Disagreement can aid the pursuit of knowledge in several ways:
1) Disagreement prompts researchers to conduct new experiments and develop new theories to explain inconsistencies or contradictions, as seen with Galileo disproving Aristotle's theory of motion.
2) Examining criticisms of existing theories leads to improvements or modifications that increase knowledge, such as Copernicus building on Aristarchus' heliocentric model.
3) While disagreement does not always lead to new knowledge, as in economics where theories cannot be proven, it often plays a role in advancing science by challenging current understandings.
1. Science is a way of exploring and explaining the natural world using a process designed to reduce errors. It consists of various disciplines that study either physical phenomena like physics and chemistry or living organisms like biology.
2. The scientific method involves making observations, asking questions, developing hypotheses, making predictions, testing predictions through experiments, analyzing results, and peer reviewing findings. It allows scientific understanding to advance through evaluation and dissemination of information.
3. Scientific theories are hypotheses that have been rigorously tested and accepted as generally correct, but cannot be proven absolutely. Laws summarize scientific facts about nature. The body of scientific knowledge is stable but open to improvement through testing.
The document discusses several theories about the origins and formation of the universe:
1) The Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began as an extremely dense, hot point that exploded outward and formed the ingredients to make atoms.
2) String Theory suggests that the universe is composed of 10 or 11 dimensional strings that reach other dimensions.
3) The Creation Theory from religion holds that God created Earth and the heavens over seven days, forming matter through mythical energy.
However, the document notes that while some theories are more logical than others, none can be definitively proven or disproven with the current scientific evidence.
Summary: Big Bang theory is the most widely accepted cosmological model. It has been widely claimed that it is well supported by evidence. However it is found that it is only a convenient explanation for several observations but the assumptions underlying Big Bang theory are neither supported by independent evidence nor meet the test of plausibility. Big Bang theory and observations explained by it are the only evidence in support of assumptions underlying Big Bang theory. Moreover alternative explanations to the same observations do exist but they have not been duly considered so far.
Author: Dr Mahesh C. Jain is a practicing medical doctor has written the book “Encounter of Science with Philosophy – A synthetic view”. The book begins with first chapter devoted to scientifically valid concept of God and then explains cosmic phenomena right from origin of nature and universe up to origin of life and evolution of man. The book includes several chapters devoted to auxiliary concepts and social sciences as corollaries to the concept of God. Consciousness is one of the aspects of and had to precede origin of universe. This is the only book which deals with origin of nature and universe from null or Zero or nothing.
Visit:http:// www.sciencengod.com
http://www.sciencengod.com/clipboard.htm
Jack Oughton - Is Cosmology A Science 04.pptxJack Oughton
1. Physical cosmology can be considered a science as it gathers and analyzes data, develops theories that can be falsified, and undergoes peer review. However, it cannot conduct controlled experiments.
2. Cosmology encompasses both scientific and non-scientific disciplines. While observational cosmology is scientific, theoretical cosmology is currently speculative.
3. Cosmology is an important field but studying the entire universe presents challenges to establishing a single scientific framework. Physical cosmology continues to integrate insights from other sciences.
The document discusses the scientific method and its key components. It defines science as a methodology of testing knowledge claims through empirical observation and experimentation. This includes formulating hypotheses, designing experiments, analyzing results, developing scientific laws and theories, and repeating the cycle through peer review and attempts at falsification. The scientific method aims to approach truth through successive testing and revision of ideas, without claiming absolute certainty.
The natural sciences involve studying objects and processes observable in nature, such as biology and physics. The scientific method involves making observations, developing hypotheses, making predictions based on hypotheses, and experimentally testing predictions. A key part of the scientific method is that hypotheses can be proven false through experimentation. While scientific knowledge cannot be absolutely proven true, theories that withstand challenges are considered valid within their domain. The development of science involves imagination to develop theories to explain observations. Scientific progress values expanding knowledge, though some argue there should be regulation of controversial areas.
There are a number of problems with the Big Bang theory. It ought to be pointed out, at this point, that it is not only creationists who have problems with the Big Bang theory. The theory is not universally accepted. For example, the physicist Eric Lerner has described himself as a Big Bang heretic, and has written a book and a website on the subject.
One very large problem with the theory is its inability to determine where the singularity came from.
The document provides an overview of climate change data and statistics concepts. It includes 3 figures showing land surface temperature data from the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature study with different timeframes and trend lines applied. It also lists topics to be covered in an intro to statistics course on climate change, including how to collect and interpret data ethically and reduce bias. Finally, it provides the reading list for the course, which covers evolution, Charles Darwin, and more.
1. Science is a way of exploring and explaining the natural world using a process designed to reduce errors. It consists of various disciplines that study either physical phenomena like physics and chemistry or living organisms like biology.
2. The scientific method involves making observations, asking questions, developing hypotheses, making predictions, testing predictions through experiments, analyzing results, and peer reviewing findings. It allows scientific understanding to advance through evaluation and dissemination of information.
3. Scientific theories are hypotheses that have been rigorously tested and accepted as generally correct, but cannot be proven absolutely. Laws summarize scientific facts about nature. The body of scientific knowledge is stable but open to improvement through testing.
The document discusses several theories about the origins and formation of the universe:
1) The Big Bang Theory proposes that the universe began as an extremely dense, hot point that exploded outward and formed the ingredients to make atoms.
2) String Theory suggests that the universe is composed of 10 or 11 dimensional strings that reach other dimensions.
3) The Creation Theory from religion holds that God created Earth and the heavens over seven days, forming matter through mythical energy.
However, the document notes that while some theories are more logical than others, none can be definitively proven or disproven with the current scientific evidence.
Summary: Big Bang theory is the most widely accepted cosmological model. It has been widely claimed that it is well supported by evidence. However it is found that it is only a convenient explanation for several observations but the assumptions underlying Big Bang theory are neither supported by independent evidence nor meet the test of plausibility. Big Bang theory and observations explained by it are the only evidence in support of assumptions underlying Big Bang theory. Moreover alternative explanations to the same observations do exist but they have not been duly considered so far.
Author: Dr Mahesh C. Jain is a practicing medical doctor has written the book “Encounter of Science with Philosophy – A synthetic view”. The book begins with first chapter devoted to scientifically valid concept of God and then explains cosmic phenomena right from origin of nature and universe up to origin of life and evolution of man. The book includes several chapters devoted to auxiliary concepts and social sciences as corollaries to the concept of God. Consciousness is one of the aspects of and had to precede origin of universe. This is the only book which deals with origin of nature and universe from null or Zero or nothing.
Visit:http:// www.sciencengod.com
http://www.sciencengod.com/clipboard.htm
Jack Oughton - Is Cosmology A Science 04.pptxJack Oughton
1. Physical cosmology can be considered a science as it gathers and analyzes data, develops theories that can be falsified, and undergoes peer review. However, it cannot conduct controlled experiments.
2. Cosmology encompasses both scientific and non-scientific disciplines. While observational cosmology is scientific, theoretical cosmology is currently speculative.
3. Cosmology is an important field but studying the entire universe presents challenges to establishing a single scientific framework. Physical cosmology continues to integrate insights from other sciences.
The document discusses the scientific method and its key components. It defines science as a methodology of testing knowledge claims through empirical observation and experimentation. This includes formulating hypotheses, designing experiments, analyzing results, developing scientific laws and theories, and repeating the cycle through peer review and attempts at falsification. The scientific method aims to approach truth through successive testing and revision of ideas, without claiming absolute certainty.
The natural sciences involve studying objects and processes observable in nature, such as biology and physics. The scientific method involves making observations, developing hypotheses, making predictions based on hypotheses, and experimentally testing predictions. A key part of the scientific method is that hypotheses can be proven false through experimentation. While scientific knowledge cannot be absolutely proven true, theories that withstand challenges are considered valid within their domain. The development of science involves imagination to develop theories to explain observations. Scientific progress values expanding knowledge, though some argue there should be regulation of controversial areas.
There are a number of problems with the Big Bang theory. It ought to be pointed out, at this point, that it is not only creationists who have problems with the Big Bang theory. The theory is not universally accepted. For example, the physicist Eric Lerner has described himself as a Big Bang heretic, and has written a book and a website on the subject.
One very large problem with the theory is its inability to determine where the singularity came from.
The document provides an overview of climate change data and statistics concepts. It includes 3 figures showing land surface temperature data from the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature study with different timeframes and trend lines applied. It also lists topics to be covered in an intro to statistics course on climate change, including how to collect and interpret data ethically and reduce bias. Finally, it provides the reading list for the course, which covers evolution, Charles Darwin, and more.
The document discusses three theories of the origin and existence of the universe: the Big Bang theory, which proposes that all matter originated from a single point that exploded; creationism, which involves a deity creating all matter and life; and the idea that the universe "always has been" and did not have a definite beginning.
This document discusses the demarcation of science from pseudoscience and the criterion of falsifiability. It explores how theoretical sciences like cosmology and theoretical physics deal with phenomena that are unobservable and difficult to falsify. While mathematics and theoretical constructs are useful for developing scientific understanding, overreliance on interpretation of data without direct observation can compromise objectivity and falsifiability. Determining what constitutes science versus pseudoscience or non-science is a complex problem with no definitive answers.
The document discusses natural sciences, which deal with matter, energy, and their interrelations and transformations. It provides examples of scientific discoveries that were made by accident, through emotion-driven research, intuition, and imagination. The development of sciences is not linear but involves revising facts and concepts over time. One achievement of 20th century physics was proving the aim of giving an exact picture of the material world to be unattainable. The document asks whether people place the same faith in science as religion and provides dictionary definitions of science and religion.
This document discusses and analyzes evolution and creation science from an inductive reasoning perspective. It introduces the two models of origin - evolution, which is accepted as the scientific model, and creation science, which has religious origins but is claimed as science by some followers. The document aims to determine if creation science can be considered a genuine scientific alternative to evolution through an unbiased, induction-based analysis. It outlines the scope of using inductive logic and addressing issues like falsifiability and eliminating psychological biases from the analysis. The principal section then conducts an inductive logic analysis of the two models and discusses the roles of induction in scientific reasoning and theory development.
1) The document argues that a belief in extraterrestrials has paved the way for a belief in global warming through a progression of steps.
2) It discusses how the Drake equation for estimating the number of intelligent civilizations in the universe cannot be tested or proven, yet gained acceptance, opening the door for other unsupported theories.
3) One such theory was "Nuclear Winter" which speculated that smoke from a nuclear war could block sunlight for weeks, but like the Drake equation, was based on unknown variables and assumptions rather than evidence.
This document discusses the key concepts of physics and the scientific method. It explains that physics aims to understand nature's rules through studying phenomena like star patterns and weather. The scientific method involves making hypotheses, predicting consequences, experimenting, and finding rules. It provides examples of Aristotle's hypothesis about falling objects being disproven by Galileo's experiments. Theories are distinguished from hypotheses as being synthesized from many verified hypotheses. The document asks the reader to determine which of several examples constitute a scientific hypothesis. It also distinguishes science from technology, with science answering theoretical questions and technology applying scientific knowledge practically.
Evolutionary epistemology versus faith and justified true belief: Does scien...William Hall
This presentation explores the basis for scientific rationality by testing our claims about the world against nature as described by Karl Popper's evolutionary epistemology versus accepting claims based on justified true belief. The presentation is particularly concerned to show the philosophical problems with religious fundamentalism.
Life, Knowledge and Natural Selection ― How life (scientifically) designs its...William Hall
The document discusses major revolutions in how life stores and processes knowledge over time, from the emergence of the first living systems to modern technological advances. It outlines three key revolutions:
1) The emergence of genetic memory in DNA and RNA around 4 billion years ago, allowing life to store knowledge across generations.
2) The development of multicellular memory and neural networks in brains between 2-1.5 billion years ago, greatly increasing an organism's processing power.
3) The rise of cultural memory and knowledge sharing through language, writing, and communication starting around 5,000 years ago, enabling societies to collectively store and build upon knowledge over generations.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in the natural sciences, with a focus on biology. It defines biology as the scientific study of life, covering broad topics like zoology, biology, and microbiology. The document outlines some of the fundamental characteristics of life, such as the ability to capture and use energy/materials, sense and respond to the environment, and reproduce. It encourages students to study natural sciences like biology to better understand how many events relate to life. It provides instructions to find a newspaper article on a topic directly relevant to biology and justify its connection. Recommended reference materials on biology concepts and subdisciplines like zoology are also listed.
This article aims to present possible strategies for humanity to seek its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live. Research on the fate of our Universe, on the existence or not of multiverse or parallel universes and on the development of the final theory or theory of everything, that is, of the theory of the unified field, are important questions to elucidate in order to point out possible strategies for humanity seeks its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live.
The scientific deception of the new atheists by Mohammed Hijabdocsforu
Proponents of the New Atheist movement commonly use scientific discourse in order to make a case against theism. Richard Dawkins famously positions Darwinian evolution as a replacement for the ‘God Thesis’. Moreover, New Atheists like A.C Grayling, Christopher Hitchens and others make the case that belief in religion in inhibiting to science. On this view, science can tell us all we need to know about the world and reference to a divine being is superfluous and unnecessary. This small book is a refutation of these claims. By referencing the works of western intellectuals, the author demonstrates decisively how flawed these postulations are. In addition to this, the author is able to show that despite that forceful and pervasive nature of atheistic jargon in public discourse, that the actual success of new atheists is largely over-exaggerated.
Challenges to Science Philosophy and TheoryRuss Reinsch
This document provides an overview of challenges to science philosophy and theory in the 20th century. It discusses how science moved from an overly strict empiricist view in the early 1900s to incorporate more moderate philosophies. Key challenges included the problem of induction, demarcating science from non-science, and theoretical issues raised by Kuhn and the Duhem-Quine thesis. The document examines proposed solutions from philosophers like Popper, Kuhn, Quine, and Laudan. It argues that science can understand reality using evidentiary theories, without needing perfect truths, and that Laudan provided clarity on evaluating and choosing between theories.
This document discusses the current state of confusion in physics regarding the origins and development of the universe. It covers several key topics:
1) The inflationary theory proposes the universe rapidly expanded from something smaller than a proton but does not explain what caused the Big Bang. Cosmologists debate what preceded it.
2) Some propose the universe emerged from a quantum fluctuation, though how order developed from randomness is unclear.
3) For laws of physics to exist at the Big Bang implies a great mathematician/physicist predated the universe.
4) Explanations like multiverse theory raise more questions than answers and seem like science fiction. Mystery substances like dark matter and dark energy are largely un
The document discusses the intermittent nature of scientific progress throughout history. It argues that science does not advance continuously, but rather in spurts as old ideas are replaced by new theories. It also notes that revisiting old theories with new technology has often led to proving or disproving previous work. The document provides examples of Arthur Eddington proving Einstein's theory of relativity, continental drift being validated, and William Bateson challenging Darwin's view of evolution, showing how questioning prior theories has contributed to scientific advances.
1. The document discusses whether science will ever be able to fully explain everything through its predictive testing methodology.
2. While science has made tremendous advances in explaining various natural phenomena, every new discovery leads to new questions, and science may be inherently limited in answering fundamental questions about meaning and purpose.
3. Some mysteries like "magic numbers" that appear throughout nature and the simplicity of laws governing the universe cannot be fully explained by science alone. Science may not have the tools to answer all questions.
- The document summarizes a talk given by John Lennox on whether science has disproven the existence of God.
- Lennox argues that science studies nature but does not prove or disprove the existence of a creator. Many prominent scientists throughout history were Christian believers.
- The real debate is between naturalism, which sees the universe as all that exists, versus theism, which posits an ultimate creator beyond the natural world. Science alone cannot prove either view.
The document discusses the Big Bang theory and whether God exists. It notes that while the Big Bang theory has some uncertainties due to limitations of scientific equipment, the idea of God is difficult to explain and requires faith. It also shows that most people currently believe in God, though atheism is growing. Finally, it suggests that science, through theories like the Big Bang, answers "no" to whether God is real and that the reader should consider what they personally believe.
philosophy of science, Falsification theory, Karl popperKhalid Zaffar
The document discusses falsification and its importance in philosophy of science. [1] Falsification proposes that for a theory to be considered scientific, it must be possible to prove it false through testing or observation. [2] Karl Popper introduced the principle of falsification, stating that a theory is scientific if we can identify potential evidence that could show it is incorrect. [3] Being able to falsify theories allows them to be rigorously tested and improved in science, distinguishing science from non-falsifiable claims.
The document discusses research methods and the scientific method. It provides an overview of key figures in the development of science like Galileo, Popper, Kuhn, and Lakatos. It describes Galileo's experiment dropping objects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to test hypotheses. It also summarizes Popper's concept of falsifiability, Kuhn's idea of paradigms, and Lakatos' attempt to find common ground between Popper and Kuhn.
1. TEN MYTHS OF SCIENCE REEXAMINING WHAT WE THINK WE KNOW...W. .docxambersalomon88660
1. TEN MYTHS OF SCIENCE: REEXAMINING WHAT WE THINK WE KNOW...
W. McComas 1996
This article addresses and attempts to refute several of the most widespread and enduring misconceptions held by students regarding the enterprise of science. The ten myths discussed include the common notions that theories become laws, that hypotheses are best characterized as educated guesses, and that there is a commonly-applied scientific method. In addition, the article includes discussion of other incorrect ideas such as the view that evidence leads to sure knowledge, that science and its methods provide absolute proof, and that science is not a creative endeavor. Finally, the myths that scientists are objective, that experiments are the sole route to scientific knowledge and that scientific conclusions are continually reviewed conclude this presentation. The paper ends with a plea that instruction in and opportunities to experience the nature of science are vital in preservice and inservice teacher education programs to help unseat the myths of science.
Myths are typically defined as traditional views, fables, legends or stories. As such, myths can be entertaining and even educational since they help people make sense of the world. In fact, the explanatory role of myths most likely accounts for their development, spread and persistence. However, when fact and fiction blur, myths lose their entertainment value and serve only to block full understanding. Such is the case with the myths of science.
Scholar Joseph Campbell (1968) has proposed that the similarity among many folk myths worldwide is due to a subconscious link between all peoples, but no such link can explain the myths of science. Misconceptions about science are most likely due to the lack of philosophy of science content in teacher education programs, the failure of such programs to provide and require authentic science experiences for preservice teachers and the generally shallow treatment of the nature of science in the precollege textbooks to which teachers might turn for guidance.
As Steven Jay Gould points out in The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone (1988), science textbook writers are among the most egregious purveyors of myth and inaccuracy. The fox terrier mentioned in the title refers to the classic comparison used to express the size of the dawn horse, the tiny precursor to the modem horse. This comparison is unfortunate for two reasons. Not only was this horse ancestor much bigger than a fox terrier, but the fox terrier breed of dog is virtually unknown to American students. The major criticism leveled by Gould is that once this comparison took hold, no one bothered to check its validity or utility. Through time, one author after another simply repeated the inept comparison and continued a tradition that has made many science texts virtual clones of each other on this and countless other points.
In an attempt to provide a more realistic view of science and point out issues o.
Medical advances over the 20th century have benefited humanity but also caused tensions between faith and reason. Diseases like measles and whooping cough can now be treated with vaccines and medicines. Advances like heart surgery, organ transplants, and pain management have saved lives. However, newer technologies related to cloning, life support, and prenatal care have also been controversial as some argue they conflict with religious beliefs. There is an ongoing debate around how much humans should alter life through medical advances.
The document discusses three theories of the origin and existence of the universe: the Big Bang theory, which proposes that all matter originated from a single point that exploded; creationism, which involves a deity creating all matter and life; and the idea that the universe "always has been" and did not have a definite beginning.
This document discusses the demarcation of science from pseudoscience and the criterion of falsifiability. It explores how theoretical sciences like cosmology and theoretical physics deal with phenomena that are unobservable and difficult to falsify. While mathematics and theoretical constructs are useful for developing scientific understanding, overreliance on interpretation of data without direct observation can compromise objectivity and falsifiability. Determining what constitutes science versus pseudoscience or non-science is a complex problem with no definitive answers.
The document discusses natural sciences, which deal with matter, energy, and their interrelations and transformations. It provides examples of scientific discoveries that were made by accident, through emotion-driven research, intuition, and imagination. The development of sciences is not linear but involves revising facts and concepts over time. One achievement of 20th century physics was proving the aim of giving an exact picture of the material world to be unattainable. The document asks whether people place the same faith in science as religion and provides dictionary definitions of science and religion.
This document discusses and analyzes evolution and creation science from an inductive reasoning perspective. It introduces the two models of origin - evolution, which is accepted as the scientific model, and creation science, which has religious origins but is claimed as science by some followers. The document aims to determine if creation science can be considered a genuine scientific alternative to evolution through an unbiased, induction-based analysis. It outlines the scope of using inductive logic and addressing issues like falsifiability and eliminating psychological biases from the analysis. The principal section then conducts an inductive logic analysis of the two models and discusses the roles of induction in scientific reasoning and theory development.
1) The document argues that a belief in extraterrestrials has paved the way for a belief in global warming through a progression of steps.
2) It discusses how the Drake equation for estimating the number of intelligent civilizations in the universe cannot be tested or proven, yet gained acceptance, opening the door for other unsupported theories.
3) One such theory was "Nuclear Winter" which speculated that smoke from a nuclear war could block sunlight for weeks, but like the Drake equation, was based on unknown variables and assumptions rather than evidence.
This document discusses the key concepts of physics and the scientific method. It explains that physics aims to understand nature's rules through studying phenomena like star patterns and weather. The scientific method involves making hypotheses, predicting consequences, experimenting, and finding rules. It provides examples of Aristotle's hypothesis about falling objects being disproven by Galileo's experiments. Theories are distinguished from hypotheses as being synthesized from many verified hypotheses. The document asks the reader to determine which of several examples constitute a scientific hypothesis. It also distinguishes science from technology, with science answering theoretical questions and technology applying scientific knowledge practically.
Evolutionary epistemology versus faith and justified true belief: Does scien...William Hall
This presentation explores the basis for scientific rationality by testing our claims about the world against nature as described by Karl Popper's evolutionary epistemology versus accepting claims based on justified true belief. The presentation is particularly concerned to show the philosophical problems with religious fundamentalism.
Life, Knowledge and Natural Selection ― How life (scientifically) designs its...William Hall
The document discusses major revolutions in how life stores and processes knowledge over time, from the emergence of the first living systems to modern technological advances. It outlines three key revolutions:
1) The emergence of genetic memory in DNA and RNA around 4 billion years ago, allowing life to store knowledge across generations.
2) The development of multicellular memory and neural networks in brains between 2-1.5 billion years ago, greatly increasing an organism's processing power.
3) The rise of cultural memory and knowledge sharing through language, writing, and communication starting around 5,000 years ago, enabling societies to collectively store and build upon knowledge over generations.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in the natural sciences, with a focus on biology. It defines biology as the scientific study of life, covering broad topics like zoology, biology, and microbiology. The document outlines some of the fundamental characteristics of life, such as the ability to capture and use energy/materials, sense and respond to the environment, and reproduce. It encourages students to study natural sciences like biology to better understand how many events relate to life. It provides instructions to find a newspaper article on a topic directly relevant to biology and justify its connection. Recommended reference materials on biology concepts and subdisciplines like zoology are also listed.
This article aims to present possible strategies for humanity to seek its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live. Research on the fate of our Universe, on the existence or not of multiverse or parallel universes and on the development of the final theory or theory of everything, that is, of the theory of the unified field, are important questions to elucidate in order to point out possible strategies for humanity seeks its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live.
The scientific deception of the new atheists by Mohammed Hijabdocsforu
Proponents of the New Atheist movement commonly use scientific discourse in order to make a case against theism. Richard Dawkins famously positions Darwinian evolution as a replacement for the ‘God Thesis’. Moreover, New Atheists like A.C Grayling, Christopher Hitchens and others make the case that belief in religion in inhibiting to science. On this view, science can tell us all we need to know about the world and reference to a divine being is superfluous and unnecessary. This small book is a refutation of these claims. By referencing the works of western intellectuals, the author demonstrates decisively how flawed these postulations are. In addition to this, the author is able to show that despite that forceful and pervasive nature of atheistic jargon in public discourse, that the actual success of new atheists is largely over-exaggerated.
Challenges to Science Philosophy and TheoryRuss Reinsch
This document provides an overview of challenges to science philosophy and theory in the 20th century. It discusses how science moved from an overly strict empiricist view in the early 1900s to incorporate more moderate philosophies. Key challenges included the problem of induction, demarcating science from non-science, and theoretical issues raised by Kuhn and the Duhem-Quine thesis. The document examines proposed solutions from philosophers like Popper, Kuhn, Quine, and Laudan. It argues that science can understand reality using evidentiary theories, without needing perfect truths, and that Laudan provided clarity on evaluating and choosing between theories.
This document discusses the current state of confusion in physics regarding the origins and development of the universe. It covers several key topics:
1) The inflationary theory proposes the universe rapidly expanded from something smaller than a proton but does not explain what caused the Big Bang. Cosmologists debate what preceded it.
2) Some propose the universe emerged from a quantum fluctuation, though how order developed from randomness is unclear.
3) For laws of physics to exist at the Big Bang implies a great mathematician/physicist predated the universe.
4) Explanations like multiverse theory raise more questions than answers and seem like science fiction. Mystery substances like dark matter and dark energy are largely un
The document discusses the intermittent nature of scientific progress throughout history. It argues that science does not advance continuously, but rather in spurts as old ideas are replaced by new theories. It also notes that revisiting old theories with new technology has often led to proving or disproving previous work. The document provides examples of Arthur Eddington proving Einstein's theory of relativity, continental drift being validated, and William Bateson challenging Darwin's view of evolution, showing how questioning prior theories has contributed to scientific advances.
1. The document discusses whether science will ever be able to fully explain everything through its predictive testing methodology.
2. While science has made tremendous advances in explaining various natural phenomena, every new discovery leads to new questions, and science may be inherently limited in answering fundamental questions about meaning and purpose.
3. Some mysteries like "magic numbers" that appear throughout nature and the simplicity of laws governing the universe cannot be fully explained by science alone. Science may not have the tools to answer all questions.
- The document summarizes a talk given by John Lennox on whether science has disproven the existence of God.
- Lennox argues that science studies nature but does not prove or disprove the existence of a creator. Many prominent scientists throughout history were Christian believers.
- The real debate is between naturalism, which sees the universe as all that exists, versus theism, which posits an ultimate creator beyond the natural world. Science alone cannot prove either view.
The document discusses the Big Bang theory and whether God exists. It notes that while the Big Bang theory has some uncertainties due to limitations of scientific equipment, the idea of God is difficult to explain and requires faith. It also shows that most people currently believe in God, though atheism is growing. Finally, it suggests that science, through theories like the Big Bang, answers "no" to whether God is real and that the reader should consider what they personally believe.
philosophy of science, Falsification theory, Karl popperKhalid Zaffar
The document discusses falsification and its importance in philosophy of science. [1] Falsification proposes that for a theory to be considered scientific, it must be possible to prove it false through testing or observation. [2] Karl Popper introduced the principle of falsification, stating that a theory is scientific if we can identify potential evidence that could show it is incorrect. [3] Being able to falsify theories allows them to be rigorously tested and improved in science, distinguishing science from non-falsifiable claims.
The document discusses research methods and the scientific method. It provides an overview of key figures in the development of science like Galileo, Popper, Kuhn, and Lakatos. It describes Galileo's experiment dropping objects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to test hypotheses. It also summarizes Popper's concept of falsifiability, Kuhn's idea of paradigms, and Lakatos' attempt to find common ground between Popper and Kuhn.
1. TEN MYTHS OF SCIENCE REEXAMINING WHAT WE THINK WE KNOW...W. .docxambersalomon88660
1. TEN MYTHS OF SCIENCE: REEXAMINING WHAT WE THINK WE KNOW...
W. McComas 1996
This article addresses and attempts to refute several of the most widespread and enduring misconceptions held by students regarding the enterprise of science. The ten myths discussed include the common notions that theories become laws, that hypotheses are best characterized as educated guesses, and that there is a commonly-applied scientific method. In addition, the article includes discussion of other incorrect ideas such as the view that evidence leads to sure knowledge, that science and its methods provide absolute proof, and that science is not a creative endeavor. Finally, the myths that scientists are objective, that experiments are the sole route to scientific knowledge and that scientific conclusions are continually reviewed conclude this presentation. The paper ends with a plea that instruction in and opportunities to experience the nature of science are vital in preservice and inservice teacher education programs to help unseat the myths of science.
Myths are typically defined as traditional views, fables, legends or stories. As such, myths can be entertaining and even educational since they help people make sense of the world. In fact, the explanatory role of myths most likely accounts for their development, spread and persistence. However, when fact and fiction blur, myths lose their entertainment value and serve only to block full understanding. Such is the case with the myths of science.
Scholar Joseph Campbell (1968) has proposed that the similarity among many folk myths worldwide is due to a subconscious link between all peoples, but no such link can explain the myths of science. Misconceptions about science are most likely due to the lack of philosophy of science content in teacher education programs, the failure of such programs to provide and require authentic science experiences for preservice teachers and the generally shallow treatment of the nature of science in the precollege textbooks to which teachers might turn for guidance.
As Steven Jay Gould points out in The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone (1988), science textbook writers are among the most egregious purveyors of myth and inaccuracy. The fox terrier mentioned in the title refers to the classic comparison used to express the size of the dawn horse, the tiny precursor to the modem horse. This comparison is unfortunate for two reasons. Not only was this horse ancestor much bigger than a fox terrier, but the fox terrier breed of dog is virtually unknown to American students. The major criticism leveled by Gould is that once this comparison took hold, no one bothered to check its validity or utility. Through time, one author after another simply repeated the inept comparison and continued a tradition that has made many science texts virtual clones of each other on this and countless other points.
In an attempt to provide a more realistic view of science and point out issues o.
Medical advances over the 20th century have benefited humanity but also caused tensions between faith and reason. Diseases like measles and whooping cough can now be treated with vaccines and medicines. Advances like heart surgery, organ transplants, and pain management have saved lives. However, newer technologies related to cloning, life support, and prenatal care have also been controversial as some argue they conflict with religious beliefs. There is an ongoing debate around how much humans should alter life through medical advances.
This document discusses scientific theories and the Big Bang Theory. It provides definitions of key terms like scientific theory, fact, and law. It explains that a scientific theory is well-supported by evidence but is not absolute fact. The document then summarizes the development of the Big Bang Theory, including contributions from Einstein, Friedman, and Hubble. It describes how evidence from the cosmic microwave background and galaxy redshifts supports the idea that the universe expanded from a hot, dense initial state nearly 14 billion years ago.
Philosophy of science paper_A Melodrama of Politics, Science and ReligionMahesh Jakhotia
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http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
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1. Question 1: In what ways may disagreement aid the pursuit of knowledge in the
natural and human sciences?
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Question 1 : In what ways may disagreement aid the pursuit of knowledge in the natural and
human sciences?
“Knowledge is the perception of the agreement or disagreement of two ideas.1”
This definition of knowledge has showed me that the agreement or disagreement will aid us to
pursuit knowledge. Sometimes I could see a contradiction exists between two theories. For
example, the model of the atom that has been introduced in 1897. J.J Thomson proposed a model
of atom that consists of positive pudding with negative plums. This model was accepted for 12
years until there is disagreement from Ernest Rutherford, and under his direction, Geiger and
Marsden performed an experiment that proved the model is incorrect. Therefore, the knowledge
issue that will be discussed throughout this essay is in what ways may disagreement aid the
pursuit of knowledge in the natural and human sciences? The pursuit of knowledge can defined
as the ability for the knowledge to be accepted and apply by the people.
The disagreement would aid to pursuit the knowledge by giving a new dimension for the
researcher to look for a certainty to confirm their claim and later proposed a new theory that can
replace the superseded theory. This is because in order to create a scientific laws and theories,
scientists need to use an inductive logic to make a generalization based on their observation and
then apply deductive logic to these theories and laws to make explanation and prediction. The
problem occurs because science is about certainty. We will never gain certainty by using
inductive logic, as it does support our conclusion but it is not reliable to confirm a truth value of
these theories. Therefore, there will be a room for people to accept or reject a theory by coming
1 Kemerling, G. (2011, november 12). Human Knowledge. Retrieved february17, 2013, from A Guide to Locke's Essay:
http://www.philosophypages.com/locke/g04.htm
2. Question 1: In what ways may disagreement aid the pursuit of knowledge in the
natural and human sciences?
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up with a new theory. But, before coming up a new theory, there will be a time where the
scientists disagree with theory proposed.
For example in natural science, “Aristotle thought that natural motion came from the
nature of objects. He believed that heavier objects tried harder to reach their proper place;
therefore, he believed that heavier objects fell faster than lighter objects.”2 However, this
dynamic motion law has been proven wrong by Galileo by conducting an experiment. In his
experiment, he shows that the lighter and heavier object hit the ground at the same time when
released from the same height. He also came up with a new law which is inertia that discredits
Aristotle point of view. From this example we can see that the disagreement can lead to the truth
value of knowledge where the scientist who disagree with the theory would conducted a new
research and experiment to find a proof to disprove that acknowledge knowledge. A more
accurate and valid knowledge can be gained from here. While in human science, “the blank
slate theory of socialization was disproven by research on cross-cultural universals.”3 Blank slate
or tabula rasa is the theory that believes human mind after born was blank. The people gain
knowledge from experience and perception along their growth. However, this theory was
rejected as the research result told that genetic can influence human personality.
However, the disagreement did not aid the pursuit of knowledge when people cannot
prove the theory released. In the economic field for example, there is some people agree and
accept Keynesian economics and reject supply side economics while other believe the vice versa.
2 David. (2000). mechanics. Retrievedfebruary18, 2013, from
http://library.thinkquest.org/C004587/tutorials/mechanics/lesson1.htm:http://www.thinkquest.org/
3 Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (2013, January9). RetrievedFebruary20, 2013, from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superseded_scientific_theories
3. Question 1: In what ways may disagreement aid the pursuit of knowledge in the
natural and human sciences?
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“Keynesian economics was based on a circular flow of money, which refers to the idea that when
spending increases in an economy, earnings also increase, which can lead to even more spending
and earnings.”4 While supply side economics is “program for Economic Recovery that had four
major policy objectives which is reduce the growth of government spending, reduce the marginal
tax rates on income from both labor and capital, reduce regulation, and reduce inflation by
controlling the growth of the money supply.”5 Actually, we do not know which theory is
effective because there is no scientific evidence on it. We only have the anecdotal evidence
which is not valid for reasoning. This is because there is hard for us to run an experiment to
prove it. We need to controlled a lot of variable as economic can be influence by the population
of the people, weather, the condition of the place, earthquake and natural resources. That’s why
in economics, there is a lot of disagreement because there is no evidence to show which theory is
true as it has a lot of limitation. Therefore, the disagreement cannot aid the pursuit of knowledge
because there is no mechanism that can be used to prove the theory.
The disagreements also aid the pursuit of knowledge by improving or modifying the
theory. When the new theory released by the scientist, the other scientists would see whether that
theory contradicts or not with their theory. Any contradiction would result in disagreement and
they would continue their research in order to find whom theory is true. However, their
researches eventually help to add more truth value of that knowledge itself which is improve the
acknowledge theory. We can see the real life situation for this case which is from natural science
4 Denis. (2003). What Is Keynesian Economics? Retrieved 2 18, 2013, from wiseGEEK:http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-
keynesian-economics.htm
5 Niskanen, W. A. (1993). "Reaganomics." The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Retrievedfebruary18, 2013, from Libraryof
Economics andLiberty:http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/Reaganomics.html
4. Question 1: In what ways may disagreement aid the pursuit of knowledge in the
natural and human sciences?
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regarding Heliocentrism. Heliocentric is the astronomical model that has the sun as the centre of
the solar system and the other planet including the Earth revolve around it. This model is
proposed by “Aristarchus of Samos”6. Nicholas Copernicus then presented a mathematical model
of heliocentric system and philosophical implication and fully discussion of geometrical detail to
support the theory proposed. The next scientists then continue the research and find the proof to
support the theory which is by the observation of the telescope which is presenting by Galileo
Galilei. The research is continuing until now where now we greatly accept the fact that sun is the
centre of the solar system. In the geographical theory, in the 16th century, people believe that we
can travel from Europe to Pacific across the North Pole. This theory is called open polar sea
where “the Open Polar Sea was a hypothesized ice-free ocean surrounding the North Pole.”7 This
theory was disproving when the scientist failed to prove it during their expedition in early 19th.
However, the latest news released by the scientist told that there is possible for the Artic to
become ice-free due to the Artic shrinkage. This new found can improve the knowledge that has
been bunked before.
But, too much disagreement also can lead to hinder the pursuit of knowledge. This is
proven when the theory is contradicts to the religious point of view. The theory cannot be
applied for certain people when it contradicted to their religious point of view. For example,
Darwin’s theory of human evolution. In Christianity and Islam, the people believe that god create
6
Helden, A. V. (1995). Copernican System. Retrievedfebruary26, 2013, from The GalileoProject:
http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/copernican_system.html
7 Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (2013, January9). RetrievedFebruary20, 2013, from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Polar_Sea
5. Question 1: In what ways may disagreement aid the pursuit of knowledge in the
natural and human sciences?
000592-
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man from soil. This causes them to reject Darwin’s theory as Charles Darwin proposed that men
evolved from ape.
As a conclusion, disagreements aid the pursuit of knowledge in the natural and human
sciences. In both area of knowledge, we could see there is a lot of limitation that can exist when
we are trying to prove our theory. That’s why disagreement plays a big role here. This
disagreement can help us to deal with science in a better why so that the truth value of the
knowledge can be achieved. Besides, the disagreement also aids the pursuit of knowledge by
introducing the new theory and improvise the acknowledge theory. We can see it from the
examples that have been discussed above. Even though there is limitation for every claim that I
have included, but I believe the disagreement outweigh the agreement. All in all, the
disagreements do help in natural science and human science in order to pursuit knowledge.
(1280 words)
6. Question 1: In what ways may disagreement aid the pursuit of knowledge in the
natural and human sciences?
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1
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