This document discusses the time value of money, which refers to the principle that the value of money changes over time. It gives several reasons for why money received in the future is less valuable than the same amount today, including investment opportunities, inflation, risk, and personal consumption preferences. It then describes two techniques for calculating the time value of money: compounding and discounting. The compounding technique involves adding interest to the principal at regular compounding periods, with formulas provided for annual, semi-annual, and quarterly compounding.
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; UNIT 2: TIME VALUE OF MONEY; UNIT 3: FINANCING & DIVIDEND DECISIONS; UNIT 4: INVESTMENT DECISION;UNIT 5: WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
Time value of Money- Future Value- Present Value- Annuity Method- Multiple period compounding- Doubling Period- Valuation- Valuation of Equity share- Valuation of Preference share- Valuation of Debenture
The concept that money available today is worth more than the same amount of money in the future
Thus, a money received today is worth more than a money received tomorrow, why?
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT; UNIT 2: TIME VALUE OF MONEY; UNIT 3: FINANCING & DIVIDEND DECISIONS; UNIT 4: INVESTMENT DECISION;UNIT 5: WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
Time value of Money- Future Value- Present Value- Annuity Method- Multiple period compounding- Doubling Period- Valuation- Valuation of Equity share- Valuation of Preference share- Valuation of Debenture
The concept that money available today is worth more than the same amount of money in the future
Thus, a money received today is worth more than a money received tomorrow, why?
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Time Value of Money
An important principle in finance is that the value of money is time
dependent.
The value of a unit of money is different in different time periods.
The value of a sum of money received today is more than its value received
after some time.
Conversely, a sum of money received in future is less valuable than it is today.
The time value of money is also referred as time preference for money.
3. Reasons for Time Value of Money
Investment Opportunities: Money has the potential to grow over a period of
time because it can be invested somewhere. For example, if Rs. 1000 can be
invested in a fixed deposit for one year at 7% p.a., the money will grow to Rs,
Rs. 1070 at the end of one year. Therefore, given the choice of Rs. 1000 now
or the same amount in one year’s time, it is always preferable to take Rs.
1000 now.
Inflation: Inflation is the fall in the purchasing power of money. It makes
money cheaper and the goods and services costlier. Suppose you can buy 1 kg
of rice with Rs. 50 today. If the inflation rate is 10%, You need Rs. 55 to buy 1
kg of rice a year from now.
4. Reasons for Time Value of Money
Risk: Money received now is certain, whereas money tomorrow is less certain.
This ’bird in the hand’ principle is extremely important in investment
appraisals.
Personal consumption preference: Many people have a strong preference for
immediate rather than delayed consumption. For a hungry man, promise of a
meals next month means nothing.
5. Techniques
Two methods to calculate the time value of money
Compounding Technique
Discounting Technique
6. Compounding Technique
In compounding technique, interest is added (compounded) to the initial
deposit (principal) and becomes part of the principal at the end of each
compounding period.
Annual compounding, semi-annual compounding, quarterly compounding,
monthly compounding etc.
7. Compounding Technique Formula
A = P (1+i)n
In which
A = Amount at the end of the period
P= Principal at the beginning of the period
i = Rate of interest
N= number of years
8. Compounding Technique Formula
For semi-annual compounding, the formula is:
A = P (1+i/2)n x2
For quarterly compounding, the formula is:
A = P (1+i/4)n x4
Alternatively, for compounding more than once a year, the formula can be
expressed as:
A = P (1+i/m)n xm
Where m = number of times per year compounding is made.
