Concept, principles, components, meaning of tourism, threats of tourism study development, tourism system, supply of tourism service, growth factors of tourism supply,
9. Gee, Choy and Makens (1984)
CATEGORY I
Hotels, RetailShops
Travel Agents
Restaurants
Airlines
Ground Transportation
CATEGORY II
Contract Food Service
Contract Laundry
Food Suppliers
Tour Organizers
Travel Publications
CATEGORY III
Planners
Government Agencies
FinancialInstitutions
RealEstate Developers
Educational and Vocational
Training Institutions
THE TRAVELER
DIRECT
PROVIDERS
THE TRAVELER
DIRECT
PROVIDERS
THE TRAVELER
SUPPORT
SERVICES
DIRECT PROVIDERS
SUPPORTSERVICES
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT
to
Directly to
Indirectly to
Affects
Directly
And
Indirectly
9
10. Restaurant
Miscellaneous
- Service stations
- Grocery stores
- Vacation clothing
- Photography
- Sports equipment
RecreationalFacilities
- State & national parks
- Campgrounds
- Concerts
- Theaters
Tourist Attractions
- Theme parks
- Museum towns & cities
- Museums
- Gardens
- Stately homes
Transportation
- Auto
- Airplane
- Rental cars
- Bus
- Rail
- Cruise ship
DestinationDevelopment
- Market studies
- Feasibilitystudies
- Architectural & engineering
- Financial institutions
Travel Research
- Demographic
- Behavioral & psychographic
- Cost/benefit analysis
Government Offices
- National travel offices
- Regional travel offices
- Local travel offices
Accommodations
- Hotels, motels, resorts
- Rental condominiums
- Time-sharing
- Guest houses
- Bed and breakfast
Travel Marketers
- Travel agents
- Tour wholesalers
- Incentive travel companies
Travel and Tourism
Lundberg (1985)
11. McIntosh and Goeldner (1986)
องค์ประกอบหลัก
1. Visitor/Tourist
2. Tour business
3. Government
4. Local community
องค์ประกอบสนับสนุน
1. Natural resources
2. Infrastructure
3. Superstructure
4. Transportation
5. Hospitality and cultural resources
11
12. Burkart (1975) ;
1. Attractions
2. Facilities
3. Accessibility
Destination attractions
Destination facilities and services
Accessibility of the destination
Middleton (1988)
12
Tourism Product
21. 21
Characteristics of Tourism Product
Tourism products
represent an infrequent
but high value purchase
Products can be sold
individually e.g. airline
seats or hotel beds
Product can be combined
into composite products
e.g. package holidays
The same product is sold
simultaneously: direct to
customers, via agents
22. 22
Characteristics of Tourism Product
Destination products exist at a number of geographical levels:
• local,
• regional,
• national,
• continental
Product only bestows on the purchaser:
• temporary user rights e.g. right to use hotel for a week,
• shared user rights e.g. have to share the hotel with other people
23. 23
Characteristics of Tourism Product
Organizations marketing the destination product do not
own or control all the elements of the product e.g. TAT do
not own hotels or tourist destinations
External influences have a major impact on purchase
decisions e.g. friends, relatives, literature, media
Distinction between consumers and customers
e.g. incentive travel, business tourism where companies
pay the bills and are the customers, while the business
traveller uses the service and is the consumer
24. 24
Characteristics of Tourism Product
Customers can have very
high expectations of the
products
Price does not always
reflect quality or the cost
of production
36. Tour Guide; Leader; Manager; Conductor
• Tour Guide : The leader of a guided tour who
possesses in-depth knowledge of an area’s attractions.
• Tour Leader : A person who accompanies a tour group,
usually with particular knowledge of the destination.
• Tour Manager : A person who supervises an escorted
tour to oversee the group and to make sure that
everything runs smoothly
• Tour Conductor: The person who accompanies and is in
charge of a tour, often on a motorcoach tour.
36
37. Kinds of Tours
• Independent Tours
– FIT
– DIT
• Hosted Tours
• Charter Tours
• Escorted Tours
• Fly-drive tours
• All-Inclusive Tours
• Special Package Formats
37
38. Special Package Formats
• Incentive Tours
• Convention Tours
• Special-interest Tours
or Special Purpose Tours
38
44. Tour Operator:
• A company that creates and/or markets inclusive
tours and/or performs tour services and/or
subcontracts their performance. Most tour operators
sell through travel agents and directly to clients.
44
45. Tour Wholesaler:
• A company that usually creates and certainly markets inclusive
tours and independent tours for sale through travel agents.
Often used interchangeably with tour operator, but several
distinctions might be drawn:
– (1) a wholesaler presumably sells nothing at retail; a tour operator
often does both;
– (2) a wholesaler does not always create his own products; a tour
operator virtually always does;
– (3) a wholesaler is less inclined than a tour operator to perform
local services.
• Often these distinctions are not made because many travel
companies perform any or all of the functions of travel agent,
tour operator and wholesaler.
45
46. Four Different Categories of
Tour Operator
The independent tour operator
• Which can be an individual or a multinational corporation
The travel agency that functions as a tour operator
• Which it sells to its clients or wholesales to other travel agencies
In-house tour operator
• Owned and operated by air carriers e.g. Air Canada Vacations
travel clubs and incentive travel companies
• Which do not sell their products to the public
46
47. The package tour, they offer a variety of practical
benefits that independent travel cannot provide
• Known costs
• Value prices
• Guaranteed arrangements
• Guaranteed entrance
• Tried-and-true sightseeing
• Time savings
• Product quality
47
48. Basic Package Tour Formats
• All-Inclusive Tours
• Independent
• Hosted
• Escorted
• Special Package Formats
– Incentive tours, Convention tours, Special-interest
group tours
48
51. A travel Agent’s Value
(Mancini, 2013)
• A travel agent is more skilled at finding the
best travel solution
• A travel agent can find the best deal
• A travel agent saves time and trouble
• A travel agent is accountable
• A travel agent knows suppliers better
• A travel agent knows destinations better
51
54. Three Main Channels of Distribution
• Unilateral; involve no intermediaries between
supplier and consumer; business-to-consumer
(B2C)
• Bilevel; involve one intermediaries; business-
to-business (B2B) and then business-to-
consumer (B2C)
• Multilevel; involve two or more
intermediaries.
54
62. The Global Distribution System (GDS)
• Global Distribution System
• A huge general store that stocks an almost unlimited
variety of travel products and services in one central
location.
• The owner of the store is most commonly an airline.
GDS
• Computer Reservations System
• Commonly used for the systems used by individual
nonairline suppliers, e.g. hotels and cars rental
agencies
CRS
62
63. Major GDS Venders
• Apollo
• Sabre
• PARS
• Worldspan
USA
• GalileoCanada
• Amadeus
Air France, Lufthansa,
Iberia, and SAS
63
70. Passenger Transportation Structure
Charter
Horse
Drawn
Vehicles
Aerial
Tramways
and Ski Lifts
Other
Transportation
Road Rail Water
Motor
Bike
AutoBus Vehicles
Used for Accommodation
Inland Maritime
Air
Private
Scheduled
Charter
and
Tour
Operator
Scheduled
Rental
Privately
Owned
Truck
Camper
Motor
Home
Travel
Trailer
Tent
Trailer
Other
Commercial
Private
Commercial
Private Private
Snowmobiles
Foot
Bicycles
Charter
Scheduled
Commercial
Charter
Scheduled
70
72. No complimentary in-flight service
One-class cabin
No pre-assigned seating
Ticketless travel
Short turnarounds, with higher aircraft rotations and
less time charged on the airport apron and runway
Use of secondary airports where feasible
Point-to-point flights
Lower staffing costs, with fewer cabin crew as there is
no complimentary in-flight service, which also
reduces turnaround times due to the lack of cleaning
caused by food service
72
73. Many of aircraft are leased
Many of airline functions are outsourced
Standardized aircraft types (i.e. Boeing 737) to reduce
maintenance costs
Limited office space at the airports
Heavy emphasis on advertising, especially billboards,
of offset the declining use of travel agents as the main
source of booking
Heavy dependence upon the internet and telephone
for booking
Small administrative staff
Minimized ground service (e.g. noVIP lounge, no
baggage transferring service)
73