Tonight, March 5th – Class 7 (last class) your test” on ICS.docx

Tonight, March 5th – Class 7 (last class)
your “test” on ICS 210W (6,7). (100 pts)
March 12 – no class
research assignment due
ICS210W (9,10) final cert (100, total 400) - enter the all pdfs
for all 10 sessions!
© 2016 Applied Control Engineering, Inc.
NIST 800-82 Rev 2.
5. ICS Security Architecture
6. Applying Security Controls to ICS
ICS Security Architecture
Network Segmentation and Segregation
Logical network separation enforced by encryption or network
device-enforced partitioning
VLANS, Encrypted Virtual Private Networks (VPNs),
Unidirectional gateways.
Physical network separation to completely prevent any
interconnectivity of traffic between domains.
Network traffic filtering, Network layer filtering, State‐based
filtering
Port and/or protocol level filtering
Application filtering including application-level firewalls,
proxies, and content-based filters.

Network Segmentation and Segregation
Four common themes that implement the concept of defense-in-
depth by providing for good network segmentation and
segregation:
Apply technologies at more than just the network layer. Each
system and network should be segmented and segregated, where
possible, from the data link layer up to and including the
application layer.
Use the principles of least privilege and need‐to‐know. If a
system doesn’t need to communicate with another system, it
should not be allowed to. If a system needs to talk only to
another system on a specific port or protocol and nothing else–
or it needs to transfer a limited set of labeled or fixed-format
data, it should be restricted as such.
Separate information and infrastructure based on security
requirements. This may include using different hardware or
platforms based on different threat and risk environments in
which each system or network segment operates. The most
critical components require more strict isolation from other
components. In addition to network separation, the use of
virtualization could be employed to accomplish the required
isolation.
Implement whitelisting instead of blacklisting; that is, grant
access to the known good, rather than denying access to the
known bad. The set of applications that run in ICS is essentially
static.
Look at the details and examples from section 5. This is

important to your final paper!
5.1 Network Segmentation and Segregation 5-1
5.2 Boundary Protection .5-3
5.3 Firewalls .5-4
5.4 Logically Separated Control Network 5-6
5.5 Network Segregation 5-7
5.5.1 Dual-Homed Computer/Dual Network Interface Cards
(NIC) 5-7
5.5.2 Firewall between Corporate Network and Control Network
5-7
5.5.3 Firewall and Router between Corporate Network and
Control Network 5-9
5.5.4 Firewall with DMZ between Corporate Network and
Control Network . 5-10
5.5.5 Paired Firewalls between Corporate Network and Control
Network 5-12
5.5.6 Network Segregation Summary 5-13
5.6 Recommended Defense-in-Depth Architecture. 5-13
5.7 General Firewall Policies for ICS 5-14
5.8 Recommended Firewall Rules for Specific Services . 5-16
5.8.1 Domain Name System (DNS) . 5-17
5.8.2 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) . 5-17
5.8.3 FTP and Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) 5-17
5.8.4 Telnet . 5-17
5.8.5 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) . 5-18
5.8.6 Secure Shell (SSH) 5-18
5.8.7 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) . 5-18

5.8.8 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) . 5-18
5.8.9 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) . 5-18
5.8.10 Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) . 5-19
5.8.11 SCADA and Industrial Protocols . 5-19
5.9 Network Address Translation (NAT) . 5-19
5.10 Specific ICS Firewall Issues . 5-20
5.10.1 Data Historians 5-20
5.10.2 Remote Support Access . 5-20
5.10.3 Multicast Traffic 5-20
5.11 Unidirectional Gateways . 5-21
5.12 Single Points of Failure . 5-21
5.13 Redundancy and Fault Tolerance . 5-21
5.14 Preventing Man-in-the-Middle Attacks 5-22
5.15 Authentication and Authorization 5-24
5.15.1 ICS Implementation Considerations . 5-25
5.16 Monitoring, Logging, and Auditing 5-25
5.17 Incident Detection, Response, and System Recovery 5-25
Applying Security Controls to ICS
Executing the Risk Management Framework Tasks for ICS
Step 1: Categorize Information Systems
Step 2: Select Security Controls
Step 3: Implement Security Controls
Step 4: Assess Security Controls
Step 5: Authorize Information System
Step 6: Monitor Security Controls

This is what your previous
assignment was about.
Access Control – Role-based, Wireless, VLANs, web-servers,
Dial-up
Awareness and Training
Audit and Accountability
Security Assessment and Authorization
Configuration Management
Contingency Planning /Business Continuity – identify the
recovery objective, DRP
Identification and Authentication – Password, 2-Factor,
Biometric, Smart Cards, Tokens
9
Incident Response – symptoms of an incident
Unusually heavy network traffic.
Out of disk space or significantly reduced free disk space.
Unusually high CPU usage.
Creation of new user accounts.
Attempted or actual use of administrator-level accounts.
Locked-out accounts.
Account in-use when the user is not at work.

Cleared log files.
Full log files with unusually large number of events.
Antivirus or IDS alerts.
Disabled antivirus software and other security controls.
Unexpected patch changes.
Machines connecting to outside IP addresses.
Requests for information about the system (social engineering
attempts).
Unexpected changes in configuration settings.
Unexpected system shutdown.
Plan a response - Classification of Incidents; Response Actions;
Recovery Actions.
10
Maintenance
Media Protection
Physical and Environmental Protection
Planning
Personnel Security
Hiring Policies
Organization Policies and Practices
Terms and Conditions of Employment
Risk Assessment
System and Services Acquisition
System and Communications Protection – Encryption, VPNs
System and Information Integrity
Virus detection and malicious code
Intrusion detection

Patch management
Program Management
Privacy Controls
11
Good Luck with your Career!
Please fill out the IDEA survey!
Spring B1 2018 IDEA surveys are available to students.
Students can access their surveys by entering their full
Wilmington University email address and password at
wilmu.campuslabs.com/courseeval.
Faculty are encouraged to promote student participation in the
IDEA survey. Faculty can view real-time response rates, as
well as past survey results via
https://wilmu.campuslabs.com/faculty. (Please note that survey
histories begin with Fall 2016 course reports).
12
© 2008 The MITRE Corporation. All rights Reserved.

Malicious Control System Cyber
Security Attack Case Study–
Maroochy Water Services,
Australia
Marshall D. Abrams, The MITRE Corporation
Joe Weiss, Applied Control
Solution
s, LLC
Annual Computer Security Applications
Conference
December 2008
2
NIST Industrial Control System (ICS) Cyber
Security Project
■ Objective: to improve the cyber security of federally

owned/operated
ICS
■ ICS pervasive throughout all critical infrastructures
■ Improve the security of public and private sector ICS
– Work with voluntary industry standards groups (e.g., The
Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society – ISA)
oAssist in ICS cyber security standards and guideline
development
oFoster ICS cyber security standards convergence
– Raise the level of ICS security through R&D and testing
■ Purpose of case studies is to focus in on factors otherwise
overlooked, not to ascribe any blame
3
NIST Cyber Security Strategic Vision

■ Promote the development of key security standards and
guidelines to support the implementation of and compliance
with the Federal Information Security Management Act
(FISMA)
■ Build a solid foundation of information security across one of
the largest information technology infrastructures in the world
based on comprehensive security standards and technical
guidance.
■ Institutionalize a comprehensive Risk Management
Framework
that promotes flexible, cost-effective information security
programs for federal agencies.
■ Establish a fundamental level of “security due diligence” for
federal agencies and their contractors based on minimum
security requirements and security controls.
4

The Current Landscape
dependent on information systems to carry out their
missions and business functions.
systems become open and internet-connected, thus
putting the national services critical infrastructure at risk.
usiness success, enterprise
information systems must be dependable in the face of
serious cyber threats.
must be appropriately protected.
5
The Threat Situation

■ ICS are becoming more open making them vulnerable to
intentional and unintentional cyber threats
■ Effects of errors and omissions increasingly catastrophic
■ Attacks are organized, disciplined, aggressive, and well
resourced; many are extremely sophisticated
■ Adversaries are nation states, terrorist groups, criminals,
hackers, and individuals or groups with intentions of
compromising information systems
■ Significant exfiltration of critical and sensitive information
and implantation of malicious software occurring on a
regular basis
■ Largely untutored work force with little interest in IT security
■ ICS community diverse using different protocols (many
archaic)

6
NIST ICS Project Deliverables
■ Support public & private sectors, and standards organizations
that want to use NIST Standards & Guidelines for ICS
■ Evolve SP 800-53 Recommended Security Controls for
Federal
Information Systems to better address ICS
– Revision 2 published December 2007
– Revision 3 first public draft scheduled for (end of) December
2008
■ Develop SP 800-82 Guide to Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA) and Industrial Control System Security
– Second draft September 2007
– Final in 2009

7
Case Study Overview
■ Examine actual control system cyber event
– Resulted in significant environmental and economic damage
– Malicious attack by knowledgeable insider, who had been a
trusted contractor employee
– Timelines, control system response, and control system
policies
■ Identify operating policies and procedures that were missing
or
had readily identifiable cyber security vulnerabilities
■ Identify NIST SP 800-53 management, operational, and
technical
safeguards or countermeasures that, if implemented, could have
prevented or ameliorated the event

Attack Synopsis
■ Vitek Boden worked for Hunter Watertech, an Australian
firm that installed SCADA radio-controlled sewage
equipment for the Maroochy Shire Council in Queensland,
Australia (a rural area of great natural beauty and a tourist
destination )
– Applied for a job with the Maroochy Shire Council
– Walked away from a “strained relationship” with Hunter
Watertech
– The Council decided not to hire him
– Boden decided to get even with both the Council and his
former employer
■ On at least 46 occasions issued radio commands to the
sewage equipment
– Caused 800,000 liters of raw sewage to spill out into local
parks, rivers and even the grounds of a Hyatt Regency hotel
– Marine life died, the creek water turned black and the stench
was unbearable for residents

8
Time Line
■ 1997-December 1999 – Boden employed by Hunter Watertech
■ December 3, 1999 – Boden resigns from Hunter Watertech
■ Early December 1999 – Boden seeks City Council
employment
■ Early January 2000 – Boden turned down
■ February 9-April 23, 2000 – SCADA system experiences
series of
faults
■ March 16, 2000 – Hunter Watertech investigator tried to
troubleshoot system
■ April 19, 2000 – Log indicates system program had been run
at
least 31 times

■ April 23, 2000 – Boden disabled alarms at four pumping
stations
using the identification of pumping station 4.
■ April 23, 2000 – Boden pulled over by police with computer
equipment in car
■ October 31, 2001 – Boden convicted in trial – sentenced to 2
years
■ March 21, 2002 – Appeal rejected
9
Evidence Found in Boden’s Vehicle
■ Laptop
– Reloaded February 28, 2000
– Software used in the sewerage system (re)installed February
29
o Run at least 31 times prior to April 19

o Last run on April 23
■ Motorola M120 two-way radio same type used in the
Council’s
system
– Tuned into the frequencies of the repeater stations
– Serial numbers matched delivery docket provided by the
supplier
of the radios to Hunter Watertech
■ PDS Compact 500 computer control device
– Address set to spoof pumping station
– Serial number identified it as a device which should have been
in
the possession of Hunter Watertech
10
Observations (1/2)

■ Boden was an insider who was never an employee of the
organization he attacked
– Employee of contractor that supplied IT/control system
technology
– With his knowledge he was the “ultimate insider”
■ Contractor’s responsibilities unstated or inadequate
– Management, technical and operational cyber security controls
– Personnel security controls
o Background investigations
o Protection from disgruntled employees
■ As a skillful adversary, Boden was able to disguise his
actions
– A number of anomalous events occurred before recognition
that the
incidents were intentional
– Extensive digital forensics were required to determine that a
deliberate attack was underway
■ No existing cyber security policies or procedures
■ No cyber security defenses

11
Observations (2/2)
■ Difficult to differentiate attacks from malfunctions
■ When/why is it important to determine whether intentional
attack, or unintentional flaw or error?
■ Difficult to protect against insider attacks
■ Radio communications commonly used in SCADA systems are
often insecure or improperly configured
■ SCADA devices and software should be secured to the extent
possible using physical and logical controls
■ Security controls often not implemented or used properly
■ Generally SCADA systems lack adequate logging mechanisms
for forensic purposes
■ Also recommended

• Anti-
encryption
• Upgrade-able SCADA systems (from a security perspective)
12
13
SP 800-53 Security Control Classes, Families,
and Identifiers
SP 800-53 Pervasive Cyber Security
Prophylactic Controls
PROBLEM CONTROL FAMILY

Policy and Procedures The first control in every control family
addresses policy and procedure.
Personnel Security Personnel Security (PS)
Hardware & Software System and Services Acquisition (SA)
Awareness and
Training
Awareness and Training (AT)
Audit Audit and Accountability (AU)
Contingency Planning Contingency Planning (CP)
Incident Response Incident Response (IR)
Cryptographic
Protection
System and Communications Protection
(SC)

14
SP 800-53 Controls for Malicious Activities
MALICIOUS
ACTIVITY
CONTROL FAMILY
Issuing radio
commands
Access Control (AC)
Identification and Authentication (IA)
Falsifying network
address
Access Control (AC)
Sending false data

and instructions System and Information Integrity (SI)
Disabling alarms
15
Access Control (AC)
AC-1 Access Control Policy and
Procedures
AC-11 Session Lock
AC-2 Account Management AC-12 Session Termination
AC-3 Access Enforcement AC-13 Supervision and Review—
Access Control
AC-4 Information Flow
Enforcement
AC-14 Permitted Actions without

Identification or
Authentication
AC-5 Separation of Duties AC-15 Automated Marking
AC-6 Least Privilege AC-16 Automated Labeling
AC-7 Unsuccessful Login
Attempts
AC-17 Remote Access
AC-8 System Use Notification AC-18 Wireless Access
Restrictions
AC-9 Previous Logon Notification AC-19 Access Control for
Portable
and Devices
AC-10 Concurrent Session Control AC-20 Use of External
Information
Systems
16

■ A combination of access controls would have alleviated or
prevented the attack
■ Tightly coupled with Identification and Authentication
Learning From the 2000 Maroochy Shire
Cyber Attack
■ Public record of an intentional, targeted attack by a
knowledgeable person on an industrial control system teaches
us to consider:
– Critical physical, administrative, and supply chain
vulnerabilities
– Vulnerabilities coming from suppliers or others outside the
organization
– Contractor and sub-contractor personnel as a potential attack
source
■ Need to be concerned with both inside & outside attack
■ Difficulty in identifying a control system cyber incident as a

malicious attack and retaking control of a “hijacked” system
■ A determined, knowledgeable adversary could potentially
defeat most controls
■ Structured defense-in-depth security is best
17
18
Additional Information
■Authors
– Marshall Abrams <[email protected]>
– Joe Weiss <[email protected]>
■ Incident
– See references in paper
■Case Study

– http://csrc.nist.gov/sec-cert/ics/papers.html
■NIST Industrial Control System Security Project
– http://csrc.nist.gov/sec-cert/ics/index.html
■NIST Project Managers
– Stu Katzke <[email protected]>
– Keith Stouffer <[email protected]>
http://csrc.nist.gov/sec-cert/ics/papers.html
http://csrc.nist.gov/sec-cert/ics/papers.html
ICS ARCHITECTURE FINAL PROJECT TEMPLATE
ICS Architecture Final Project Template

SEC6082
Your Name
Running Head: ICS Architecture Final Project Template
Table of Contents
Executive SummaryX
ICS Industry Architecture Being DesignedX
OverviewX
Statement of NeedX
Detailed DescriptionX
ICS Network ArchitectureX
Physical and Logical DesignsX
ProtocolsX
DevicesX
ICS Security ArchitectureX
Device Security ConfigurationX
EtcX
AppendixX
*Comprehensive Network MapX
Example: Device Data FlowsX
Example: Security Design DocumentsX

Example: Intrusion Detection SystemX
Example: Honeypot ConfigurationX
*The comprehensive network map must include all devices and
communication protocols.
List of Tables and Figures
Figure 1. Example: Total Network DesignX
Figure 2. Example: Device Data FlowX
Figure 3. Example: Intrusion Detection SystemX
Figure 4. Example: Honeypot ConfigurationX
Executive Summary
An Executive Summary provides a brief overview for C-level
Executives who only need to know what the material is about,
not the details of the material. Give a brief summary, one page

or less, of what this project is about.
ICS Industry Architecture Being Designed
This is arguably the most important part of the ICS architecture
project. The logistical work done during this phase makes it
possible to architect a successful ICS network. The origins of
all problems experienced during the other phases can usually be
tracked back to a lack of planning and understanding of your
project during this phase. You will describe the industry you
are architecting this ICS network for.
1. Overview
Begin describing the types of network designs commonly used
to architect this network.
2. Statement of Need
Discuss the network needs of this architectural project. Your
ICS network must include a SCADA network controlling at
least two remote DCS networks. The SCADA network must
securely share data with a traditional business IT network.
3. Detailed Description
Now that you know the types of network commonly found and
used in this industry and you know the particular needs of this
architectural project, address how you will design this ICS
network.

ICS Network Architecture
Provide a brief description of what will occur during this phase.
For example: This is the phase where you will describe the
physical and logical design of your network, etc. This phase
has three sections: Physical and Logical Designs; Protocols; and
Devices.
1. Physical and Logical Designs
There are many physical and logical network designs possible.
ICS networks usually have more than one physical and logical
network solution. Describe your physical and logical ICS
network designs here. Include Visios or Excel designs to
graphically illustrate your designs.
A block of words is provided below to jog your mind:
Ring, star, bus, mesh, twisted pair, coax, fiber, microwave,
satellite.
2. Protocols
This section is where you will document and describe the
protocols in use, where, and why. The protocols listed should
be represented in your network diagram(s). A block of words is
provided below to jog your mind:
DNP3, Fieldbus, Modbus, Profibus, Ethernet.
3. Devices
A list of devices should be provided with as much information
as possible. Identify the open ports and services running on
each. List them here and explain why you’ve chosen them. All

devices listed should appear in your network diagram(s).
Follow these steps below:
a. Identify the device.
b. Identify what the device does.
c. Identify the open ports.
d. Identify the services running on these ports.
Example devices include, but are not limited to: Router,
firewall, IDS/IPS, Honeypot, Historian, PLC, RTU, IED, data
acquisition server, HMI, protocol gateway, SCADA master
station, sensors.
List each device you previously documented in “3. Devices” but
this time annotate how they will be secured. This will require
you to research vendor documentation, industry best practices,
and other authoritative sources. Identify known weaknesses of
the devices and how you will mitigate them.

Appendix
WILMINGTON UNIVERSITY
Course: SEC 6082 Final
Research Paper
Instructor: Dirk Sweigart
Student:___________________ Weighted
Content:______CT:______Comm:______ Weighted Rubric
Score:__________
_
Performance
Unsatisfactory
1
Developing
2
Competent
3
Accomplished

4
Exemplary
5
Knowledge of Content
50% of rubric score
Work does not reflect the assignment purpose
Work marginally reflects the assignment purpose
Work reflects the assignment purpose
Work is accurately detailed, and in line with course content
Work stands-out as exemplary, is accurately detailed, and in

line with course content
Minimal details of ICS Industry being designed
Overview and description provides only basic information
Overview and Description provides general information
Architecture section provides a detailed need and description
Architecture section provides a clear and concise statement and
description
Does not include physical, logical, protocols or devices
Includes a basic overview of physical, logical, protocols or
devices
Includes a general overview of the physical, logical, protocols
or devices
Includes a relatively detailed overview physical, logical,
protocols or devices
Includes a clear and concise overview of the network
architecture including detailed description physical, logical,
protocols or devices
No description of ICS security architecture
Basic description of ICS security architecture with no details on
devices
Includes a general description of of ICS security architecture
but minimal device details

Includes a relatively detailed description of ICS security
architecture along with device details
Includes a clear and concise description of ICS security
architecture and detailed description of device security
configurations
Does not include appendices
Includes minimal appendices
Include basic description of appendixes with good content
Include detailed appendices that are appropriate to the content
Include clear and concise appendices that build on the main
content.
No figures or descriptions (these can be embedded)
Minor figures but not very relevant
Good figures, tables and descriptions appropriate to content
Well-defined figures and tables appropriate to the content
Figures and descriptions are the content and express the ideas
beyond the text.
Ineffective documentation of research/support or 0 Prof
references used
Uses at least 2 Prof ref to support research with poor integration
Uses at least 3 Prof ref to support research with adequate
integration

Uses at least 4 references and integrates them acceptably into
the document
Uses 5 or more references and integrates them clearly and
concisely into the document
Unsatisfactory
Developing
Competent
Accomplished
Exemplary
Critical Thinking
30% of rubric score
Ability to incorporate graphical data/info is lacking
Ability to incorporate graphical data/info is emerging
Ability to incorporate graphical data/info is basic
Ability to incorporate graphical data/info & link key
relationships is proficient
Ability to incorporate graphical data/info & link key
relationships is superior
Design does not discuss the impact of the unique challenges that

exist in securing Industrial Control Systems
Design marginally describes the impact of the unique
challenges that exist in securing Industrial Control Systems
Design assesses the impact of the unique challenges that exist
in securing Industrial Control Systems
Design effectively assess the impact of the unique challenges
that exist in securing Industrial Control Systems with
generalized solutions to address those challenges
Design assess in technical detail the impact of the unique
challenges that exist in securing Industrial Control Systems
with customized solutions to address those challenges
Design does not address methods to balance security with
potential negative impact to process operations and
productivity.
Design documents need for balanced security but includes no
discussion of how to achieve it.
Design provides a basic description of methods to balance
security with potential negative impact to process operations
and productivity.
Design provides a detailed description of methods to balance
security with potential negative impact to process operations
and productivity.
Design provides a clear and concise description of methods to
balance security with potential negative impact to process

operations and productivity.
Design does not provide any options for security
implementations
Design provides a small number of options for security
implementations
Design provides options for security implementations
Design provides some options for security implementations with
detailed guidance
Design provides lots of options for security implementations
with detailed guidance
Unsatisfactory
Developing
Competent
Accomplished
Exemplary
Communications
(Written)20% of rubric score
Sentences are not well-constructed and often lack clarity.

Formats and patterns are repetitive
Sentences are somewhat clear and well constructed, but lack
variety in format& length
Most sentences are clear and well-constructed some evidence of
variety in format, length, and complexity.
Sentences are clear and well-constructed - Some evidence of
variety in format, length, and complexity
Varied well-constructed sentences are evident throughout the
document with an appropriate stylistic flair
Paper is riddled with spelling, punctuation, and/or grammatical
errors
Paper contains 5 or 6 spelling, punctuation, and/or grammatical
errors
errors
errors
No spelling, punctuation, and/or grammatical errors are readily
apparent
Paper is riddled with APA errors
Paper contains 5 or 6 APA errors
Paper contains 3 or 4 APA errors
Paper contains 1 or 2 APA

errors
No APA errors are readily apparent
Executive summary lacking or does not create interest
Executive summary evident but not particularly engaging
Executive summary creates interest and engages the audience
Executive summary creates interest and engages the audience,
sets the stage for the main presentation
Creates interest, engages and involves the audience, sets stage
for the main presentation
Main points are not clear or well organized - Lacks supporting
evidence and detail
Main points are clear but not well developed - More supporting
evidence and detail are needed
Main points are clear and well developed - Evidence and detail
adequately support the presentation
Main points are clear and well developed. Evidence and detail
provide strong support for the presentation
Main points are clear and well developed - Etc. Logical
development is easy to follow

No conclusion, paper just ends
Conclusion exists but does not summarize
Conclusion mentions main points
Conclusion summarizes main points
Conclusion summarizes and drives home main points.
No presentation aids used
Basic presentation aids used, either not well designed or well
integrated into the presentation
Presentation aids are designed and integrated to communicate
content but lack variety
Presentation aids are well designed & integrated, as well as
varied (some use of graphics/visual or sound effects)
Presentation aids are of professional quality, enhancing the flow
and persuasiveness (well integrated graphs, video or other
electronic media)

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