The document summarizes the history, current state, and future plans of the Hanover Water Works Company. It describes how the original gravity flow water system was established in 1892 in response to fires. It also discusses how the system has expanded over time to meet increasing demand, with improvements like new reservoirs, raising dams, and adding chlorination and fluoridation in the 1950s. Currently, the aging pipes contribute to water quality issues. The Company plans to address this by implementing a $7 million capital improvement plan, including installing a membrane filtration system to improve water quality for customers.
Eilon Adar. Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research. J.B. Institutes for Desrt Research. Ben Gurion University of the Negev. Foro "Promoviendo una Minería Sostenible"
The Philippines’ main sources of water are rivers, lakes, river basins, and groundwater reservoirs. The longest and largest river, Cagayan River, discharges approximately 53, 943 million cubic meters of water annually. Its groundwater reserves are 47, 895 million cubic meters replenished by rainfall and seepage from rivers and lakes. The lakes are utilized mainly for fish cultivation. The four major groundwater reservoirs are in Cagayan, Central Luzon, Agusan, and Cotabato. There are 438 major dams and 423 smaller dams.
Eilon Adar. Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research. J.B. Institutes for Desrt Research. Ben Gurion University of the Negev. Foro "Promoviendo una Minería Sostenible"
The Philippines’ main sources of water are rivers, lakes, river basins, and groundwater reservoirs. The longest and largest river, Cagayan River, discharges approximately 53, 943 million cubic meters of water annually. Its groundwater reserves are 47, 895 million cubic meters replenished by rainfall and seepage from rivers and lakes. The lakes are utilized mainly for fish cultivation. The four major groundwater reservoirs are in Cagayan, Central Luzon, Agusan, and Cotabato. There are 438 major dams and 423 smaller dams.
Austin Water is engaged in aggressive water conservation and climate programs aimed at reducing water use and addressing the water-energy nexus, while continuing to provide reliable and sustainable water and wastewater service to customers. The programs include: mandatory watering restrictions; installation of renewable energy at plants and facilities; and implementing employee ideas to save energy in operations – all while dealing with the worst drought since the historic drought of the 1950s.
Desalination of the Sea Around Us, Part ICarol Reeb
This is a talk on seawater desalination I gave in Seaside California on October 19th, 2010. It is divided in two parts.
Part I contains information on seawater desalination and how the process can impact the marine environment.
Part II provides specific examples of how brine discharged from these plants can affect species, especially eggs and developing young.
It ends with an illustration of how water recycling could be a better long-term solution to our looming water crisis on the Monterey Peninsula and in the State of California.
On September 21, Dennis Cushman, Assistant General Manager , along with Peter MacLaggan of Poseidon Resources, provided a presentation at the San Diego Regional Economic Development Corporation's Investor Breakfast. Topics included water supply and reliability, water rates, and seawater desalination.
Austin Water is engaged in aggressive water conservation and climate programs aimed at reducing water use and addressing the water-energy nexus, while continuing to provide reliable and sustainable water and wastewater service to customers. The programs include: mandatory watering restrictions; installation of renewable energy at plants and facilities; and implementing employee ideas to save energy in operations – all while dealing with the worst drought since the historic drought of the 1950s.
Desalination of the Sea Around Us, Part ICarol Reeb
This is a talk on seawater desalination I gave in Seaside California on October 19th, 2010. It is divided in two parts.
Part I contains information on seawater desalination and how the process can impact the marine environment.
Part II provides specific examples of how brine discharged from these plants can affect species, especially eggs and developing young.
It ends with an illustration of how water recycling could be a better long-term solution to our looming water crisis on the Monterey Peninsula and in the State of California.
On September 21, Dennis Cushman, Assistant General Manager , along with Peter MacLaggan of Poseidon Resources, provided a presentation at the San Diego Regional Economic Development Corporation's Investor Breakfast. Topics included water supply and reliability, water rates, and seawater desalination.
1 How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable R.docxpoulterbarbara
1
How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable Reuse Projects
Michael R. Markus, P.E., Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Eleanor Torres, Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of how the Orange County Water District
(the District; OCWD) was able to insulate itself from public opposition to its potable reuse
project, the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS).
To understand what challenges the District would be facing it is important to first understand
what was happening with other projects that were being developed at the same time in
Southern California. Second, it is important to understand the process by which the outreach
program was developed and how it was executed. That program was ongoing and changed
with the project to help anticipate and react to various issues that developed. Finally, it will be
shown how important it is to continue the outreach efforts and outline the various steps the
District has taken to educate people on the benefits of reuse.
Introduction
The Orange County Water District manages a very large groundwater basin (basin) in central
and north Orange County in the state of California, U.S.A. It was created by the State
Legislature in 1933 for that purpose and is governed by a 10-member Board of Directors that
sets policy, establishes the amount of pumping out of the basin and sets tariffs. The District
currently has set the amount of groundwater that can be pumped out of the basin at 77% of the
total water demands for its 19 retail agencies which serve 2.5 million people. The remaining
23% of its water supply is dependent on water that is imported into the region.
The Southern California region has a semi-arid climate, which receives approximately 355 mm
of rainfall per year. Most of its water is imported from two primary outside sources, the
Colorado River and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (the Delta) in Northern California. The
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) built a 320 km aqueduct in the
1930’s bringing water from the Colorado River into Southern California and then participated in
the building of a 640 km aqueduct in the 1960’s from Northern California to bring water from
the Delta to Southern California. These supplies are enough to meet the water demands in
most years, but they are variable and the amount of water through these systems is dependent
on hydrology and certainly in the future, climate change.
Groundwater basins provide an important source of supplemental supply to the imported water
provided by MWD. A sustainably managed basin can provide a reliable source of low-cost
water, with groundwater costing half as much as imported water. The Orange County Water
District relies on rainfall, stormwater capture, Santa Ana River flows, untreated imported water
and recycled water for refilling its basin. This amount of water.
1 How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable R.docxjeremylockett77
1
How to Overcome Public Perception Issues on Potable Reuse Projects
Michael R. Markus, P.E., Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Eleanor Torres, Orange County Water District, Fountain Valley, CA
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of how the Orange County Water District
(the District; OCWD) was able to insulate itself from public opposition to its potable reuse
project, the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS).
To understand what challenges the District would be facing it is important to first understand
what was happening with other projects that were being developed at the same time in
Southern California. Second, it is important to understand the process by which the outreach
program was developed and how it was executed. That program was ongoing and changed
with the project to help anticipate and react to various issues that developed. Finally, it will be
shown how important it is to continue the outreach efforts and outline the various steps the
District has taken to educate people on the benefits of reuse.
Introduction
The Orange County Water District manages a very large groundwater basin (basin) in central
and north Orange County in the state of California, U.S.A. It was created by the State
Legislature in 1933 for that purpose and is governed by a 10-member Board of Directors that
sets policy, establishes the amount of pumping out of the basin and sets tariffs. The District
currently has set the amount of groundwater that can be pumped out of the basin at 77% of the
total water demands for its 19 retail agencies which serve 2.5 million people. The remaining
23% of its water supply is dependent on water that is imported into the region.
The Southern California region has a semi-arid climate, which receives approximately 355 mm
of rainfall per year. Most of its water is imported from two primary outside sources, the
Colorado River and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (the Delta) in Northern California. The
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) built a 320 km aqueduct in the
1930’s bringing water from the Colorado River into Southern California and then participated in
the building of a 640 km aqueduct in the 1960’s from Northern California to bring water from
the Delta to Southern California. These supplies are enough to meet the water demands in
most years, but they are variable and the amount of water through these systems is dependent
on hydrology and certainly in the future, climate change.
Groundwater basins provide an important source of supplemental supply to the imported water
provided by MWD. A sustainably managed basin can provide a reliable source of low-cost
water, with groundwater costing half as much as imported water. The Orange County Water
District relies on rainfall, stormwater capture, Santa Ana River flows, untreated imported water
and recycled water for refilling its basin. This amount of water ...
Water harvesting – a solution to drought & falling level of ground water ...Sumit Dharmarao
India is one of the growing economy in the world. Nearly 65% population of nation depends upon agriculture to fulfill their needs, eventually whole economy of nation depends on Agriculture. Agricultural production based on availability of water. Due to high industrialization and deforestation rain rate is decreasing in Indian subcontinent which results in frequent droughts. Due to drought there is sudden reduction in agricultural production and also increased pressure on ground water. Shortness of water is coped by ground water. Every ones thirst of water results in undeclared competition eventually water level below ground falls down. Water harvesting means saving & storing every drop of water is the only solution to frequent drought & maintaining ground water level.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, BOTH POSITIVELY AND NEGATIVELY OF THE CREATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC UTILITIES.
WATER SYSTEMS AND REQUIREMENTS:
STAGES AND STEPS FOR TREATING MUNICIPAL USE AND DOMESTIC DRINKING WATER USE.
Water is an essential element for our survival. Unfortunately, while Pakistan is blessed with adequate surface and groundwater resources, rapid population growth, urbanization and unsustainable water consumption practices have placed immense stress on the quality as well as the quantity of water resources in the country. Deterioration in water quality and contamination of lakes, rivers and groundwater aquifers has resulted in increased water-borne diseases and other health impacts.
Water conservation by Rainwater Harvesting systems – Treatment of waste water : Physical,Chemical and
Biological methods – Root Zone treatment - Use of recycled water.
Use of Environment friendly materials, Embodied Energy of materials, Bio degradable materials. Recycling
and Reuse of steel, Aluminium and Glass.
Hydraulic Fracturing and Marcellus Shale Gas 11 22 2011Michael Klein
The drilling technique of Hydraulic Fracturing has allowed natural gas producers to extract natural gas economically from deep shale formations. This innovative drilling technique has made enormous quantities of natural gas available in wide areas of the United States from Texas, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, New York, Wyoming, North Carolina, and Colorado. The drilling technique of hydraulic fracturing accounts for roughly a quarter of total natural gas production in the United States as cited by the Energy Information Administration. With the increased emphasis on the use of natural gas in our federal energy policy, there will be new regulations, processes, and resources that will be required to mitigate the risks to human health and the environment from this new drilling technique. The presentation discusses the process of hydraulic fracturing; the threats that are posed to human health and the environment, areas in the USA where the process is used with an emphasis on the Marcellus Shale formation, current and new regulations being put into place, and plaintiff challenges to the process.
ASSESSMENT OF WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN CANAANLAND, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.O...Felix Oginni
Effluent from a sewage treatment plant in Covenant University, Canaanland is made to pass through a series of constructed wetland before discharging into a gully that drains into River Iju (also known as Atuara). This river is used as a source of drinking water and also provides food in form of fish for hundreds of thousands of people downstream and eventually enters the lagoon, some 60km away. Effectiveness and adequacy of the wastewater treatment facility in place was assessed in order to improve sanitation within this watershed, thereby alleviating environmental challenges in this coastal region of Nigeria. Waste water is gravity drained to the southwest portion of the campus where the solid is removed and the liquid is allowed to flow through six sets of constructed wetlands, each with four chambers. Within each chamber are water hyacinth plants put in place to remove nutrients from the waster water.
A quick survey of the facility shows the system to be effective in reducing and removing solids and dissolved solids from the waste water. The pH ranged between 6.6 and 6.8, conductivity from 530 to 600, and total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 360 – 400 ppm. The data obtained indicate that some modifications need to be made as the waste water treatment system is not very efficient in reducing the amount of TDS and nutrients. The flow rate is considered to be very high from cell to cell, thereby not allowing time for the plants and microbes to reduce the TDS. It is suggested that some method be devised to slow down the flow rate to allow the plants and microbes to work on reducing the TDS. Parameters also also considered included DO, E. Coli. Nitrate and Phosphates.
2. 3
The original plans for the gravity flow water system
impounded water from Camp Brook into the present
Fletcher Reservoir. A series of cast iron pipes formed
the distribution system, and fire hydrants were placed
in the downtown area. The first Directors of The
Hanover Water Works Company inspected the system
in the fall of 1893. On November 19, 1893, the first
water was sent to town through the new system.
Building the First Reservoir
Inspecting the
System
YESTERDAY
The Original Water System
2
T
he Hanover Water Works
Company was established
in 1892 to create and
operate Hanover’s water
system. The original well dug in
1770 and springs near the present
Hanover Public Works Department
could not meet the demand of the
times. A series of disastrous fires,
including the Hanover Inn fire,
forced the Town and Dartmouth
College into action.
In 1887, the
New Hampshire
Legislature authorized
the Hanover Village
Precinct, to raise no
more than $20,000
to implement the
plans drawn up by Professor Charles
H. Pettee. In 1892, the Trustees of
Dartmouth College authorized an
additional $25,000 for the project
and The Hanover Water Works
Company was born. When the
Company was organized, the Village
Precinct, now the Town of Hanover,
owned 732 shares of stock, and
Dartmouth College owned 818
shares. The same ratio of ownership
remains today.
Laying the Foundation
1887
A series of disastrous
fires, including the
Hanover Inn fire,
forced the Town and
Dartmouth College
into action.
1892
Plans were drawn for
a gravity flow system
and The Hanover
Water Company was
formed in 1892.
1893
The original dam
was constructed by
man and horsepower.
1893
When the dam was
completed a cast
iron distribution
system was laid.
CourtesyofDartmouthCollegeLibrary.
3. 5
YESTERDAY
Improvements to Meet Demand
Replacing and Upgrading the Mains
Building the New
Disinfection System
But was the water safe? In 1955, the Company
used continuous chlorination in the system. In 1958,
fluoridation was added to the system. In 1993,
the Company constructed a new disinfection system
utilizing chlorine dioxide treatment. In 1998,
The Hanover Water Works Company was awarded
a $4 million low interest loan to upgrade mains and
for the construction of a new 800,000-gallon storage
tank to provide a uniform flow of treated water and
improve the overall operation of the water system.
A
typhoid fever scare in
1903 alarmed local
officials. Was the water
supply safe? In
response, The Hanover Water
Works Company followed the
recommendation of
the day to purchase
the entire water-
shed and end all
human activity, including fishing,
within the watershed.
Improvements continued over
the years. As demand for water
grew, the Company constructed
the second reservoir, the Parker
Reservoir, on Camp Brook in 1924.
This added 150,000,000 gallons
of water to the system. Growth
continued, and in 1954, the
Fletcher Reservoir dam was raised
increasing the impounded water in
the system to 425,000,000 gallons.
In 1962, a third reservoir was
constructed increasing the
watershed to 1,400 acres and
the impounded water storage
to 520,000,000 gallons.
1954
The existing dam at
Fletcher Reservoir
was raised to increase
the impounded water
to 425 million gallons.
1962
A third reservoir
was constructed on
a tributary of Mink
Brook in Hanover
Center and increased
impounded water
to over 519 million
gallons.
1993
Construction began
on a new disinfection
system utilizing a
chlorine dioxide
treatment process.
2001
A new 800,000
gallon storage tank
provides uniform
flow of treated water.
4
Raising the Dam
4. The Hanover Water Works
Company in 2003
7
TODAY
State of the System
Current State
of a Pipe
Installed in 1893
Recent preventative maintenance has included
annual flushing, valve replacement, painting the
storage tanks, pump station upgrades, and service
line replacement. Recognizing the age of the pipes
and the accumulation of deposits, many larger cast
iron pipes in the system have been cleaned and lined
with concrete to both remove and prevent further
accumulation of deposits. Each year stretches of
cast iron pipe have been replaced with lined pipe.
The plan is to replace all unlined pipe.
6
T
oday, The Hanover
Water Works Company
serves approximately
1725 metered customers
including multi-family residences,
industries, commercial and
institutional users. The average daily
flow has been 1.1
million gallons
per day with usage
doubling to 2.1
million gallons per
day in the summer
months. Not surprisingly, Dartmouth
College is the Company’s largest
customer, accounting for about 50%
of the water used. The Company,
with staff contracted from the Town
of Hanover, monitors the watershed;
operates and maintains two pumping
stations and three storage tanks;
services mains, valves, and hydrants;
reads meters; oversees the treatment
system; manages budgets; oversees
engineering studies; and answers
customer’s concerns.
System Size:
•Miles of water main: 48
•Percentage of original
1893 water main: 20%
•Acres of watershed: 2,500
•Number of hydrants: 283
•Number of valves: 362
•Miles of fencing: 16
Capacity:
•Total reservoir capacity:
520,000,000 gallons
•Number of reservoirs: 3
•Number of pumping
stations: 2
•Number of storage
tanks: 3
•Storage tank capacity:
Balch Hill:
400,000 gallons,
Greensboro Road:
300,000 gallons,
Sand Hill:
800,000 gallons
Usage:
•Number of customers:
1725 ±
•Average daily usage:
952,000 gallons
•Average annual
residential bill: $273
•Average annual
statewide bill: $305
•Boundaries of service
area: North to Kendal
at Hanover; out
Greensboro Road
including Great Hollow;
south to Lebanon
boundary
Ownership
of Company:
Dartmouth College: 52.8%
Town of Hanover: 47.2%
Testing:
Twice monthly for bacteria
“We’ve dodged
the bullet for a number of years.
Now’s the time to upgrade
the system and bring
the water company into
the 21st century.”
– Bill Boyle, MD,
Health Officer for Town
of Hanover, Board Member of
The Hanover
Water Works Company
5. Current Chlorine Dioxide Treatment Facility
9
TODAY
Demand for Clean Water
pipes into the water. Flushing the pipes helps
alleviate loose deposits, but older pipes are caked
with years of deposits.
The water is considered clean by today’s stringent
requirements for avoiding filtration because chlorine
dioxide kills the bacteria. However, the water can still
be cloudy and murky with an unpleasant smell and
taste. This is especially noticable in the fall and spring.
This can only be resolved with a filtration system.
“What people are drinking is basically
disinfected pond water.”
– Jack Nelson, President,
The Hanover Water Works Company
I
f the water is clean, why
does it sometimes look, smell,
and taste so bad?
The source of the water,
the current treatment method,
and the age of the distribution
system all contribute to aesthetic
complaints about the water.
The source of the
water consists of
three reservoirs
within the water-
shed area. These
reservoirs are
protected ponds
complete with
fish, animals,
microorganisms, and sediment.
The reservoir water is brought
into the system for treatment.
Fluoride is added to help promote
strong teeth. Sodium carbonate
(soda ash) raises the pH of the
water and helps prevent leaching
of lead and copper from household
plumbing. Chlorine dioxide is
used to disinfect the water prior to
entering the distribution system.
The chlorine dioxide kills bacteria
and viruses (microorganisms) that
may be present in the water, making
it safe for people to drink.
The clean water is routed
through the distribution system to
homes and businesses. Pipes in the
system have accumulated iron rich,
organic rich deposits. Chlorine
dioxide, used to treat the water,
leaches these deposits from the
8
6. 11
TOMORROW
Plans for the Future
An Example of a Membrane Filtration System
from the pipes. Over time and with continued atten-
tion, Hanover’s water quality will improve dramatically.
Preventative maintenance, plus replacement and
upgrades of the current system are only part of the
puzzle. The future system must also respond to
changes in regulations and potential new hazards.
The Hanover Water Works Company is implementing
a $7-million-dollar capital improvement plan to bring
the water system into the 21st century and address the
demands of our customers now and in the future.
10
W
hile the water quality
meets the stringent
requirements set
forth in the Surface
Water Treatment Rule (the conditions
for not filtering a surface water
source), The Hanover Water Works
Company recognizes the need for
filtration. In October of 2001,
a contract was signed to perform
a water treatment facilities study.
During the summer of 2002, a
pilot study was conducted using
a membrane filtration technology
that offers several advantages. The
membrane filters the sediments,
iron, and manganese that add color,
taste, and odor to the water. This
type of filtration also adds a positive
protection barrier from giardia and
cryptosporidium (two water-borne
microorganisms that can cause
intestinal illness). Filtration also
reduces the need for chemicals
in the treatment of the water.
Filtration is the first step in
controlling the aesthetic quality
of the water delivered. In addition,
several years of flushing and line
replacement will also be needed
to remove accumulated sediments
“We want to improve
the water quality to meet
future regulations and to
satisfy our customers.”
– Peter Kulbacki,
Director of Public Works,
Town of Hanover