of senses, neurochemicals, and stress in eating behavior. The document also provides 8 strategies for encouraging healthy eating habits in children, such as getting them involved in food preparation, focusing on balance, and leading by example through one's own behaviors and choices.
The document discusses Albert Bandura's self-efficacy theory, which is part of social cognitive theory. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their own ability to complete tasks and reach goals. Bandura identified several factors that can influence self-efficacy, including personal mastery of tasks, social persuasion, vicarious experience, and physiological states. The document also summarizes some classic studies conducted by Bandura that demonstrate how these factors impact self-efficacy.
Aggression: AQA 'A' Psychology A2 textbook by Mike Cardwell and Cara Flanagan, this powerpoint examines social psychology, biological explanations and evolution, more specifically: SLT, deindividuation, institutional aggression, hormones, etc.
13020181THEORY OF REASONED ACTION ANDTHEORY OF PLA.docxherminaprocter
1/30/2018
1
THEORY OF REASONED ACTION AND
THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
FISHBEIN AND AJZEN’S
THEORY OF REASONED ACTION
Originally developed in 1967; further developed during the
1970’s. By the 1980’s, very commonly used to study human
behavior
History:
Originated in the field of social psychology.
The concept of “attitude” as a trigger and predictor of
human behavior.
Value‐Expectancy theory
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE MODEL
Human behavior is under the voluntary control of the
individual
Man is “basically a rational information processor”
“Beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors are influenced by the
information available...”
People think about the consequences and implications of their actions
behavior the decide whether or not to do something.
A model that assumes the people are “rational actors”; NOT a model of
“rational behaviors”
Therefore, intention must be highly correlated with
behavior.
Whether or not a person intends to perform a health behavior should
correlate with whether or not they actually DO the behavior
Distinguishes between attitude toward an object and attitude toward a
behavior (e.g., Attitude toward breast cancer vs. Attitude toward
mammography)
BEHAVIORAL INTENTION
Perceived likelihood of performing the behavior
Must be a “firm” indication of intent
Affecting “intent” is the goal of a TRA based
intervention
THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
http://www.people.umass.edu/aizen/tpb.diag.html
Behavior
Behavioral
Intention
Subjective
Norm
Attitude
Toward Behavior
Motivation to
comply
Normative Beliefs
Evaluations of
Behavioral Outcomes
Behavioral Beliefs
Theory of Reasoned Action
ATTITUDE TOWARDS BEHAVIOR
Behavioral Belief
Belief that behavioral performance is associated with certain
attributes or outcomes (i.e., What will happen if I engage in
this behavior?)
Influential factors?
Past experience
Information received or not received
Social influences (family, peers, etc.)
Evaluation
Value attached to a behavioral outcome or attribute (i.e., Is
this outcome desirable or undesirable)
1/30/2018
2
SUBJECTIVE NORM
Normative Belief
Belief about whether each referent approves or
disapproves of the behavior (i.e., others’ expectations)
Most influential referents? (Media, teachers, peers,
parents, spouses, etc.)
Motivation to Comply
Motivation to do what each referent thinks (e.g., do I want
to do what they tell me? How much? Why?)
Parents vs. Peers?
EXAMPLES
Bob often engages in DUI behaviors.
Why?
Why would you do to change the behavior?
Peter exercises does not exercise at all.
Why?
Why would you do to change the behavior?
Emma does not take her diabetes medicine regularly.
Why?
Why would you do to change the behavior?
LIMITATIONS OF TRA
Are there situations where one may want to do
certain behavior (i.e., high intention) but does not
perform the behavior?
People who have little power o.
Behavioral Weight Loss Interventions.State of the Science, Alex Psychiatry 26...Nilly Shams
The document discusses behavioral weight loss interventions and the role of behavioral modification in obesity management. It finds that interventions combining dietary therapy, increased physical activity, and behavioral therapy are more successful for long-term weight loss than those without all three components. Key elements of effective behavioral strategies include nutrition education, self-monitoring, stimulus control, slowing eating pace, goal-setting, contracting, and social support. Commercial programs like Weight Watchers and Jenny Craig show efficacy due to incorporating behavioral modification strategies. Health coaching can also apply these principles to help clients develop personalized goals and plans for sustained behavior change.
This document outlines a plan to influence employees to adopt healthy eating habits using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. It analyzes employees' current beliefs and attitudes related to eating healthy versus desired beliefs and attitudes. It then provides concepts and tools to help make the transition, targeting behavioral beliefs and attitudes, normative beliefs and subjective norms, and control beliefs and perceived behavioral control. Progress will be tracked using individual and group assessments of knowledge, attitudes, and eating habits over time to measure the effectiveness of the initiative.
This document proposes a randomized controlled trial to test the effectiveness of Interpersonal Therapy in Groups (IPT-G) at reducing maternal depression and improving child health behaviors and outcomes. The trial would involve screening 3600 mothers in Malawi for depression and enrolling 750 depressed mothers to receive either IPT-G plus care group promotion of health behaviors or care group promotion only. The trial aims to determine if reducing maternal depression through IPT-G leads to improved adoption of nutrition and hygiene behaviors and better child growth indicators. It is hoped the results can help scale up effective models for integrating depression treatment into development programs.
Eating Disorders and Self Esteem in Adolescents, Teens, and .docxjacksnathalie
Eating Disorders and Self Esteem in Adolescents, Teens, and Young Adults
A Comparative Analysis
Johnson, F., & Wardle, J. (2005). Dietary restraint, body dissatisfaction, and psychological distress: A prospective analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(1), 119-125. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.119
Olivardia, R., Pope, H. r., Borowiecki, J., & Cohane, G. H. (2004). Biceps and body image: The relationship between muscularity and self-esteem, depression, and eating disorder symptoms. Psychology of Men &Masculinity, 5(2), 112-120. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.5.2.112
Eating Disorders and Self Esteem in Adolescents, Teens, and Young Adults
How do self-esteem and eating disorders interact with one another in terms of gender bias, gender difference, and gender predisposition?
Is there a correlation between self-esteem and eating disorders and if so, can a symbiotic or cyclical relationship be determined?
Introduction
Body image, eating disorders, self-esteem, and muscularity are all very significant and pressing issues facing adolescents and young adults. The reasons for the formations of maladaptive behaviors associated with these issues warrant review some of the research literature surrounding them. Hopefully the following will bring to light pertinent and helpful information on the subject in regard to similarities and/or differences between genders as well as what role society/environment and internal perceptions have in influencing the formation of eating disorders in this vulnerable and at risk population.
Johnson, F., & Wardle, J. (2005).
Research Article 1:
Dietary Restraint, Body Dissatisfaction, and Psychological Distress: A Prospective Analysis
What are the Authors Research Questions?
Examination of the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationship between dietary restraint and:
Investigation of the relationships between body dissatisfaction and:
Examination of the effects of dietary restraint and body dissatisfaction simultaneously in the same analytic model to compare their predictive power for:
Binge Eating, Emotional Eating, Abnormal Eating Attitudes Toward Eating And Weight
Depression, Stress, Low Self-esteem
Prospective Cohort Design
This is a design which is both cross-sectional and longitudinal
The Design
Operational Definitions For This Research Study
Cohorts-Group of similar individuals who share certain characteristics
Longitudinal-Following over a period of time to observe variation or change
Cross-sectional-refers to collecting data from cohorts at one particular point in time
Dietary Restraint-intentional efforts to achieve or maintain a desired weight
through reduced caloric intake
Body Dissatisfaction-Extent to which concerns about body shape cause distress and interfere with normal activities.
Stratified Random Sampling Method
1,177 Adolescent Females between the Ages of 13-15 Years
Attending 6 Secondary Schools in North West England
98% of girls present participated representing 84% of the to ...
Emily Kothe - ICBM2012 - Randomised controlled trial of a theory-based interv...Emily Kothe
The study tested a web-based intervention called Fresh Facts that was designed to increase fruit and vegetable consumption in young adults based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. The intervention consisted of emails delivered every 3 days over 30 days that targeted attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. While the intervention led to improvements in attitudes and subjective norms, it did not significantly impact perceived behavioral control, intentions, or fruit and vegetable intake. Both the intervention and control groups saw increases in some measures from baseline to follow-up. The study suggests more work is needed to understand mechanisms driving changes in the control group and to target more proximal predictors of consumption behavior.
This document discusses methods for dietary evaluation in communities. There are direct methods like anthropometry, biochemical tests, and clinical exams, as well as indirect methods using health statistics. Dietary evaluation includes 24-hour recalls, food frequency questionnaires, dietary histories, food diaries, and observed consumption. These methods assess intake and compare it to requirements to identify deficiencies, excesses, and necessary diet corrections.
This study examined how self-regulation and self-control uniquely predict adolescent health behaviors. Researchers recruited over 2,000 adolescents in North Carolina and measured their self-regulation, self-control, and health behaviors via phone interviews and questionnaires. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that dimensions of self-regulation significantly predicted behaviors even after accounting for covariates, and self-control variables provided incremental prediction above self-regulation for all behaviors except exercise. Initiation and inhibition differentially predicted outcomes, and the study provides further evidence that self-control adds predictive value beyond general self-regulatory ability.
Obesity research agenda: a reflection & a refreshStephen S Holden
Despite volumes of research on obesity, we seem little closer to a solution. A review of existing research suggests that research utility might be improved by focusing on (1) the ultimate outcomes (weight and health), (2) employing natural, quasi-experimental designs, (3) effect sizes and replication
Deakin University,
- Obesity rates in the UK have been rising, with more obesity-related deaths between 2000-2006. Change4Life was launched in 2009 as a social marketing campaign to encourage healthy eating, activity, and weight management.
- Change4Life focuses on families with young children, provides tips and resources, and partners with organizations. Evaluations found it increased awareness of links between diet, activity, and health.
- The presentation compares Singapore's health promotion strategies, which face challenges like preferences for unhealthy food and low barriers to eating, despite having a higher life expectancy than the UK.
This study examined the relationship between physical exercise and healthy nutrition behaviors. The researchers proposed that:
1) Regular physical exercise can become habitual, freeing up self-regulatory resources to engage in other healthy behaviors like healthy eating.
2) Exercise promotes "transfer cognitions", which increase the likelihood of applying knowledge and skills from exercise to diet.
3) A new scale (TRACS) was introduced to measure transfer cognitions, providing a framework to explain cross-behavior regulation. The study found evidence that exercise was associated with increased habit strength, transfer cognitions, and healthy eating behaviors.
This document provides an overview of guidelines for designing a healthy diet, including key principles for diet planning and evaluating nutritional status. It discusses balancing food intake, incorporating variety, choosing nutrient-dense foods, controlling energy intake, and eating foods in moderation. Recommendations for nutritional intake come from scientific research on levels of nutritional status and deficiencies. Dietary guidelines include the USDA's MyPlate, which emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, proteins and dairy while limiting empty calories. Food labels provide information to help follow nutritional recommendations.
The document discusses a partnership between Ohio State University Extension and county commissioners to promote healthy living through educational modules. It describes using an assessment tool to determine community needs and interests related to health topics like physical activity, stress management, and diabetes prevention. The Ohio State University Extension will then develop evidence-based educational modules on these topics to strengthen the partnership and empower communities through education.
Global Medicine - Containing cost of care through global medicine0neW0rldT0gether
Presentation by Cindy Mason, CMT, Ph.D. Stanford Research Associate, former fellow Stanford School of Medicine at Palo Alto Veterans Administration. Discussion of growing evidence and effectiveness of cheap and accessible alternatives to care for growing populations.
Obesity- Tipping Back the Scales of the Nation 19th April, 2017mckenln
This document summarizes the development of a new "Eat, Think, Change" group for patients struggling with disordered eating and binge eating disorder (BED) within an existing weight management program. The group aims to address the mechanisms maintaining disordered eating behaviors before focusing on weight loss. Initial outcomes show reductions in binge eating frequency and increased awareness of eating behaviors among participants. The program aims to provide more effective support for this population and prevent cycles of unsuccessful weight loss attempts.
Similar to TPB and Healthy Eating Presentation (20)
The document discusses memes and argues they should not be considered a meaningless metaphor. It defines memes as elements of culture passed through non-genetic means like imitation. Memes like catchy songs, stories, and religious teachings have been passed down through generations, demonstrating their role in human evolution. While some criticize memes as too simplistic an explanation for behavior, the document argues memes have significantly impacted cultural development and the spread of ideas.
The document discusses pharmacological treatments for phantom limb pain (PLP). It finds that while certain drugs can help aspects of PLP, no single treatment eliminates it. Opioids may help severe pain but have risks. Muscle relaxants can ease cramping. Psychological treatments like hypnosis and relaxation are also useful by reducing stress, a common PLP factor. The best approach may integrate pharmacological treatments with psychological ones to safely manage different PLP aspects.
This document is a research proposal that aims to investigate whether the intensity of alcohol hangover symptoms can serve as a marker for future development of alcohol use disorders. The proposal provides background on alcohol hangover and alcohol use disorder. It reviews previous research that has found associations between family history of alcohol use disorder and increased hangover symptoms. The proposed study aims to build on this by investigating how hangover symptoms influence near-term drinking behaviors and whether personal traits like guilt are associated with hangover and alcohol use disorder. The study will use an online naturalistic design to compare university and MTurk samples.
This document compares qualitative and quantitative research methods used to investigate people's experiences of phantom limb pain. It summarizes several quantitative studies that surveyed large samples of amputees about prevalence and characteristics of phantom limb pain. However, these studies provided limited insight due to their standardized questions and specific samples. Qualitative interviews allowed for richer understanding by exploring individual experiences in detail. One study interviewed 28 amputees about their phantom limb and breast pain experiences over time. This revealed how experiences varied individually and were influenced by sociocultural factors. Qualitative research was better able to account for the complex, subjective nature of phantom pain.
The document provides a critique of the use of qualitative methods in health psychology research. It discusses some of the key advantages of qualitative research, such as gaining an in-depth understanding of individual experiences of health issues. However, it also notes criticisms of qualitative research from quantitative psychologists, such as concerns about reliability and generalizability. Overall, the document argues that while qualitative research has limitations, when conducted properly it can provide useful insights into areas not easily studied through quantitative methods alone. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches have strengths, and an integrated use of both may be most beneficial for research.
This study investigated whether drawing facilitates young children's verbal recall of video information. 80 primary school children aged 3-4 and 5-6 years old watched a short video clip and were asked to recall it 3 days later. The children were split into 4 groups: tell only, draw and tell, draw then tell, tell then draw and tell. It was found that there was no effect of recall condition or age on recall score. However, there was a difference in the type of information recalled, with all children recalling more objects than any other category. Therefore, this study does not support previous research findings that drawing positively impacts young children's recall.
1. Critically Evaluate the ExtentCritically Evaluate the Extent
to which the Theory of Plannedto which the Theory of Planned
Behaviour can Predict HealthyBehaviour can Predict Healthy
Eating BehavioursEating Behaviours
2. IntroductionIntroduction
• This presentation intends to: -This presentation intends to: -
1)1) Explain the model and why it is required.Explain the model and why it is required.
2)2) Apply the model to healthy eating.Apply the model to healthy eating.
3)3) Critically evaluate its effectiveness atCritically evaluate its effectiveness at
predicting healthy eating behaviourpredicting healthy eating behaviour
using recent psychological research.using recent psychological research.
3. Theory of Planned BehaviourTheory of Planned Behaviour
Ajzen (1988, ‘91)Ajzen (1988, ‘91)
• Theory of Planned Behaviour suggests: -Theory of Planned Behaviour suggests: -
– ““behaviour is deliberate and therefore can bebehaviour is deliberate and therefore can be
planned and predictedplanned and predicted ““
• Extention of Ajzen and Fishbein (1975, ‘80)Extention of Ajzen and Fishbein (1975, ‘80)
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA).Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA).
– Behaviour is not always completely under a person’sBehaviour is not always completely under a person’s
control.control.
– Ajzen extended TRA to include ‘PerceivedAjzen extended TRA to include ‘Perceived
Behavioural Control’ (PBC)Behavioural Control’ (PBC)
4. Theory of Planned BehaviourTheory of Planned Behaviour
Ajzen (1988, ‘91)Ajzen (1988, ‘91)
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior.Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. OrganizationalOrganizational
Behavior and Human Decision Processes,Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, p. 179-211.50, p. 179-211.
5. Theory of Planned BehaviourTheory of Planned Behaviour
Ajzen (1988, ‘91)Ajzen (1988, ‘91)
• Most widely used model in predicting healthyMost widely used model in predicting healthy
eating behaviour.eating behaviour.
• Assumes people eat healthy foods based on:Assumes people eat healthy foods based on:
– Positive attitudes towards them (attitudes).Positive attitudes towards them (attitudes).
– Perceived social pressure to continue (subjectivePerceived social pressure to continue (subjective
norms).norms).
– Belief that they can maintain healthy eating (PBC).Belief that they can maintain healthy eating (PBC).
• Predictions can be made about intentions andPredictions can be made about intentions and
actual behaviour.actual behaviour.
• Interventions may be implemented to changeInterventions may be implemented to change
peoples’ intentions.peoples’ intentions.
6. • National obesity rates are on the increase inNational obesity rates are on the increase in
western countries.western countries.
– 46% of men and 32% of women are overweight.46% of men and 32% of women are overweight.
– 17% of men and 21% of women are obese.17% of men and 21% of women are obese.
• Overweight and obesity increase with age.Overweight and obesity increase with age.
– 28% of men and 27% of women aged 16-24.28% of men and 27% of women aged 16-24.
– 76% of men and 68% of women aged 55-64.76% of men and 68% of women aged 55-64.
• Obesity rates have doubled since the mid-Obesity rates have doubled since the mid-
1980's.1980's.
(Collins, 2007)(Collins, 2007)
UK Obesity Statistics.UK Obesity Statistics.
7. Government InterventionsGovernment Interventions
• British Heart Foundation:British Heart Foundation:
– Programmes to raise public awareness of potentialProgrammes to raise public awareness of potential
risksrisks
– Eg. Coronary Heart Disease.Eg. Coronary Heart Disease.
– National campaigns:National campaigns:
– Five portions of fruit and veg.Five portions of fruit and veg.
– Decreasing salt intake.Decreasing salt intake.
– Lower cholesterol.Lower cholesterol.
– Decreasing saturated fat intake.Decreasing saturated fat intake.
– Two portions oily fish.Two portions oily fish.
• TPB may help identify barriers whichTPB may help identify barriers which
facilitate/ inhibit health eating behaviour.facilitate/ inhibit health eating behaviour.
8. Armitage and Conner (1999).Armitage and Conner (1999).
• Aims:Aims:
1.1. to apply TPB to eating a low-fat diet.to apply TPB to eating a low-fat diet.
2.2. to consider differences between self-efficacy and PBC.to consider differences between self-efficacy and PBC.
3.3. to examine self identity as an addition to the model.to examine self identity as an addition to the model.
4.4. to identify beliefs to provide targets for interventions.to identify beliefs to provide targets for interventions.
• Method:Method:
– Collected data from 221 students.Collected data from 221 students.
– Questionnaire – Px answered questions relating to;Questionnaire – Px answered questions relating to;
intentions, attitudes, subjective norms, PBC, self – efficacyintentions, attitudes, subjective norms, PBC, self – efficacy
and behaviour.and behaviour.
• FindingsFindings::
– Support for TPB as they displayed strong correlationSupport for TPB as they displayed strong correlation
between intention and behaviour and also between intentionbetween intention and behaviour and also between intention
and its direct antecedents.and its direct antecedents.
– Suggests TPB is useful in predicting consumption of low fatSuggests TPB is useful in predicting consumption of low fat
diets.diets.
9. Povey, Conner, Sparks, James andPovey, Conner, Sparks, James and
Shepherd (2000).Shepherd (2000).
• Aims:Aims:
1.1. to examine the distinction between self-efficacy and PBC.to examine the distinction between self-efficacy and PBC.
2.2. to assess relations between control beliefs and controlto assess relations between control beliefs and control
measures.measures.
• Method:Method:
– 287 members of general public.287 members of general public.
– Questionnaire – attitudes towards food.Questionnaire – attitudes towards food.
– Answered questions relating to; intentions, attitudes. PBC,Answered questions relating to; intentions, attitudes. PBC,
subjective norms, controls beliefs and perceived need.subjective norms, controls beliefs and perceived need.
– A month later – follow up questionnaire about actual eatingA month later – follow up questionnaire about actual eating
behaviour.behaviour.
• Findings:Findings:
– Showed support for TPB as components predict intentions.Showed support for TPB as components predict intentions.
– Less good at predicting actual behaviour, with self-Less good at predicting actual behaviour, with self-
efficacy being more effective than perceived control.efficacy being more effective than perceived control.
10. Fila and Smith (2006).Fila and Smith (2006).
• Aims:Aims:
1.1. to investigate efficacy of TPB to predict healthy eating.to investigate efficacy of TPB to predict healthy eating.
• Method:Method:
– 139 Native American youths given a survey to assess eating139 Native American youths given a survey to assess eating
behaviour using the TPB constructs.behaviour using the TPB constructs.
– Added 2 extra constructs; barriers and self-efficacy.Added 2 extra constructs; barriers and self-efficacy.
– Body Mass Index (BMI) was also calculated.Body Mass Index (BMI) was also calculated.
• FindingsFindings::
– No support for TPB - no association between intention andNo support for TPB - no association between intention and
healthy eatinghealthy eating..
– Most predictive barriers were availability and taste ofMost predictive barriers were availability and taste of
food.food.
– Boys – subjective norms.Boys – subjective norms.
– Girls – barriers.Girls – barriers.
11. EvaluationEvaluation
• Armitage and Conner (1999)Armitage and Conner (1999)
– Intentions best predictors of eating low fat diet.Intentions best predictors of eating low fat diet.
• Behaviour volitional and not affected by PBC.Behaviour volitional and not affected by PBC.
• Largely dependent on self efficacy and attitudes.Largely dependent on self efficacy and attitudes.
– Risk of CHD not facilitating factor.Risk of CHD not facilitating factor.
• Aware of the risks of excessive fat consumption andAware of the risks of excessive fat consumption and
maintain behaviours regardless.maintain behaviours regardless.
– Highlighting these factors may prove futile whenHighlighting these factors may prove futile when
developing interventions.developing interventions.
12. EvaluationEvaluation
• Povey et al (2000)Povey et al (2000)
– Ambiguous behaviours difficult to predict using TPB due toAmbiguous behaviours difficult to predict using TPB due to
interpretations.interpretations.
– Specific much easier to predict as they are open to littleSpecific much easier to predict as they are open to little
interpretation.interpretation.
• Clear targetsClear targets
• Easier to derive intentionsEasier to derive intentions
• Williams (1995)Williams (1995)
– May help improve nutrition guidelines.May help improve nutrition guidelines.
– Individuals can monitor and control their eating behaviour.Individuals can monitor and control their eating behaviour.
13. EvaluationEvaluation
• Armitage and Conner (1999)Armitage and Conner (1999)
– Px struggled to separate the two concepts.Px struggled to separate the two concepts.
• Self efficacy – perception of own ability.Self efficacy – perception of own ability.
• PBC – external inhibiting factors.PBC – external inhibiting factors.
• Povey et al (2000)Povey et al (2000)
– Self efficacy much better predictor.Self efficacy much better predictor.
• Terry and O’Leary (1995) & Sparks et alTerry and O’Leary (1995) & Sparks et al
(1997)(1997)
– Perception of difficulty greater predictor thanPerception of difficulty greater predictor than
perceptions of control.perceptions of control.
• May be useful to include self efficacy intoMay be useful to include self efficacy into
TPB alongside PBC.TPB alongside PBC.
14. EvaluationEvaluation
• TPB assumes humans are rational beings whoTPB assumes humans are rational beings who
always carry out their intentions.always carry out their intentions.
• Misconception that people weigh up theirMisconception that people weigh up their
intentions with the other factors stated tointentions with the other factors stated to
argue whether or not to engage in healthyargue whether or not to engage in healthy
behaviour.behaviour.
• In reality, people tend to be much moreIn reality, people tend to be much more
chaotic.chaotic.
– Eat unhealthy food, then retrospectively generateEat unhealthy food, then retrospectively generate
arguments in order to justify their behaviour.arguments in order to justify their behaviour.
15. EvaluationEvaluation
• Gap between intentions and behaviour.Gap between intentions and behaviour.
– Due to presentation of statements relating toDue to presentation of statements relating to
behavioural intentions.behavioural intentions.
• Don’t address immediate or long term intentions.Don’t address immediate or long term intentions.
• Much more vague – eat healthy at some point.Much more vague – eat healthy at some point.
• Povey et al (2000) and Fila and Smith (2006):Povey et al (2000) and Fila and Smith (2006):
– TPB – weak predictor of actual behaviour.TPB – weak predictor of actual behaviour.
– No relationship between intention and behaviour.No relationship between intention and behaviour.
• Lifestyle constraints may inhibit behavioural change.Lifestyle constraints may inhibit behavioural change.
16.
17. EvaluationEvaluation
• Major methodological flaw with TPB studies:Major methodological flaw with TPB studies:
– Small/ Specific Sample Sizes:Small/ Specific Sample Sizes:
• Armitage and Conner (1999) – 221 studentsArmitage and Conner (1999) – 221 students
• Fila and Smith (2006) – 139 Native AmericansFila and Smith (2006) – 139 Native Americans
• However:However:
– Povey et al (2000) 287 members of public – muchPovey et al (2000) 287 members of public – much
more generalisedmore generalised
• Although arguably specified sample due to the types ofAlthough arguably specified sample due to the types of
people responding to an advert?people responding to an advert?
• NB: Questionnaires administered to largerNB: Questionnaires administered to larger
populations.populations.
– Small samples may reflect lack of interestSmall samples may reflect lack of interest
18. ConclusionConclusion
• Vast understanding to be gained from usingVast understanding to be gained from using
TPB.TPB.
– Requires further manipulation to becomeRequires further manipulation to become
successful predictor of healthy behaviours.successful predictor of healthy behaviours.
• Food frequency questionnaires (Povey et al,Food frequency questionnaires (Povey et al,
2000).2000).
– Some foods may not easily fit into availableSome foods may not easily fit into available
categories.categories.
19. ConclusionConclusion
• Self – efficacy more effective at predictingSelf – efficacy more effective at predicting
ambiguous behaviours.ambiguous behaviours.
• PBC more effective at predicting specificPBC more effective at predicting specific
behaviours.behaviours.
• TPB may be more effective if both theseTPB may be more effective if both these
aspects were included to predict behavioursaspects were included to predict behaviours
based on people’s perceived control andbased on people’s perceived control and
perception of their ability to carry out theperception of their ability to carry out the
behaviour.behaviour.