The Jim Crow laws legalized racial segregation and discrimination in the Southern United States between 1877 and 1965. They mandated the separation of public facilities for blacks and whites, including separate schools, public places, and public transportation. The laws were established in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Southern state legislatures to disenfranchise and remove political and economic gains made by blacks during Reconstruction. Court rulings like Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 aided the establishment and preservation of racial segregation by determining that "separate but equal" public facilities were constitutional.

1. Created by Chadrenne Blouin
To Kill a
MocKingbird
Historical Context

2. Created by Chadrenne Blouin
The greaT depression
&
The dusT bowl

3. The greaT depression
• “The Great Depression (also known as the
Great Slump) was a dramatic, worldwide
economic downturn beginning in some
countries as early as 1928.”
• “The beginning of the Great Depression in the
United States is associated with the stock
market crash on October 29, 1929, known as
Black Tuesday…”
• “…the end is associated with the onset of the
war economy of World War II, beginning
around 1939.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_great_depre
ssion

4. The dusT bowl
• “The Dust Bowl, or the "dirty thirties", was a
period of horrible dust storms causing major
ecological and agricultural damage to
American and Canadian prairie lands from
1930 to 1936 (in some areas until 1940)…”
• “…caused by severe drought coupled with
decades of extensive farming without crop
rotation or other techniques to prevent
erosion.”
• “It was a mostly man-made disaster caused
when virgin top soil of the Great Plains was
exposed to deep plowing, killing the natural
grasses - the grasses normally kept the soil in
place and moisture trapped, even during
periods of drought and high winds.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_bowl

5. The dusT bowl
• “However, during the drought of the 1930s,
with the grasses destroyed, the soil dried,
turned to dust, and blew away eastwards and
southwards in large dark clouds.”
• “At times the clouds blackened the sky,
reaching all the way to East Coast cities like
New York and Washington D.C., with much of
the soil deposited in the Atlantic Ocean.”
• “The Dust Bowl consisted of 100 million acres,
centered on the panhandles of Texas,
Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado, and
Kansas.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_bowl

6. hoovervilles
• “A Hooverville was the popular name for a
shantytown…”
• “These settlements were often formed in unpleasant
neighborhoods or desolate areas and consisted of
dozens or hundreds of shacks and tents that were
temporary residences of those left unemployed and
homeless by the Depression.”
• “People slept in anything from open piano crates to the
ground. …Most people, however, resorted to building
their residences out of boxwood, cardboard, and any
scraps of metal they could find. Some individuals even
lived in water mains.”
• “Most of these unemployed residents of the
Hoovervilles begged for food from those who had
housing during this era.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_
States

7. Hooverville in Seattle Original caption: 7/16/1934-Hooverville, a section of Seattle.
Image: ©
Bettmann/COR
BIS
Date
Photographed
: July 16, 1934
Location
Information:
Seattle,
Washington,
USA

8. Depression Homeless
Stand in Line
The homeless and
unemployed of the
Great Depression wait in
line seeking shelter in
New York.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: 1930 Location
Information: New York, New York, USA

9. Sharecropper's Wife and Family Wife and children of a sharecropper. Boone County,
Arkansas, 1935.
Image: © CORBIS
Photographer: Ben Shahn Date Photographed: 1935 Location Information: Boone County, Arkansas, USA

10. Family of Coal Miner
Family of an
unemployed coal miner.
Pursglove, on Scott's
Run, West Virginia,
September 1938.
Image: © CORBIS
Photographer: Marion Post
Wolcott Date Photographed:
September 1938 Location
Information: Pursglove, on Scott's
run, West Virginia, USA

11. Man in Chicago Shantytown A man reads a newspaper in front of his shack at Chicago
shantytown during the Great Depression. The shantytown's site became the grounds for
the 1933 World's Fair. Illinois, USA.
Image: ©
CORBIS
Date
Photographed:
May 1, 1930
Location
Information:
Chicago,
Illinois, USA

12. Dust Storm A farm about to be enveloped by a dust storm during the great Dust Bowl of
the 1930s.
Image: ©
CORBIS
Date
Photograph
ed: ca.
1930s

13. Family Packed In Car, On Way To The West Original caption: The automobile was often the only hope for the
future to many families fleeing from the Dust Bowl in the Southwest during the depression years of the 1930's.
Many of these families left their homes in Oklahoma, Kansas, Arkansas, etc., for a better life in California. Here
migrant cotton field worker and family on the way to the West (OK, AZ, and CA were often their itinerary).
Photograph, early 1930's.
Image:
©
Bettma
nn/CO
RBIS

14. Image: ©
Bettmann/CORBI
S
Date
Photographed:
ca. 1938
Location
Information:
Dalhart, Texas,
USA
Dust Bowl
Farm in
Texas
Original
caption:
1938-
Dalhart, TX-
Picture
shows the
dust bowl;
an
abandoned
farm house
in Texas.

15. Boy in Dust Bowl
A young boy
covers his nose and
mouth against
brown sand in the
Dust Bowl.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: ca.
1930s
Location Information: USA

16. Migrant Mother by
Dorothea Lange
A poverty-stricken migrant
mother with three young
children gazes off into the
distance. This photograph,
commissioned by the FSA,
came to symbolize the Great
Depression for many
Americans.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Photographer: Dorothea Lange Date
Photographed: 1936 Location
Information: Nipomo, California, USA

17. Protesters Carrying American Flags
Original caption: Columbus, Ohio: Carrying American flags, several hundreds of persons on relief were pictured
on the outskirts of Columbus prior to their march on the state capitol. The hunger marchers claim that they have
no money or food and that such conditions have prevailed for over a week. They blamed politics for their plight
and they demanded an audience with C.C. Stillman, Ohio Federal Relief Director who was recently appointed by
the Federal Relief Administrator Harry Hopkins.
Image: ©
Bettmann/C
ORBIS
Date
Photograp
hed: May
15, 1935
Location
Informatio
n:
Columbus,
Ohio, USA

18. Dust Storm in Texas Panhandle
Image: © CORBIS
Date Photographed: 1935 Location Information: Texas, USA

19. Farmer in the Dust Bowl A farmer in Kansas during the Great Dust Bowl of the 1930s
attempts to work formerly fertile land buried in dust.
Image: © CORBIS
Date Photographed: September
1939
Location Information: Kansas,
USA

20. Created by Chadrenne Blouin
Jim Crow

21. Created by Chadrenne Blouin
The origin of Jim
Crow

22. minsTrel shows
• “… in the US they began in the 1830s, with working class
white men dressing up as plantation slaves. These men
imitated black musical and dance forms, combining
savage parody of black Americans with genuine fondness
for African American cultural forms.”
• “White performers would blacken their faces with burnt
cork or greasepaint, dress in outlandish costumes, and
then perform songs and skits that mocked African
Americans.”
• “Before the Civil War, black men could not appear in
minstrel shows--custom prohibited it. But there are
several instances of black men putting on minstrel
makeup and appearing as white men imitating black men.
Later, in the twentieth century, several of the most
famous minstrels were actually black men who wore
makeup--the most famous being Bert Williams, who
performed in blackface into the 1920s.”
http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/jackson/mins
trel/minstrel.html

23. “These three stock characters were among several that reappeared
in minstrel shows throughout the nineteenth century. "Jim Crow"
was the stereotypical carefree slave, "Mr. Tambo" a joyous
musician, and "Zip Coon" a free black attempting to "put on airs"
or rise above his station. The parody in minstrel shows was often
savage. “ http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/jackson/minstr
el/minstrel.html

24. Created by Chadrenne Blouin
Before The Jim
Crow laws

25. Before The Jim Crow
laws
• “…by 1900, the term was generally identified with
those racist laws and actions that deprived African
Americans of their civil rights by defining blacks as
inferior to whites, as members of a caste of
subordinate people.”
• “The emergence of segregation in the South actually
began immediately after the Civil War when the
formerly enslaved people acted quickly to establish
their own churches and schools separate from whites.”
• “At the same time, most southern states tried to limit
the economic and physical freedom of the formerly
enslaved by adopting laws known as Black Codes.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm

26. Before The Jim Crow
laws
• “These early legal attempts at white-imposed
segregation and discrimination were short-lived.
• “During the period of Congressional Reconstruction,
which lasted from 1866 to 1876, the federal
government declared illegal all such acts of legal
discrimination against African Americans.
• “…the passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
Amendments, along with the two Civil Rights Acts of
1866 and 1875 and the various Enforcement Acts of
the early 1870s, curtailed the ability of southern
whites to formally deprive blacks of their civil rights.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm

27. Before The Jim Crow
laws
• “… African Americans were able to make great
progress in building their own institutions,
passing civil rights laws, and electing officials
to public office.
• “In response to these achievements, southern
whites launched a vicious, illegal war against
southern blacks and their white Republican
allies.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm

28. Before The Jim Crow
laws
• “In most places, whites carried out this war in
the late 1860s and early 1870s under the cover
of secret organizations such as the Ku Klux
Klan.
• “Thousands of African Americans were killed,
brutalized, and terrorized in these bloody
years.
• “The federal government attempted to stop the
bloodshed by sending in troops and holding
investigations, but its efforts were far too
limited.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm

29. Created by Chadrenne Blouin
The Beginning of
The Jim Crow laws

30. Beginning of The Jim
Crow laws
• In 1877 “…the federal government essentially
abandoned all efforts at protecting the civil
rights of southern blacks. It was not long
before a stepped-up reign of white terror
erupted in the South.
• “The decade of the 1880s was characterized by
mob lynchings, a vicious system of convict
prison farms and chain gangs, the horribly
debilitating debt peonage of sharecropping,
the imposition of a legal color line in race
relations, and a variety of laws that blatantly
discriminated against blacks.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm

31. Beginning of The Jim
Crow laws
• “Some southern states…moved to legally
impose segregation on public
transportation…Blacks were required to
sit in a special car reserved for blacks
known as "The Jim Crow Car," even if
they had bought first-class tickets.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm

32. Created by Chadrenne Blouin
The Jim Crow laws
& segregaTion

33. The Jim Crow laws
• “Some states also passed so-called miscegenation laws
banning interracial marriages. These bans were, in the
opinion of some historians, the ‘ultimate segregation
laws.’
– “They clearly announced that blacks were so inferior to whites
that any mixing of the two threatened the very survival of the
superior white race.
• “Almost all southern states passed statutes restricting
suffrage in the years from 1871 to 1889, including poll
taxes in some cases. And the effects were devastating:
over half the blacks voting in Georgia and South
Carolina in 1880, for example, had vanished from the
polls in 1888. Of those who did vote, many of their
ballots were stolen, misdirected to opposing
candidates, or simply not counted.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm

34. The Jim Crow laws
• “In the 1890s, starting with Mississippi, most southern
states began more systematically to disfranchise black
males by imposing voter registration restrictions, such
as literacy tests, poll taxes, and the white primary.
• “These new rules of the political game were used by
white registrars to deny voting privileges to blacks at
the registration place rather than at the ballot box,
which had previously been done by means of fraud
and force.
• “By 1910, every state of the former Confederacy had
adopted laws that segregated all aspects of life
(especially schools and public places) wherein blacks
and whites might socially mingle or come into
contact.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm

35. reasons for segregaTion
• “Many lower-class whites, for example, hoped
to wrest political power from merchants and
large landowners who controlled the vote of
their indebted black tenants by taking away
black suffrage.
• “Some whites also feared a new generation of
so-called "uppity" blacks, men and women
born after slavery who wanted their full rights
as American citizens.
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm

36. reasons for segregaTion
• “At the same time there appeared throughout
America the new pseudo-science of eugenics
that reinforced the racist views of black
inferiority.
• “Finally, many southern whites feared that the
federal government might intervene in
southern politics if the violence and fraud
continued. They believed that by legally
ending suffrage for blacks, the violence would
also end. Even some blacks supported this idea
and were willing to sacrifice their right to vote
in return for an end to the terror.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm

37. why resisTanCe To
segregaTion was diffiCulT
• “…the system of land tenancy, known as
sharecropping, left most blacks economically
dependent upon planter-landlords and
merchant suppliers.
• “…the white terror at the hands of lynch mobs
threatened all members of the black family--
adults and children alike.
– This reality made it nearly impossible for blacks to
stand up to Jim Crow because such actions might
bring down the wrath of the white mob on one's
parents, brothers, spouse, and children.
• “Few black families, moreover, were
economically well off enough to buck the local
white power structure of banks, merchants,
and landlords.
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm

38. afTer
disenfranChisemenT
• “White terror did not end--as some blacks had hoped--
with the disfranchisement of southern black men.
• “To enforce the new legal order of segregation,
southern whites often resorted to even more
brutalizing acts of mob terror, including race riots and
ritualized lynching, than had been practiced even by
the old Klan of the 1870s.
• “… the 1890s ushered in a more formally racist South--
one in which white supremacists used law and mob
terror to deprive blacks of the vote and to define them
in life and popular culture as an inferior people.”
http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm

39. Court ACtions
• 1883- the US Supreme Court declared the Civil
Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional
• it “…also ruled that the Fourteenth
Amendment prohibited state governments
from discriminating against people because of
race but did not restrict private organizations
or individuals from doing so.”
• This meant that places like railroads, theaters,
hotels, restaurants, etc. could legally institute
segregation.
http://www.toptags.com/aama/docs/jcrow.htm

40. Court ACtions
• 1896- Plessy v. Ferguson
– “Separate but Equal”
– Ruled that separate accommodations did not
deprive blacks of equal rights if the
accommodations were equal
• 1899- Cumming v. Board of Education
– Laws establishing separate schools for
whites were valid, even if they provided
no comparable schools for blacks
http://www.toptags.com/aama/docs/jcrow.htm

41. Jim Crow LAws
• “By 1914 every Southern state had passed laws
that created two separate societies; one black,
the other white.
• “Blacks and whites could not:
– Ride together in the same railroad cars
– Sit in the same waiting rooms
– Use the same bathrooms
– Eat in the same restaurants
– Sit in the same theaters
• “Blacks were denied access to:
– Parks
– Beaches
– Picnic areas
– Many hospitals”
http://www.toptags.com/aama/docs/jcrow.htm

42. ExAmpLEs of Jim Crow
LAws
• Alabama:
– Health Care- no person or corporation shall require any white
female nurse to nurse in wards or rooms in hospitals, either
public or private, in which negro men are placed
– Transportation- All passenger stations in this state operated
by any motor transportation company shall have separate
waiting rooms or space and separate tickets windows for the
white and colored races
– Public Facilities-
• It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the
serving of food in the city, at which white and colored people are
served in the same room, unless such white and colored persons
are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the
floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a
separate entrance from the street is provided for each
compartment.
• It shall be unlawful for a negro and white person to play together
or in company with each other at any game of pool or billiards.

43. ExAmpLEs of Jim Crow
LAws
• Maryland
– Marriage- all marriages between a white person and a
negro, or between a white person and a person of negro
descent, to the third generation, inclusive, or between a
white person and a member of the Malay race; or between
a negro and a member of the Malay race; or between a
person of Negro descent, to the third generation,
inclusive, and a member of the Malay race, are forever
prohibited, and shall be void.
– Transportation- All railroad companies and corporations,
and all persons running or operating cars or coaches by
steam on any railroad line or track in the State of
Maryland, for the transportation of passengers, are
hereby required to provide separate cars or coaches for
the travel and transportation of the white and colored
passengers.

44. End of Jim Crow
• 1954- Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka, Kansas
– Declared segregation of public schools
unconstitutional
• The beginning of the Civil Rights
Movement
• The beginning of the end of the Jim Crow
laws

45. Created by Chadrenne Blouin
sEgrEgAtion & thE
fight for CiviL
rights
"We are confronted primarily with a moral
issue… whether all Americans are to be
afforded equal rights and equal
opportunities, whether we are going to
treat our fellow Americans as we want to be
treated."
--John Fitzgerald Kennedy--
Referring to race riots in Alabama in a radio broadcast 11th June
1963.

46. Crowded Segregated Classroom
Image:©Bettmann/CORBIS
DatePhotographed:ca.1940s

47. Segregationists Protesting in Montgomery Teenagers wave signs and confederate
flags from their car during the fight over desegregating Montgomery's public schools.
Image: © Flip Schulke/CORBIS
Photographer: Flip Schulke Date Photographed: September
1963 Location Information: Montgomery, Alabama, USA

48. Blacks Registering to Vote in Alabama Long lines of African Americans wait to
register to vote in a makeshift office in Alabama after passage of the Voting Rights Act.
Image: © Flip Schulke/CORBIS
Photographer: Flip Schulke Date
Photographed: 1966 Location
Information: Alabama, USA

49. James A. Peck Being Beaten by
White Mob
Original caption: James A. Peck, of
New York, is mobbed at the
Birmingham Bus station, May 14th, by
whites opposing integration on the
buses. This was one of two incidents
of racial violence in the South. The
other occurred at Anniston, Alabama,
when a group of whites slashed the
tires of a Greyhound bus, then
followed it out of town and stoned the
vehicle, tossing tear gas bombs and
flares into the disabled bus. The 22
passengers, including nine members
of the congress of racial equality,
were rushed to a nearby hospital for
treatment. None was believed
seriously injured.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: May 14, 1961 Location
Information: Birmingham, Alabama, USA

50. Man Drinking at Segregated Drinking Fountain Original caption: Jim Crowism:
Drinking fountain for colored men in a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City. Photograph,
1939. Original Caption
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: 1939 Location Information:
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA

51. Demonstrators Facing Fire Hoses in Birmingham Three demonstrators join hands to
build strength against the force of water sprayed by riot police in Birmingham, Alabama,
during a protest of segregation practices.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: May 4, 1963
Location Information: Birmingham,
Alabama, USA

52. 1963: Medgar
Evans
Mississipi field
secretary for the
NAACP, is shot
and killed in an
ambush in front
of his home,
following a
historic
broadcast on the
subject of civil
rights by
President John
F. Kennedy
http://www.mcfamily.i
nfo/id34.html

53. Segregation Original caption: Segregated drinking fountain in use in the American
South. Undated photograph. BPA2# 1135.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
This image is part of these set(s):
Retrospective - 100 Top Bettmann Archive...
Bettmann Archive
Celebrating Black History Month

54. African American Student Sits Outside of Classroom George W. McLaurin, a 54 year
old African American, sits in an anteroom, apart from the other students, as he attends
class at the University of Oklahoma in 1948. The university insisted that segregation be
maintained, but a Supreme Court ruling forced the institution to accept McLaurin as a
student.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: October 16, 1948
Location Information: Norman,
Oklahoma, USA

55. Sit-In Protesters Attacked at Lunch Counter Segregation protesters Professor John
R. Salter, Joan Trunpauer, and Annie Moody remain at a sit-in at a lunch counter in
Jackson, Mississippi even after Professor Salter was sprayed with condiments and
beaten on the back and head by spectators in the crowd.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: May 28,
1963 Location Information:
Jackson, Mississippi, USA

56. Freedom Rider Jim Zwerg in
Hospital
Twenty-one year old ministerial
student and member of the Freedom
Riders, Jim Zwerg, lies in a hospital
bed after being beaten by pro-
segregationists at a Montgomery,
Alabama bus terminal.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: May 21, 1961
Location Information: Montgomery,
Alabama, USA

57. Sit-In Demonstrators Dragged From Restaurant Mrs. Gloria Richardson, Chairman of
the Cambridge Non-Violent Action Committee (far right) watches as sit-in demonstrators
Johnny Weeks, 22 (far left), James Lewis, 28 (front center), and Dwight Campbell (back
center) are arrested after refusing to leave the Dizzyland Restaurant.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: July
10, 1963
Location Information:
Cambridge, Maryland, USA

58. Demonstrators
Protesting Jailing of 13
Edward Haan of Chicago
and Nashville, TN,
bearing "No Color Line in
Heaven" sign joined 100
Negroes in anti-
segregation
demonstration.
Demonstrators protested
jailing of 13 Negro sit-in
demonstrators on
trespass charges.
Image: © Bettmann/Corbis
Date Photographed:
February 8, 1961 Location
Information: Rock Hill,
South Carolina, USA

59. Children Arrested After Civil Rights Demonstration African American children
participating in a Civil Rights protests wait for a police van to take them to jail in
Birmingham, Alabama.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: May 6, 1963
Location Information: Birmingham,
Alabama, USA

60. Victims of Lynch Mob Hanging
from Tree
The bodies of Dooley Morton (L) and
Bert Moore, of Lowndes County, are
shown hanging from a tree after the
two were lynched by an angry mob of
white citizens on July 15th. They were
torn away from police officials, who
arrested the men when a white
woman identified the pair as the ones
who had made the attempt to
criminally attack her.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: July 17, 1935
Location Information: Columbus, Mississippi,
USA

61. KKK Members and Civil Rights Protesters in Atlanta A police officer stands guard as
Ku Klux Klansmen protesting a desegregated hotel pass a group of African Americans
protesting a segregated restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: January 25, 1964
Location Information: Atlanta,
Georgia, USA

62. Poster Of Missing Civil Rights Workers
A missing persons poster displays the
photographs of civil rights workers Andrew
Goodman, James Earl Chaney, and Michael
Henry Schwerner after they disappeared in
Mississippi. It was later discovered that they
were murdered by the Ku Klux Klan.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: June 29, 1964 Location
Information: Washington, DC, USA

63. Demonstrators
Demanding Civil
Rights
Original caption:
Freedom Group Hangs
Signs on Bus. New York:
Members of a group
called "The Washington
Freedom Riders
Committee" hang signs
on the side of bus parked
near the crossroads cafe
at Times Square here
May 30th, before leaving
for Washington, D.C. The
group plan to picket the
white House in
Washington. A
spokesman for the group
said it is demanding
resolute federal action to
protect the lives and civil
rights of the Negroes in
the south. The
unidentified spokesman
said they would request
to see a representative of
President Kennedy to
present its demands.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: May 30, 1961
Location Information: Times Square, Manhattan,
New York, New York, USA

64. Police Dragging African-American Man
An African-American student, Willie
Lawrence McRae, a member of the
Student Non-Violent Coordinating
Committee of Atlanta, Georgia, is dragged
by two Selma, Alabama police officers after
they arrested him for "blocking the
sidewalk" and "failure to obey an officer.“
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: January 25, 1965
Location Information: Selma, Alabama, USA

65. The March on Washington at the
Lincoln Memorial
Original caption: This photo, made from the
top of the Lincoln Memorial, shows how the
March on Washington participants jammed
the area in front of the Memorial and on
either side of the Reflecting Pool.
Demonstrators are massed at the pool all
the way back to the Washington
Monument.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: August 28, 1963 Location
Information: Washington, DC, USA

66. Civil Rights Marchers on Bridge State troopers watch as marchers cross the Edmund
Pettus Bridge over the Alabama River in Selma, Alabama as part of a civil rights march
on March 9. Two days before troopers used excessive force driving marchers back
across the bridge, killing one protester.
Image: ©
Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed:
March 9, 1965
Location Information:
Selma, Alabama, USA

67. A Woman And A Child
Marching
Original caption: 8/12/59-
Little Rock, Arkansas: A
woman and a child, both of
whom refused to identify
themselves, March in front of
the Arkansas Capitol here,
August 12th, protesting the
scheduled integration of this
city's high schools, one
Negro student was
scheduled to enter Central
High and three Negroes are
to attend Hall High School
when the schools open,
August 12th. Governor Orval
Faubus said that he had
rumors to the effect that
violence was planned, and
implored segregationists not
to attack police charged with
keeping the peace at the
schools. Although he asked
for restraint from violence,
Faubus attacked those
responsible for the
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Location Information: Little
Rock, Arkansas, USA

68. Injured Freedom Rider James Zwerg
Freedom Rider James Zwerg, stands
bleeding, after an attack by white pro-
segregationists at the Greyhound Bus
Terminal in Montgomery, Alabama. Zwerg
remained in the street for over an hour after
the beating, since 'white ambulances'
refused to treat him.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: May 20, 1961
Location Information: Montgomery, Alabama, USA

69. Restaurant Owner Smashes Egg In
Protester's Face
Robert Fehsenfeldt, owner of the
Dizzyland Restaurant, smashes an egg
in a white demonstrator's face here July
8 during an eleven person, fifteen
minute "sit in" in front of the restaurant
shortly after Maryland National
Guardsmen left the town. Fehsenfeldt
also kicked several demonstrators and
threw a glass of water in one's face.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: July 8, 1963
Location Information: Cambridge, Maryland,
USA

70. Protesters Being Hosed by Fireman Original caption: Firemen bear in on a group of
African Americans who sought shelter in a doorway as hoses and dogs were used in
routing anti-segregation demonstrators.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: May 3,
1963
Location Information:
Birmingham, Alabama, USA

71. Federal Trooper on Washington, DC
Street During Riots Original caption:
4/5/1968-Washington, D.C.: President
Johnson called Federal troops into the
nation's capital April 5 to restore peace to
this frightened city after a day of arson,
looting and violence. Here, a trooper stands
guard in the street as another (l) patrols a
completely demolished building.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: April 5, 1968 Location
Information: Washington, DC, USA

72. Civil Rights Leader John Lewis Attacked by Police Original caption: Selma,
Alabama: End Of The March. SNCC leader John Lewis (light coat, center), attempts to
ward off the blow as a burly state trooper swings his club at Lewis' head during the
attempted march from Selma to Montgomery March 7th. Lewis was later admitted to a
local hospital with a possible skull fracture.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: March
7, 1965 Location Information:
Selma, Alabama, USA

73. Sit-In Protester
Arrested by Police
Officers
Police officers arrest
Morgan State College
student Ken Brown
during a sit-in at an
Annapolis restaurant.
Image: ©
Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: March
3, 1964
Location Information:
Annapolis, Maryland, USA

74. Civil Rights Protest at Capitol Building in Annapolis Protesters at a demonstration
sponsored by the Baltimore Federation of Civil Rights Organizations protest the use of
police dogs at racial demonstrations and the lack of a statewide Public Accommodations
Law in front of the capitol building in Annapolis,
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: March
4, 1964
Location Information:
Annapolis, Maryland, USA

75. Civil Rights Picketers Singing on Sidewalk Original caption: These pickets kneel on
pavement and sing songs as they await police buses after their arrest on trespassing
charges during segregation demonstration at Gwynn Oak amusement park. Over 100
demonstrators were arrested in first hour of demonstration.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: July 7,
1963 Location Information:
Baltimore, Maryland, USA

76. Integrated Class Room
The first integrated class at
School 99 in Baltimore.
Image: © Bettmann/CORBIS
Date Photographed: September 8,
1954
Location Information: Baltimore,
Maryland, USA