This document discusses the development of design thinking and methodologies. It traces the origins from conferences on design methods in the 1960s that proposed early definitions. In the 1970s, wicked problems were explored, recognizing the complex sociotechnical nature of design issues. The 1980s saw the development of designerly ways of knowing and reflective practice. Scandinavian participatory design tools also emerged. In the late 1980s and 1990s, the Stanford d.School and IDEO popularized contemporary design thinking, drawing from this history. The framework is now critiqued for being overly simplified, tied to capitalism, and conservative of the status quo.

1. Thoughts on Silicon Valley Design Thinking
tinkering
methods
ICED 19 – TINKERING DESIGN METHODS – JEAN MENEZES

2. SUMMARY
. Possible Deliverables
. Next Steps
KEY QUESTION
What are the root
philosophies, names, and
concepts that influenced
silicon valley design?

3. SUMMARY
. Design Science
. Research
. Context
. The Design Thinker
. Silicon Valley Design
. Design as Commodity

4. mfa can
didate
Background + Skills
ICED 19 – TINKERING DESIGN METHODS - JEAN MENEZES
–

5. visual
Background + Skills
design
ICED 19 – TINKERING DESIGN METHODS - JEAN MENEZES

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Background + Skills
user exp.
user int.
ICED 19 – TINKERING DESIGN METHODS - JEAN MENEZES

7. SUMMARY
. Design Science
. Research
. Context
. The Design Thinker
. Silicon Valley Design
. Design as Commodity

8. +Initial Questions

9. SUMMARYKEY QUESTION
What context allowed
the development of
methodologies in
design?

10. SUMMARYKEY QUESTION
What led to the hegemony
of IDEO’s narrative to the
Design Thinking propagated
in Silicon Valley?

11. SUMMARYKEY QUESTION
What are the most
poignant critics to Sillicon
Valley Design Thinking?

12. design
ICED 19 – TINKERING DESIGN METHODS – JEAN MENEZES
science
Generations of methods in Design
Buckminster Fuller | Twelve Aronud One | source: mcachicago.org/Collection

13. Effervescence
of the period
Genesis of Methods
Auschwitz Blueprint | www.yadvashem.org/yv/exhibitions/auschwitz_architecture

14. Seeking
Relevance
Auschwitz Blueprint | www.yadvashem.org/yv/exhibitions/auschwitz_architecture
First Generation

15. In the past much, if not most, of what
we knew about design and about the
arti�cial sciences was intellectually soft,
intuitive, informal, and cook-booky.
“ Simon, Herbert (1969)
The Sciences of the Artificial, 1969

16. Conference on
Design Methods
– 1962
Bruce Archer’s Contribution | Credit: DRS2016 and Pete Jones Photography.
First Generation

17. “Finding the right physical
components of a physical
structure.” (Alexander, 1963);

18. “Finding the right physical
components of a physical
structure.” (Alexander, 1963);
“A goal-directed
problem-solving activity.”
(Archer, 1965)

19. “Finding the right physical
components of a physical
structure.” (Alexander, 1963);
“A goal-directed
problem-solving activity.”
(Archer, 1965)
“Relating product with
the situation to give
satisfaction.”
(Gregory, 1966)

20. “Finding the right physical
components of a physical
structure.” (Alexander, 1963);
“A goal-directed
problem-solving activity.”
(Archer, 1965)
“Relating product with
the situation to give
satisfaction.”
(Gregory, 1966)
“The optimal solution to
the sum of the true needs
of a particular set of
circumstances.”
(Matchett, 1968)

21. “Finding the right physical
components of a physical
structure.” (Alexander, 1963);
“A goal-directed
problem-solving activity.”
(Archer, 1965)
“The imaginative jump
from present facts to
future possibilities.”
(Reswick, 1965)
“Relating product with
the situation to give
satisfaction.”
(Gregory, 1966)
“The optimal solution to
the sum of the true needs
of a particular set of
circumstances.”
(Matchett, 1968)

22. Similarly to the sought unification of
style based on functionalism of the
modernist approach, the vision of a
unified theory of design proved
problematic.
“ Huppatz, D.J. (2015)
Revisiting Herbert Simon’s ‘Science of Design’

23. Webber &
Rittel’s Wicked
Problems
A wicked problem: The “urban stream syndrome”, Walsh | Credit: Daniel Philips
Second Generation

24. Everything that is planned, one way or
another, relates to the design realm,
and design as a process.
“ Simon, Herbert (1969)
The Sciences of the Artificial, 1969
Each new product generates evolutionary
effects upon society at large.
Chris Jones, Jon (1970)
Design Methods: Seeds of Human Future, 1970

25. nature
of wicked
problems

26. nature
of wicked
problems
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
no immediate test of a solution
every solution to a wicked problem is a
"one-shot-operation”
do not have a set number of potential solutions
is essentially unique
always more than one explanation
designer has no right to be wrong
can be a symptom of another problem
no stopping rule
no definitive formula
solutions to them are not true-or-false,
only good-or-bad

27. designers ought to be asking what
systems do, instead of what they are
made of, and more so who they are
being built for.
more so who they are
being built for.
“ Rittel & Webber (1972)
Dillemas in a General Theory of Training, 1972

28. design
the
ICED 19 – TINKERING DESIGN METHODS – JEAN MENEZES
thinker
From Gen. Methods to Design Thinking
Med Badr Chemmaoui | Photo on Unsplash

29. Designerly
ways of
knowing
–1982
Nigel Cross | The Hong Kong Polytechnic University School of Design
Designer’s toolkit

30. Nigel Cross’ Contribution | Design as its own discipline
Designer’s toolkit

31. Jane Darke’s
Generator–
Conjecture–
Analysis
Irina Solovyova | Sketch illustrating first example of conjecture development
Designer’s toolkit

32. Schon’s
Ethnography
Lens
Donald Schon | Exploration of learning and design act through an etnographic lens
Designer’s toolkit

33. the practitioner must allow himself
to experience surprise, puzzlement,
or confusion in a situation [...] which
serves to generate both a new
understanding of the phenomenon
and a change in the situation.
“ Schön, Donald (1983)
The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action

34. Peter Rowe’s
Design Thinking
– 1987
Heuristic Reasoning
Decision-Trees
Anthropometric Analogies
Environmental Relations
Typologies

35. Scandinavian
Tools for
Participatory
Design
Future Circles
Co-operative Prototyping
Ethnographic Field Studies
Organizational Games

36. valley
silicon
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design
A review of IDEOS’s methodology
Jeremy Bishop | Photo on Unsplash

37. Rothman School of ManagementIDEOStanford d.School + IDEO

38. Desirability
Viability
Feasibility

39. The technical inventiveness
of a project, how innovative
and manufacturable a
product/experience is.
Thoroughly in Science and
Engineering tracks
Desirability
Viability
Feasibility
SOURCE: KELLEY, TOM | CREATIVE CONFIDENCE, 2013

40. SOURCE: KELLEY, TOM | CREATIVE CONFIDENCE, 2013
The area of expertise in a
product development
process that concerns about
the actual marketability a
project. Tends to be the
natural major concern of
Companies
Desirability
Viability
Feasibility

41. SOURCE: KELLEY, TOM | CREATIVE CONFIDENCE, 2013
Desirability then is the area
that o�ffers more room for the
designers to operate. Using
the common characteristics
amongst design professionals
as seen thoroughly in Design
Research.
Desirability
Viability
Feasibility

42. design is about deeply understanding
human needs, [...] about understanding
why people do what they do, with the
goal of understanding what they might
do in the future."
“ Tom & David Kelley (2013)
Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Creative Potential within Us All

43. EMPATHIZE
DEFINE
IDEATE
PROTOTYPE
TEST
Design Thinking
Framework
Stanford d.School Design Thinking Framework | Credit: dschool.stanford.edu
Design Thinking Tools

44. INSPIRATION
SYNTHESIS
IDEATE +
EXPERIMENT
IMPLEMENT
IDEO’s Design Thinking Breakdown | Credit: Updated from Creative Confidence, 2013

45. INSPIRATION
SYNTHESIS
IDEATE +
EXPERIMENT
IMPLEMENT
IDEO’s Design Thinking Breakdown | Credit: Updated from Creative Confidence, 2013
Empathy is the lead-
ing word for this step.
This can be traced
back to Ethnographic
research done by
Donald Schon.

46. INSPIRATION
SYNTHESIS
IDEATE +
EXPERIMENT
IMPLEMENT
IDEO’s Design Thinking Breakdown | Credit: Updated from Creative Confidence, 2013
Empathy is the lead-
ing word for this step.
This can be traced
back to Ethnographic
research done by
Donald Schon.
In this step the
design team makes
inferences based on
user observation. We
can trace a paralallel
to Jane Darke’s work.

47. INSPIRATION
SYNTHESIS
IDEATE +
EXPERIMENT
IMPLEMENT
IDEO’s Design Thinking Breakdown | Credit: Updated from Creative Confidence, 2013
Empathy is the lead-
ing word for this step.
This can be traced
back to Ethnographic
research done by
Donald Schon.
Using rapid proto-
typing allows to test
assumptions and
learn fast. Inspira-
tion on Scandina-
vian Design Co-op-
erative prototying
In this step the
design team makes
inferences based on
user observation. We
can trace a paralallel
to Jane Darke’s work.

48. INSPIRATION
SYNTHESIS
IDEATE +
EXPERIMENT
IMPLEMENT
IDEO’s Design Thinking Breakdown | Credit: Updated from Creative Confidence, 2013
Empathy is the lead-
ing word for this step.
This can be traced
back to Ethnographic
research done by
Donald Schon.
Using rapid proto-
typing allows to test
assumptions and
learn fast. Inspira-
tion on Scandina-
vian Design Co-op-
erative prototying
In this step the
design team makes
inferences based on
user observation. We
can trace a paralallel
to Jane Darke’s work.
Implementation is
where the actual
design is analyzed
with the final user.
Iterative cycles are
expected in every
step of the way.

49. INSPIRATION
SYNTHESIS
IDEATE +
EXPERIMENT
IMPLEMENT
IDEO’s Design Thinking Breakdown | Credit: Updated from Creative Confidence, 2013
Empathy is the lead-
ing word for this step.
This can be traced
back to Ethnographic
research done by
Donald Schon.
Using rapid proto-
typing allows to test
assumptions and
learn fast. Inspira-
tion on Scandina-
vian Design Co-op-
erative prototying
SILICON VALLEY
DESIGN THINKING
CONTRIBUTION
Packaging the studies on
synthesizing Mechanical
Engineering + Industrial
Design + Culture of
Innovation based on
Human-Centered
approach
In this step the
design team makes
inferences based on
user observation. We
can trace a paralallel
to Jane Darke’s work.
Implementation is
where the actual
design is analyzed
with the final user.
Iterative cycles are
expected in every
step of the way.

50. Denny Müller | Photo on Unsplash
as com
design
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modity
Critics to Silicon Valley Design Thinking
_

51. Samuel Zeller | A Framing Issue on Unsplash
Design Thinking Critics
Overly simpli-
fied design
process
1 2 3 4

52. Complex Design issues are not
susceptible to any linear analysis.
“ Buchanan, Richard (1992)
Wicked Problems in Design Thinking, 1992.

53. Rick Tap | Wall street sign on unsplash
Design Thinking Critics
Inextricable
ties to capi-
talism

54. Ordinary objects have systematic
effects in the stream of their production
flow, reinforcing a obsolescent model.
“ Julier, Guy(2017)
Economies of Design, 2017.

55. Max Böhme | Those left out on Unslplash
Design Thinking Critics
Conservative
of Status Quo

56. There is a pressure for design to
become more scientific, with more
predictable and constant results,
which might cost designers their ability
to contemplate unlikely scenarios.
“ Chris Jones, Jon(2009)
What is Designing? in Design Studies, 2009.

57. +Final Thoughts

58. +Final Thoughts
CREDIT: JULIER, GUY | ECONOMIES OF DESIGN, 2009
Make change
appear reasonable,
show what is
in potentia‘in potentia’

59. bedankt

60. jhmenezes@ucdavis.edu
. Questions?
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