Stephen E. Toulmin developed a model of practical reasoning to address the limitations of formal logic in everyday arguments. The Toulmin model consists of primary components such as claim, grounds, and warrant, along with secondary components like backing, rebuttal, and qualifiers, facilitating clear argumentation. Though helpful for outlining arguments, its effectiveness relies on critical and creative thinking from the arguer.

1. TOULMIN’S MODEL
DEVELOPED BY : STEPHEN E . TOULMIN
PRESENTATION BY: MALA DEEP UPADHAYA
2017-SEPTEMBER-4

2. WHO WAS TOULMIN?
Stephen E. Toulmin, (1922-2009 )originally a British
logician. He became frustrated with the inability of
formal logic to explain everyday arguments, which
prompted him to develop his own model of practical
reasoning.

3. TOULMIN MODEL
Toulmin model is valuable adjunct to
modern rhetoric with heuristic ability to
generate new ideas by focusing on
audience and its flexibility.

4. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY COMPONENTS
PRIMARY
• CLAIM
• GROUNDS
• WARRENT
SECONDARY
• BACKING
• REBUTTAL
• QUALIFIERS

7. CLAIM VS GROUND
CLAIM :
1. Assertive
2. Stand as Thesis
BASED ON :
1. FACTS
2. VALUE
3. POLICY
4. DEFINATION
GROUND :
Foundation of Arguments
BASED ON :
1. EVIDENCES
2. SPECIFIC FACTS
“SUPPORTS CLAIM”

8. WARRANT AND BACKING
WARRANT :
1. Links Claim and Ground
2. Unstated part of Model
BASED ON:
• ethos: source credibility, authority
• logos: reason-giving, induction,
deduction
• pathos: emotional or motivational
appeals
• value premises: values shared by, or
presumed to be shared by, the
receiver(s)
BACKING :
1. Warrant Supporter
2. Establish reliability of Warrants

9. REBUTTAL VS QUALIFIERS
REBUTTAL :
• It is a tool
• Potential objection to Claim
• Acknowledge exception that might
invalided claim
QUALIFIERS :
• It is a tool
• Limits put on Claim

10. SUBSUMES OF MODEL
The model’s ability to subsumes these logics result in idea generating
.
• INDUCTIVE REASEONING
• DEDUCTIVE REASEONING
• ANALOGICAL REASONING

11. INDUCTIVE
REASONING
SPECIFICATION TO
GENERALIZATION

12. DEDUCTIVE
REASONING
GENERALIZATION
TO
SPECIFICATION

13. ANALOGICAL
REASONING
SHOWS SEVERAL
SIMILARITES BETWEEN
TWO OBJECTS ,BACKED
BY GENERAL
CONCLUSION FOR
SPECIFIC CLAIM

14. CHECKING ARGUMENT'S CLARITY AND EFFICACY
Toulmin suggest applying the following questions at each step :
1. What Position do I want my audience to take?
2. Where must my audience begin so that they will take the step
I want them to take and agree to my claim?
3. What is the linking idea between grounds and claim?
4. Is the move from ground to claim safe and reliable?
5. What possibilities might upsets the arguments?
6. Is a qualification necessary?

15. LIMITATION OF MODEL
• Depends upon the arguer’s willingness to think critically
and creatively.
• Helpful for creating the OUTLINE of an arguments , not
the WHOLE things.

16. WORKS CITED
karbach, Joan . ”Using Toulmin’s Model Of
Argumentation” (type: Pdf).
Wright, David . “The Toulmin Model Of Argument”
StudioLab, Furman University (2012).