towards understanding the fundamental of computer hardware

Fundamentals of Information
Systems, Second Edition
1
Hardware and Software
Chapter 2

2
Learning Objectives
– Identify and discuss the role of the essential
hardware components of a computer system.
– List and describe popular classes of computer
systems and discuss the role of each.
– Outline the role of the operating system and
discuss how operating systems have evolved
over time.
– Identify and briefly describe the functions of
the two basic kinds of software.

3
Computer System Components
Math calculations
Access, decode,
coordinate
instructions
Hold program
instructions and
data

4
Hardware Components in Action
• Instruction phase
– Step 1: Fetch instruction
– Step 2: Decode instruction
• Execution phase
– Step 3: Execute the instruction
– Step 4: Store the results

5
Execution of an Instruction

6
Processing and Memory
Devices

7
Processing Characteristics and
Functions
• Machine cycle time: Time to execute the
instruction phase
• Clock speed:
– Rate at which electronic pulses are produces.
– Measured in MHz
• Wordlength
– Bit (Binary digiT): 0 or 1
– Unit for moving data
– Wordlength: The number of bits a CPU can process in
a unit time
– 32-64 bit processors

8
Moore’s Law
• Number of
transistors
doubles
every 18
months

9
Number of Bytes

10
Types of Memory (1)
• Random access memory (RAM)
– Volatile
– Extended Data Out (EDO) RAM
– Dynamic Ram (DRAM)
– Synchronous DRAM:
• Faster transfer speed between memory and
processor

11
Types of Memory (2)
Read-only memory (ROM)
– Non-volatile
– Permanent data and instructions from
manufacturer
– Types
• PROM: Programmable
• EPROM: Erasable programmable

12
Basic Types of Memory Chips

13
Secondary Storage and Output
Devices

14
Cost Comparisons for Various Forms of
Data Storage

15
Secondary Storage Access Methods
• Sequential access
– Access in the same order it was written
– Ex: Need to access memory location 5. Then, you
need to go through 1, 2, 3, and 4 first.
• Direct access
– Directly access the location
– Faster than sequential access
• Sequential access storage devices (SASD)
• Direct access storage devices (DASD)

16
Secondary Storage Devices (1)
• Magnetic tapes: Similar to audio tapes, SASD
• Magnetic discs: Hard disk, DASD
• RAID: Redundant array of independent
inexpensive disks
– Data stored more than once in one of the disks
– Even if one disk fails, data can still be retrieved
• SAN: Storage area network
– Consist of many storage devices
• Optical discs, DASD
– CD-ROM

17
Secondary Storage Devices (2)
• Magneto-optical discs
• Digital versatile discs (DVD): Up to 17 GB
storage
• Memory cards
– Installed in a slot
– Portable
• Expandable storage: Removable disk cartridges
– Portable
– Zip drives

18
Types of Secondary Storage

19
Hard Disc

20
Storage Area Network

21
Digital Versatile Disc Player

22
Expandable Storage

23
Comparison of Secondary Storage
Devices

24
Input Devices
• Personal computer input devices
– Keyboard
– Mouse
• Voice-recognition devices
– Microphone
– Software to convert voice into bits
• Digital computer cameras
– Record images and video
• Terminals
– Connects to a powerful server for computations
• Scanning devices
– Page
– Handheld
• Touch-sensitive Screens

25
A PC Equipped with a Computer Camera

26
Output Devices
• Display Monitors
– Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
– Wide
– Lights up pixels
• Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
– Flat panel
• Printers and Plotters
– Speed measured in pages (page printed per minute)
• Music Devices
– MP3 Players

27
Laser Printer

28
Types of Computer Systems

29
Overview of Software

30
Overview of Software
• Computer programs: Sequences of instructions
• Documentation: Describe program functions
• Systems software: Coordinate the activities of
the hardware
• Computer system platform:
– Hardware configuration + systems software
• Application software: Programs that help users
with certain tasks

31
Classifying Software by Type and Sphere
of Influence

32
Systems Software

33
Operating Systems
• Perform common computer hardware functions
– Ex: Get input from keyboard
• Provide a user interface
– Command-based user interface (ms-dos)
– Graphical-user interface (windows)
• Provide a degree of hardware independence
– Application program interface
• Manage system memory
– Convert logical view to physical view

34
Operating Systems
• Manage processing tasks
– Allocate computer resources
– Multitasking (run more than once application at a
time)
– Time-sharing (allow multiple access to a system)
• Provide networking capability
– Enable connection to the Internet
• Control access to system resources
– Authentication
• Manage files
– Access to files

35
Role of the Operating System

36
Application Program Interface

37
An Example of the Operating System
Controlling Physical Access to Data

38
Popular Operating Systems

39
Workgroup Operating Systems
• Windows 2000 Server
• Unix
• Netware
• Red Hat Linux
• Mac OS X Server

40
Consumer Appliance Operating Systems
• Windows CE .NET
• Windows XP Embedded
• Handheld PC
• Pocket PC
• Palm OS

41
Summary
• Hardware devices work together to perform input, processing, data
storage, and output.
• There are two main categories of software: systems software and
application software.
• An operating system (OS) is a set of computer programs that
controls the computer hardware to support users’ computing needs.
• Application software may be proprietary or off-the-shelf.
• There are five generations of programming languages, plus object-
oriented programming languages.

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