Topic 6 Intro Lesson 1

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The document discusses the responsibility of designers regarding ergonomics, anthropometrics, and society. It defines ergonomics as the fit between humans and machines/environments. Anthropometrics is the study of human body measurements, which designers use to describe target populations for products through percentile studies. Percentile studies analyze how a population is distributed, with many products designed for the 5th to 95th percentiles. The distribution can be skewed if the sample is not fully representative.

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CHAPTER 3 ANTHROPOMETRY LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the chapter, students will have the ability to describe anthropometry, identify the best ergonomic design principle for a given situation, demonstrate how to use anthropometric data tables, and apply anthropometric principles to a workplace design. INTRODUCTION In basic terms, anthropometry is the measurement of the physical attributes of humans. Over time, the body dimensions of the human population have changed. In general, people have become taller and heavier than in the past. There is currently an obesity epidemic in the United States (US), and the result is that people are much heavier compared with the population around the 1930s and 1940s. This chapter is not concerned with how people in the US got to this point, rather how the tools people use must be changed to accommodate this heavier population. In addition to these sorts of changes, the people who work within a population also change. In the early 1980s, a large number of female workers began working in heavy industries. At that time, safety equipment had not yet been adapted yet for smaller females. In one particular instance, a female with size 6 shoe was hired by a chemical company. Because size 6 female chemical boots were not available, the worker had to wear male size 7 chemical boots. This caused a big problem for the worker who had to walk and work in these boots. A female size 6 shoe is 8.9 in. in length. A male size 7 shoe is 9.7 in. in length. This is almost an inch difference, and makes a tremendous difference for the person wearing the shoes. This condition did not change until the mid-1980s. Now work boots of all sizes can be found. It is obvious that ancient peoples used anthropometry of sorts to adapt tools and clothing to their needs. Even today, consumer goods such as clothing, appliances, cars, and tools are the biggest producers of anthropometric data. Though, in many instances, products adapted to one individual are still produced. Take a tailored article of clothing. In this case, the individual is measured and the product designed and manufactured from these data. The savant, Alphonse Bertillon (born 1853), gave this name in 1883 to a system of identification depending on the unchanging character of certain measurements of parts of the human frame (Rhodes, 1956). He found by studying patient inquiry that several measures of physical features, along with dimensions of certain bones or bony structures in the body, remain fairly constant throughout adult life. He concluded that when these measurements were made and recorded systematically every single individual would be found to be perfectly distinguishable from others. The system was soon adapted to police methods when crime fighters found value in being able to fix a person's identity. It prevented false impersonation and brought home, to any one charged with an offense, a person's responsibility for a wrongdoing. After its introduction in France in .

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BOS 3701, Industrial Ergonomics 1 UNIT III STUDY Muscular Work, Nervous Control of Movements, and Anthropometry Course Learning Outcomes for Unit III Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to: 1. Explain the muscular contractile system. 2. Explain the types of muscular work. 3. Discuss the types of muscle contractions. 4. Discuss the measurements of muscular strength. 5. Discuss the anthropometric design principles. 6. Define the terms used in anthropometric measurements. 7. Analyze the procedure for design using anthropometric data. Unit Lesson This unit focuses on muscular work, nervous control of movements, and anthropometry. The first chapter of the unit describes the functionality, relationship, and elements of the integrated roles of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems. Understanding the work of these systems is critical for safety professionals to help prevent musculoskeletal disorders in workplaces. Actin and myosin play the most important role in muscular contraction, and the mechanism of contraction is explained and shown in Figure 4.1. In the muscle contraction process, the myosin heads protrude from the thick filaments and form a cross bridge with the actin. The chapter also explains the method to control the mechanism of contraction and the energy for contraction; glucose is the main energy supply, and oxygen plays an important role in energy production. Reflexes and energy transformation are also briefly explained. Muscular work can be categorized as static muscle work or dynamic muscle work. While dynamic work allows the flow of nutrients and oxygen to the muscles during the task, static work does not allow the flow to refresh the muscular system, as discussed in the chapter. Examples of static work are carrying a box manually and painting a wall with the arms above the shoulders. Injuries caused by extended static work include arthritis, inflammation of the tendons, symptoms of arthrosis, muscle spasms, and intervertebral disc troubles. Thus, the duration of static work should be minimized and work breaks should be provided to reduce muscular fatigue. An isometric contraction is a static contraction. Another type of muscle contraction is an isotonic contraction, in which an equal amount of tension develops in the muscle throughout the exercise; some examples are push-ups and lifting weights. The most commonly used methods to measure human muscular strengths are isometric, dynamic, and psychophysical tests. An Isometric strength test is widely used in research as it is comparatively easy to measure and to know the distribution of the static strengths of the subjects. However, a primary criticism of isometric strength tests is that these static tests are not compatible with most task performance. On the other hand, the psychophysical method is a dynamic test, which is one of the advantages of the method. In addition, the Reading Assignment ...

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