Physical activity improves skeletal muscle and brain health by enhancing vascular function. Regular exercise increases capillary density and improves insulin sensitivity in the arteries supplying muscles and the brain. This enhances nutrient delivery and metabolic function. As a result, physical activity reduces vascular insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and improves cognition in the brain.

1. The Role of Physical Activity In Vascular Insulin
Resistance In Skeletal Muscle and Brain
(Sports and Exercise Psychology)
By: Reyannah Jane V. Villariez BPED-2C

2. Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
What is Physical Activity?
Physical Activity is defined as any voluntary bodily movement
produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure.
Physical activity encompasses all activities, at any intensity,
performed during any time of day or night . It includes both exercise
and incidental activity integrated into daily routine.
What is Vascular Insulin Resistance?
Vascular resistance is typically defined as a reduced ability of
insulin to induce glucose uptake by target tissues such as fat and
skeletal muscle cells.

3. Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
Types of Activity: Aerobic
• Definition:
o Activity in which the body’s large
muscles move in a rhythmic
manner for a sustained period of
time.
• Examples:
o Brisk walking
o Running/jogging
o Swimming
o Bicycling
• Aerobic activity has 3 components:
o Intensity, or how hard a person works
to do the activity. The intensities most
often studied are moderate (equivalent
in effort to brisk walking) and
vigorous (equivalent in effort to
running or jogging);
o Frequency, or how often a person
does aerobic activity; and
o Duration, or how long a person does
an activity in any one session.

4. Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
Types of Activity: Muscle-Strengthening
• Definition:
o Physical activity, including exercise,
that increases skeletal muscle
strength, power, endurance, and
mass.
• Examples:
o Lifting weights
o Using resistance bands
o Bodyweight exercises
o Carrying heavy loads
o Heavy gardening
• Muscle-Strengthening activity has 3
components:
o Intensity, or how much weight or force
is used relative to how much a person
is able to lift;
o Frequency, or how often a person
does muscle-strengthening activity;
and
o Sets and repetitions, or how many
times a person does the muscle-
strengthening activity, like lifting a
weight or doing a push-up
(comparable to duration for aerobic
activity).

5. Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
Types of Activity: Bone-Strengthening
• Definition:
o Physical activity that produces an
impact or tension force on the bones
that promotes bone growth and
strength.
o Also called weight-bearing or weight-
loading activity
• Note: bone-strengthening activities can
also be aerobic and muscle
strengthening.
• Examples:
o Running
o Jumping Rope
o Lifting Weights

6. Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
Benefits of Physical Activity for Adults and Older Adults
• Lower risk of all-cause mortality
• Lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality
• Lower risk of cardiovascular disease (including
heart disease and stroke)
• Lower risk of hypertension
• Lower risk of type 2 diabetes
• Lower risk of adverse blood lipid profile
• Lower risk of cancers of the bladder,* breast,
colon, endometrium,* esophagus,* kidney,*
lung,* and stomach*
• Improved cognition*
• Reduced risk of dementia (including
Alzheimer’s disease)*
• Improved quality of life
• Reduced anxiety
• Reduced risk of depression
• Improved sleep
• Slowed or reduced weight gain
• Weight loss, particularly when combined with
reduced calorie intake
• Prevention of weight regain following initial weight
loss
• Improved bone health
• Improved physical function
• Lower risk of falls (older adults)
• Lower risk of fall-related injuries (older adults)*
*New health benefit

7. Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
Benefits of Physical Activity for Youth
• Improved bone health (ages 3 through 17 years)
• Improved weight status (ages 3 through 17 years)
• Improved cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness (ages 6 through 17
years)
• Improved cardiometabolic health (ages 6 through 17 years)
• Improved cognition (ages 6 to 13 years)
• Reduced risk of depression (ages 6 to 13 years)

8. Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
Brain health is the state of brain functioning across cognitive, sensory,
social-emotional, behavioural and motor domains, allowing a person to
realize their full potential over the life course, irrespective of the
presence or absence of disorders.
Healthy brain is important because it is a critical piece of your overall
health. It underlies your ability to communicate, make decisions,
problem-solving and live a productive and useful life. Because the brain
controls so much of daily function, it is arguably the single most
valuable organ in the human body.
What is Brain Health?

9. Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
Physical activities is not only good for your muscles and bones, it can keep
your brain healthy, too.
Physical activity can improve your cognitive health – helping you think,
learn, problem-solve, and enjoy an emotional balance. It can improve
memory and reduce anxiety or depression.
What does Physical Activity do for your Brain?

10. Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
Brain Health
Outcome Population Benefit Acute Habitual
Cognition
Children ages 6
to 13 years
Improved cognition (performance on academic
achievement tests, executive function,
processing speed, memory)
• •
Cognition Adults
Reduced risk of dementia (including Alzheimer’s
disease) •
Cognition
Adults older than
age 50 years
Improve cognition (executive function, attention
memory, crystallized intelligence,* processing
speed)
•
Quality of life Adults Improved quality of life •

11. Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
Brain Health, cont.
Outcome Population Benefit Acute Habitual
Depressed
mood and
depression
Children ages 6 to
17 years and adults
Reduced risk of depression
Reduced depressed mood •
Anxiety Adults
Reduced short-term feeling of anxiety (state
anxiety) •
Anxiety Adults
Reduced long-term feeling and signs of
anxiety disorders •
Sleep Adults
Improved sleep outcomes (increased sleep
efficiency, sleep quality, deep sleep; reduced
daytime sleepiness frequency of use of
medication to aid sleep
•
Sleep Adults
Improved sleep outcomes that increase with
duration of acute episode •

12. Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
What is Skeletal Muscle?
The majority of the muscles in your body are skeletal
muscles. They make up between 30 to 40% of your body
mass. Tendons (tough bands of connective tissue) attach
skeletal muscle tissue to bones throughout your body.
Your shoulder muscles, hamstring muscles and
abdominal muscles are all examples of skeletal muscles.

13. Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
How are skeletal muscles affected by
exercise?
Exercise induces a mechanical stimulus on skeletal
muscle fibers, where this stimulus has to be
converted into a biochemical signal in order to
allow skeletal muscles to adapt to the stimulus.

14. Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
How can we keep our skeletal muscles
healthy?
Take care of your skeletal muscles by:
◦Doing regular strength conditioning and resistance exercises.
◦Eating a nutritious, balanced diet.
◦Maintaining a healthy body weight.
◦Stretching and warming up your muscles before physical activity.

15. Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
How physical activities do for our skeletal muscle
and brain?
Skeletal muscle and brain vascular adaptations to physical activity
enhanced endothelial insulin sensitivity and capillary density.
Adaptations occur primarily in arteries that supply tissue regions that
undergo a relative increase in activity during exercise.
Improvements in nutrient delivery are further enhanced by physical
activity-induced increases in microvascular volume/capillary density.
The cumulative effect of enhanced vascular insulin sensitivity and
capillary density may include improved metabolic and neurocognitive
function in the skeletal muscle and brain respectively.

16. Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
Information adapted from the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition. Available at health.gov/PAGuidelines.
Submitted by:
REYANNAH JANE V. VILLARIEZ
BPED-2C
Submitted to:
Prof. MELINDA DRILON LOPEZ