medical, ergonomics, anthropology

1. Physical Characteristics in ManPhysical Characteristics in Man
&BASIC ANTHROPOMETRY&BASIC ANTHROPOMETRY
By
OLAGBAYE, Babakayode Abel
Dept. of Anatomy
University of Ilorin, Ilorin
03/05/17 1
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria

2. IntroductionIntroduction
 A branch of anthropology that involves the quantitative
measurement of the human body.
 It is the single most portable, universally applicable,
inexpensive and non-invasive technique for assessing
the size, proportions and composition of the human
body.
03/05/17 2
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria

3. HistoryHistory
In 1716 Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton, who
wrote many essays on comparative anatomy
Six years later Pieter Camper
(1722–1789),invented the
"facial angle," a measure meant
To determine intelligence among
various species. Done by drawing two lines; one
from nose to ear; the other from upper jaw to
the forehead
First compared between men and other
animals
03/05/17
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria 3

4. HistoryHistory
During the renaissance
period, Leonardo da
Vinci made a number of
studies on the
proportions and
indexes of the human
body, characterizing the
anatomical structures.
03/05/17
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria 4

5. Bertillon, Galton andBertillon, Galton and
criminologycriminology
 In 1883, Frenchman Alphonse
Bertillon introduced a system of
identification that was named
after him. The "Bertillonage"
system was based on the finding
that several measures of physical
features, such as the dimensions
of bony structures in the body,
that remain fairly constant
throughout adult life.
 Bertillon concluded that when
these measurements were made
and recorded systematically, every
individual would be
distinguishable.
03/05/17
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria 5
A Bertillon record for Francis Galton, from a
visit to Bertillon's laboratory in 1893

6. Leading applications ofLeading applications of
AnthropometryAnthropometry
Anthropometry for medical and surgical
Assessment
Anthropometry for Ergonomics
Anthropometry for Forensic purpose
Anthropometry for Clothing design
03/05/17
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria 6

7. Anthropometric Parameters forAnthropometric Parameters for
nutritional purposenutritional purpose
Basic measurements
Height (length)
Weight (mass)
Facial dimensions e.g
(nasal width. nasal length,
eye width, facial length
e.t.c
Skin-fold thickness
Derived measurements
(e.g BMI, waist-hip ratio,
facial profile)
Some measurements
used for nutritional
assessment include:
Height
Mass
BMI
Triceps skin-fold
Waist, Hip and Mid-
arm circumference
(MAC) and derived
measurements/ ratios
03/05/17 7
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria

8. Body Mass IndexBody Mass Index
This ratio is expressed in Kg/m2
and
provides a rough estimation of the body
mass status of the individual in relation to
his/her height.
03/05/17 8
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria

9. BMI Ranges and Co-morbidity RiskBMI Ranges and Co-morbidity Risk
ANTHROPOMETRY
QUANTIFYING OBESITY WITH BODY MASS INDEX (WEIGHT/HEIGHT²)
BMI (kg/m²) CLASSIFICATION* RISK OF OBESITY COMORBIDITY
18.5 - 24.9 Normal range Negligible
25.0 - 29.9 Overweight Mildly increased
>30 Obese
30.0 - 34.9 Class I Moderate
35.0 - 39.9 Class II Severe
> 40.0 Class III Very severe
* Classification of the World Health
Organisation (WHO) and International
Obesity Task Force
03/05/17 9
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria

10. Height/Stature MeasurementHeight/Stature Measurement
TechniqueTechnique
 The subject must be barefoot,
wearing as little clothing as possible
 The subject stands on a flat surface,
at a right angle to the vertical board
of the stadiometer
 His/her weight is distributed evenly
over both feet, with the head
positioned in the Frankfurt
Horizontal Plane (in this position, the
most inferior point on the left orbital
margin is at the same horizontal level
as the left tragion – the line of vision
is approximately horizontal )
 The arms hang freely by the sides of
the trunk, with palms facing the
thighs
 The subject places his/her heels
together, with both heels touching
the base of the vertical board
 The medial borders of the feet are at
an angle of about 60°
 The scapulae and buttocks must also
be in contact with the vertical board
 The subject must inhale deeply and
maintain a fully erect position
without altering the load on the heels
 The movable head board is brought
onto the most superior point on the
head with sufficient pressure to
compress the hair
 The measurement is taken to the
nearest 1 mm
03/05/17 10
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria

11. Height/Stature MeasurementHeight/Stature Measurement
03/05/17 11
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria

12. Mass/Weight MeasurementMass/Weight Measurement
TechniqueTechnique
 Subject must be barefoot and
wear as little clothing as possible.
 Subject stands on the platform of
the scale with his/her weight
distributed evenly over both feet.
 The arms hang by the sides of
the trunk, with palms facing the
thighs .
 The subject is instructed to
maintain a stable position while
the measurement is taken.
 The measurement is taken to the
nearest 0.1 kg .
03/05/17 12
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria

13. Waist-to-Hip Circumference RatioWaist-to-Hip Circumference Ratio
 An indicator of
the pattern of
distribution of
subcutaneous
adipose tissue.
 Distribution of fat
is an important
indicator of CHD
(coronary heart
disease)
 More fat in the
abdominal area -
increases risk of
CHD.
 Men generally
have a higher
ratio than women
 Women 0.85-1.7
(high risk)and
<0.85 (Low risk)
 Men 0.95-1.9
(high risk) and
<0.95 (Low risk)
03/05/17 13
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria

14. Measures of body compositionMeasures of body composition
Weight loss, per se, does not provide the
nutritionist with an indication of type of
tissue lost (i.e. weight loss due to loss of
adipose tissue or loss of muscle tissue).
Measurements of skin-folds, mid-arm
circumference and mid-arm muscle
circumference therefore provide a more
comprehensive picture of body composition/
changes.
03/05/17 14
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria

15. Mid-arm circumference (MAC)Mid-arm circumference (MAC)
Locate the midpoint of the arm.
 Non-dominant arm elbow flexed at 90deg with
palm facing upwards
 Measurer stands behind the subject & locates the
lateral tip of the acromion and the most
distal point on the olecranon process
 Place a tape measure so that it passes between
these 2 landmarks and mark the midpoint
Measure the midarm circumference
 The subject stands erect with arms hanging freely
at the sides and the palms facing the thighs
 Place the tape measure perpendicular to the long
axis of the arm at the marked midpoint &
measure the circumference to the nearest
mm. (e.g. 18.1 cm)
 Provide the actual MAC in cm.
03/05/17 15
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria

16. Triceps skin-fold (TSF)Triceps skin-fold (TSF)
A measure of subcutaneous fat
stores taken at the midpoint
of the posterior aspect of the
humerus.
Correlates closely with
percentage of body fat and
with total body fat.
Triceps skin-fold thickness
varies between
6 -12mm in lean individuals
and between
40 - 50mm in obese
individuals. 03/05/17 16
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria

17. Other skin-folds measuredOther skin-folds measured
Besides the most commonly used triceps
skin-fold, other commonly measured
skin-folds include the following:
Biceps skin-fold
Subscapular skin-fold
Supra-iliac skin-fold
03/05/17 17
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria

18. Also in surgeryAlso in surgery
Craniofacial and orthodontic surgeries
too have benefitted immensely from the
anthropometric research.
“Determining the facial type is extremely important
for orthodontic diagnosis and planning, since the
muscular and skeletal configuration of each facial
types responds differently to the orthodontic
treatment, influencing either positively or negatively
the final treatment results” (Martins & Vigorito,
2012)
03/05/17
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria 18

19. ErgonomicsErgonomics
 Standing eye height:
 Standing shoulder height:
 Standing elbow height:
 Standing knuckle height:
 Standing fingertip height:
 Sitting height:
 Sitting elbow height:
 Popliteal height:
 Knee height and thigh depth:
 Shoulder width: Hip breadth:
 Abdominal/chest depth:
 Vertical reach (sitting and
standing): 03/05/17
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria 19
ergonom
ics
professionals
apply
an
understanding
of hum
an
factors
to
the
design
of equipm
ent,
system
s
and
working
m
ethods
in
order to
im
prove
com
fort, health, safety,
and
productivity

20. ANTHROPOMETRY OF MAN INFRONT OF COMPUTERANTHROPOMETRY OF MAN INFRONT OF COMPUTER
03/05/17 20
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria

21. CORRECT BODY TEXTURE INFRONT OF COMPUTERCORRECT BODY TEXTURE INFRONT OF COMPUTER
03/05/17 21
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria

22. Check up the following termsCheck up the following terms
Anthropometric
cosmetology
Biometrics
Cephalometry
Chironomia
Craniometry
Dermatoglyphics
Genetic
fingerprinting
• Morphometrics
• Physiognomy
• Reflexology
 Guidonian hand
 Digit ratio
 Eigenface
 Human height
 Human weight
 Kinanthropometry
 Fashion design
 Popular culture
 Mandibulometry
• Osteometry
• Palmistry
• Phrenology
03/05/17
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria 22

23. ReferencesReferences
WHO: Global database on body mass
index (Davidson 2006)
 Martins LF, Vigorito JW. Photometric analysis applied in
determining facial type. Dental Press J Orthod. 2012
Sept Oct;17(5):71-5.
03/05/17 23
Olagbaye B.A. Msc Anatomy
student@Unilorin, Nigeria

24. 03/05/17
Anthropometry - Amarendra B. Singh
090201263 24