The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the tongue. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered, including the tongue's structure, muscles, blood vessels, innervation, diseases, and relationship to sleep apnea. The body of the document then provides more details on each section, describing the various papillae and their roles in taste, the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that control tongue movement, the nerves and arteries involved, and some common tongue diseases. It concludes by noting the importance of the tongue and encouraging questions.
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tongue and its anatomical relationship with the dentition
• Development of tongue .
• Anatomy of Tongue
• Muscles of tongue.
• Nerve & Blood supply of Tongue.
• Tongue In Orthodontics.
• Examination of tongue.
• Tongue Thrust and Malocclusion.
• Abnormal tongue posture.
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Tongue /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
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The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. It has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
tongue and its anatomical relationship with the dentition
• Development of tongue .
• Anatomy of Tongue
• Muscles of tongue.
• Nerve & Blood supply of Tongue.
• Tongue In Orthodontics.
• Examination of tongue.
• Tongue Thrust and Malocclusion.
• Abnormal tongue posture.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Tongue /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. It has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
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ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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3. Motivation
Curiosity to know more about tongue structure and functions
How could we enhance our tongue muscles?
Tongue and its role in sleep apnea disease
Figuring some of tongue diseases
3
Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
4. Functions
Participating with the nose in tasting process
Participating in producing speech “Changing the cavity frequency”
Participating in swallowing process
Participating in the chewing process “Eating”
Preventing foreign substances from entering the air way “play as the 3rd line of defense after lips
and teeth”
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
5. Tongue
is a muscular structure that forms part of the floor of the oral cavity and part of the anterior
wall of the oropharynx.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
6. Tongue
The Root of the tongue is attached to the mandible and the
hyoid bone.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
7. Tongue
Superior surface “the anterior two-thirds of
the tongue” is oriented in the horizontal
direction.
Pharyngeal surface “the posterior one-third of
the tongue” is oriented more in the vertical
plan.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
8. Tongue
The oral and pharyngeal surfaces are
separated by a V-shaped “sulcus terminal”
At the Apex of the V-shaped sulcus a small
depression (called foramen cecum of the
tongue)
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
9. Tongue
In some people, the thyroglossal duct connects the foramen
cecum with the Thyroid gland in the neck.
The Thyroid gland makes and stores hormones that help
regulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature,
and the rate at which food is converted into energy.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
10. Papillae
The superior surface of the oral part of the tongue is covered by Hundreds of papillae.
It has the tasting buds.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
11. Filiform papillae
Is small cone-shaped with one or multi ends.
Act as an abrasive coating, which gives the tongue a cleaning
and rasping action.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
12. Fungiform papillae
Rounded shaped and larger than filiform and more concentrated
on the tongue margins.
are involved in the sensations of taste and have taste buds
embedded in their surfaces. They respond to both sweet and sour
tastes.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
13. Vallate Papillae
The Largest one, Blunt-ended cylindrical papillae ‘less sharp
end’
are involved in the sensations of taste and have taste buds
embedded in their surfaces ”more sensitive to bitter tastes”
There is a set of seven to twelve of these papillae.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
14. Foliate Papillae
Linear folds on the sides of the tongue near the sulcus terminal.
are involved in the sensations of taste and have taste buds
embedded in their surfaces.
are clustered into two groups on each side of the tongue.
Note: There are no papillae on the pharyngeal surface.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
15. Tongue Muscles
The tongue is divided into a left and right half by a
median sagittal septum.
All tongue muscles are paired.
It has two types:
Intrinsic muscles.
Extrinsic muscles.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
16. Intrinsic muscles
Originate and insert within the substance of the
tongue.
Types:
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse muscles
Vertical muscles
Function: Altering the tongue shape:
Lengthening and shortening the tongue.
Curling and uncurling its apex and edges.
Flattening and rounding its surface.
Working in pairs or one side at a time.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
17. Superior longitudinal
Origin:
The back of the tongue and from the median septum.
Insertion:
On the margin of the tongue
Function:
Shortens tongue, curls apex and sides of tongue.
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
18. Inferior longitudinal
Origin:
Root of the tongue ‘some from the hyoid’
Insertion:
Apex of the tongue
Function:
Shortens tongue, uncurls apex and turns it downward.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
19. Transverse muscles
Origin:
Median septum of the tongue
Insertion:
Lateral margins of tongue.
Function:
Narrows and elongates tongue.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
20. Vertical muscles
Origin:
Dorsum of tongue
Insertion:
Ventral of the tongue
Function:
Flattens and widens the tongue
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
21. Extrinsic Muscles
Originate from the structures outside the tongue and insert into the
tongue.
Types:
Genioglossus.
Hyoglossus.
Styloglossus.
Palatoglossus.
Functions:
Protruding the tongue.
Retracting the tongue.
Depressing the tongue.
Elevating the tongue.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
25. Palatoglossus
Origin:
Inferior surface of palatine aponeurosis ‘muscle of the
soft palate’
Insertion:
Lateral margin of tongue
Function:
Elevates back of tongue and depresses the soft palate.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
26. Vessels
Arteries:
Lingual artery.
Originated from the carotid artery in the neck.
Veins:
Deep Lingual veins.
Dorsal Lingual veins.
Drains into the internal lingual vein in the neck.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
27. Innervations
For the motors:
All the muscles are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve [XII].
Excecpt the palatoglossus muscle which is innervated by the
vagus nerve [X].
For the sensors: ”taste and sensation”
Mandibular nerve.
Lingual nerve.
Facial nerve.
Glossopharyngeal nerve.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
28. Tongue Diseases
Oral cancer
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Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
Geographic tongue (benign
migratory glossitis)
Median rhomboid
glossitis
Ankyloglossia
29. Tongue and sleep Apnea
Tongue falls down and blocks the air way
causes stopping breathing during sleeping.
You may have to strengthen your tongue
muscle by doing some exercises.
There is a video on YouTube called “Stop Sleep
Apnea Now!“ by doing some exercises for the
tongue muscles.
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014
30. Conclusion
Tongue is a very vital organ in your body
Tongue does many important functions
Keep your tongue safe!
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Ahmed El-Wali
Functional Anatomy Course BME 7014