Tiles and pavers outdoors

TILES AND PAVERS OUTDOORS
Twinkle gupta (10)
Shivansh rattan (14)
Preeti bandhu (18)
Chandan kumar (20)
Pranav walia (12)

TABLE OF
CONTENTS
1. Introduction (Chandan 20)
2. Manufacturing process (Pranav 12)
3. Types of tiles and Pavers (Shivansh 14)
4. Latest technology for pavements (chandan 20)
5. Application in different areas (Preeti 18)
6. Advantages and disadvantages (Twinkle 10)

INTRODUCTION
PAVEMENT:-
Pavement, in construction, is an outdoor floor or superficial
surface covering. Paving materials include asphalt, concrete,
stones such as flagstone, cobblestone, and setts, artificial
stone, bricks, tiles, and sometimes wood. In landscape
architecture, pavements are part of the hardscape and are
used on sidewalks, road surfaces, courtyards, etc.
PAVER:-
● paver is a paving stone, tile, brick or brick-like piece of
concrete commonly used as exterior flooring.
● Pavers can be used to make roads, driveways,
walkways and other outdoor platforms.
Chandan kumar (20)

INTRODUCTION
TILE:-
Tiles are thin objects, usually square or rectangular in shape. A tile is a
manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal,
baked clay, or even glass generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls,
etc.
FLOOR TILE:-
These are commonly made of ceramic or stone, although recent
technological advances have resulted in rubber or glass tiles for floors as
well. Ceramic tiles may be painted and glazed. Small mosaic tiles may be
laid in various patterns. Floor tiles are typically set into mortar consisting of
sand, cement and often a latex additive. The spaces between the tiles are
commonly filled with sanded or unsanded floor grout, but traditionally mortar
was used.
Chandan kumar (20)
Terracotta tile
Cement tile

MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CONCRETE PAVERS
The Basic Machines Required for the Manufacturing Process of the Concrete Pavers are:
● Vibrating Tables.
● PAN Concrete Mixture Machine.
● PAN Type Mixture Machine (Top mix).
● Air Compressor ( for spray coating ).
● 300kg Electronic Weight Scale.
● Basic Material for Handling Equipments.
● PVC Rubber Paver Block Moulds or Plastic Paver Block Moulds
*Note: i) Quantity of the Paver Block Moulds depends on the per day production requirement.
ii) For a Paver Block Plant (approximate 3000 Blocks production/per day) Land Required is Approx minimum 1500 Sqm
PRANAV WALIA (12)
● Aggregate (6mm to 20mm).
● Crushed Stone Dust. (Fine Aggregate)
● OPC Cement.
● Water.
● Concrete Admixture Chemicals.
● Colors.
RAW MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR THE MAKING OF PAVER BLOCKS:

● Concrete Batching
● Moulding and pressing
● Curing
● Optional Secondary processing
● Packaging
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Now a days, There are 2 Main Important Manufacturing Process Used for the Production of Concrete Paving Block Units.
These are given below:-
1) Wet Cast ("Open Moulded") Technique
Wet cast techniques are typically used to
create fancy or decorative units that do not
require high strength.
2) Hydraulically Pressed Technique
Hydraulic Pressing techniques are used to manufacture
regularly sized items with a high strength or items that will be
subjected to secondary treatments
Basic Steps involved in the manufacturing process:
PRANAV WALIA (12)

Pros and Cons of Wet Cast and Hydraulic Press Techniques
Wet Cast Technique
PROS
● Simple technology and low cost set-up costs
● Allows production of a range of products using the same basic
machinery
● Moulds are relatively cheap, polyurethane or ABS plastic
● Uses a wet concrete
CONS
● Lower strength, compared to HP products
● Variable quality – national/international standards virtually non-
existent
● Usually at least 7 days from moulding to marketplace
● Products always have one unmoulded face, although this may be
hand-finished
● Product dimensions cannot be guaranteed due to variable settlement
of concrete
Hydraulic Press
PROS
● High strength products
● Consistent quality, often monitored to ensure compliance with
national/international standards
● Products can be ready for shipping in under 48 hours
● Uses a semi-dry concrete and therefore minimises water
consumption
● All faces are moulded
● Product dimensions can be highly accurate
CONS
● Very expensive set up
● Dedicated machinery usually required to manufacture different
products
● Moulds are high-grade steel and relatively expensive
PRANAV WALIA (12)

Wet Cast Production
1. A comparatively wet concrete is prepared, usually in a batch process to
ensure consistency
2. Batch plants are used to combine pre-determined quantities of sand
and coarse aggregate with a precise weight of cement and then the lot
is mixed with water and additives to produce the concrete
3. The mixed (batched) concrete is then placed into the flexible moulds
(which may be held firm within a mould liner) and levelled off with a rake
or similar.
4. Vibration is then used to settle the concrete, filling any small voids. The
most common source of vibration is a Vibrating table
5. The filled moulds are allowed to stand on horizontal racks for 48 hours
or so to allow initial hydration of the concrete until it is reasonably hard
6. Once released from the moulds, the products are re-stacked, often with
cheap timber spacers between adjacent units to allow any further
retained moisture to escape.
WET CAST MOULD
VIBRATING TABLE
PRANAV WALIA (12)

Hydraulic Press Production
1. The concrete used for hydraulic press manufacture is batch-
prepared with a minimal water content as this gives best
handling characteristics and results in a high-strength
concrete
2. The concrete is delivered into the steel moulds and levelled
out, usually by means of a rake mechanism
3. The surplus concrete is removed and then a hydraulically-
operated vibrating press descends, compressing the
concrete and squeezing out any excess water.
4. The products, already quite firm and solid to the touch, are
then carried on a transfer pallet into an automated curing
chamber.
5. Because the pressing process is entirely automated,
manufacturing costs are lower and the final sizes of each
product can be tightly controlled
Simplified manufacturing process
PRANAV WALIA (12)

Homogenous and Face Mix Products
There are two distinct manufacturing techniques that use the Hydraulic press
process :-
In the UK, most blocks manufactured via a hydraulic press are consistent units, that
is, they consist of homogeneous portion of concrete - the concrete at the base of
the unit is the same as the concrete at the top of the unit
Whereas, In continental Europe, much of the production is termed 'Face Mix'. In
these products, two different concretes are used: a base mix of low-cost, no-frills
concrete with an 8-10mm thick top layer or Face Mix, of a high-spec concrete.
The benefits of this method are that the expensive components of the
product, namely the dyes, specifically selected fine aggregates and a high
cement content, are used only in that part of the paver that is actually seen,
that is, the uppermost face.
PRANAV WALIA (12)

TYPES OF
PAVERS
ON THE BASIS OF
MATERIALS
ON THE BASIS OF
SHAPES
BRICK
CONCRETE COBBLESTONE TRAVERTINE TYPE A TYPE C
TYPE B TYPE D
SHIVANSH RATTAN (14)
FLAGSTONE

1. CONCRETE PAVERS :
● concrete pavers are cast bricks made of Portland cement and aggregate.
● mass manufactured to standard sizes, Hence can be easily interchanged.
● Typically has two surfaces - one is smooth, and the other is a rough
surface.
● able to support substantial loads
● can resist shearing and braking forces.
● can withstand extreme temperature easily
● They come in various colors(obtained from various metallic oxides)
● Available in various sizes such as 300x150x50mm , 200x100x60 mm,
400x400x50 mm
● Cost : Rs. 25/ piece (approx.)
1. BRICK PAVERS :
● Brick pavers are a manufactured product made of clay that is cast in
forms, then heated, cured, usually in the shape of a cuboid.
● They are solid, smooth-surfaced clay without holes or gaps.
● lends a timeless look to the landscape.
● more expensive than concrete pavers and offer fewer design options.
● more susceptible to cracking and breaking than concrete pavers.
● They are clay-colored and rectangular.
● Standard size of a clay brick paver is 190x90x90 mm
● Cost : Rs.38/ piece (approx.)
TYPES ON THE BASIS OF MATERIAL

3. COBBLESTONE PAVERS :
● Cobblestones are a natural stone cut into paver shapes.
● original cobblestone pavers were naturally occurring rounded stones collected from
stream beds.
● Belgian blocks(shaped paving stones) are by far the most popular form of
cobblestones.
● They are comparatively expensive. have Rough, uneven surface.
● Have a Labor-intensive installation,Snow removal is difficult and Weeds grow in
cracks
● They are Very durable,They Add to home value, and have Water-permeable surface
● Generally available in 90x90mm or 100x100mm sizes.
● Cost : Rs. 45/ Square Feet (approx.)
4. TRAVERTINE PAVERS :
● Travertine is a form of sedimentary stone found in and around freshwater hot
springs.
● The stone comes in a wide range of warm earthly tones.
● It is surprisingly soft, vulnerable to acidic cleaners, abrasive materials, stains, and
scratches.
● travertine pavers tend to be more expensive
● Available in sizes of 300x300x12mm, 300x600x12mm, 600x600x12 mm
● Cost : Rs.250 - 500/Square Feet

5. FLAGSTONE PAVERS :
● Flagstone is a sedimentary rock split into layers along bedding
planes.
● It is a form of sandstone composed of feldspar and quartz and is
arenaceous in grain size.
● The material composed of silica, calcite, or iron oxide binds it
● The rock color usually comes from these cementing materials,
Typically red, blue, and buff
● Flagstone is aesthetically pleasing
● won't corrode if exposed to harsh hot weather and freeze/thaw
conditions.
● available in different sizes, thickness hence giving uneven
surfaces.
● Installation is difficult and to be done carefully
● Generally Available In Sizes Of 300mmX300mm
● Cost : Rs.47/ Sq Feet

1. TYPE A :
Paver blocks with plain vertical faces, which do not interlock into each other when
paved in any pattern
1. TYPE B :
Paver blocks with alternating plain and curved/corrugated vertical faces, which lock
into each other along the curve/corrugated faces, when paved in any pattern
1. TYPE C :
Paver blocks having all faces curved or corrugated, which lock into each other along
with all the vertical faces when paved in any pattern and
1. TYPE D :
'L' and 'X' shaped paver blocks that have all faces curved or corrugated and which
lock into each other along with all the vertical faces when paved in any pattern.
TYPES ON THE BASIS OF SHAPES

TYPES OF
TILES
CERAMIC
TILES
PORCELAIN
TILES
CEMENT
TILES
GLASS
MOSAIC
TILES
METAL
TILES
MARBLE
TILES

1. CERAMIC TILES :
● Ceramic tile is made from clay and other natural resources.
● It is very durable hence oftenly chosen
● Glazed ceramic tiles Features liquid glass coating that helps resist
stains, scratches, fire and fading.
● Unglazed ceramic tiles have No coating; even color all the way
through; must be treated to resist stains.
● Cost-effective and easy to maintain.
● Standard Sizes Available : 30X30X50MM
● Cost : Rs 35 /Square Feet (Approx.)
1. PORCELAIN TILES :
● Made from clay and other natural resources, and fired at a higher
temperature
● one of the most popular and versatile tile
● They are less porous as compared to ceramic tile.
● They are Water-resistant
● Easier to cut, Affordable and needs low maintenance
● Does not hold onto dirt or dust so it's ideal for those with allergies.
● Typical sizes are 30×60 cm, 30×120 cm, 40×120 cm, 45×90 cm,
60×60 cm, 90×90 cm, 60×120 cm.
● Cost : Rs 15 /Piece

3. CEMENT TILES
● made from a mixture of sand, cement, color pigment, and a marble
powder that is poured into metal molds, backed by a dry concrete
mixture, and then compressed under 2,000 pounds of pressure.
● Cement tiles are slip-proof and highly durable
● available in plain colours or printed designs that are created by placing
a stencil inside a square tile mould.
● They are environment friendly because they are not baked to harden
● They are very easy to maintain.
● Standard size is 200x200 mm
● Cost : Rs.120/Square Feet (Approx.)
4. GLASS MOSAIC TILES :
● Modern mosaics consist of convenient sheets of preattached tiles.
● mesh-mounted sheets can be made of tiny tiles of the same color, or
they can use small pieces of tile of varying colors
● can be made from stones like marble, granite, slate, travertine,etc.
● resistant to stains, mold, and mildew.
● the option of using recycled glass tiles makes this a green product.
● These are difficult to install, and costly to repair.
● Size : 200x800x5 mm
● Cost : Rs. 100/ Piece (Approx.)

5. METAL TILES
● Metal tiles are generally made from copper, tin, aluminum and stainless
steel
● Using recycled tiles(being environmentally-friendly) makes this a green
product.
● are able to blend in with most designs and colors
● peel-and-stick product hence easy to install.
● Iron and copper tiles will need to be sealed in order to prevent oxidation.
● While oxidation Copper would turn darker and iron would begin to show
signs of rust
● Standard Size : 300x300x8 mm
● Cost : Rs.1000/ Box (Approx.)
6. MARBLE TILES
● Marble is a metamorphic rock formed when a sedimentary stone like
limestone, is transformed under heat and pressure into a harder stone with
beautiful color and veined patterns
● maintenance is relatively easy
● marble is fairly porous so we shouldn’t allow water to puddle
● Carrara marble,Calacatta marble,Emperador marble,Crema marfil
marble,Levadia black marble,Talathello marble,Statuary marble
● Sizes Available : 800X800X20MM, 1000X1000X20MM , 1200X1200X20MM
, 800X1600X20 MM
● Cost : Rs.250/Square Feet (Approx.)

APPLICATION OF PAVERS
CONCRETE PAVERS
● walkways
● patios
● driveways
● project entrances
● a walkway through a city park
● playgrounds
● pool decks
● entrance to corporate offices
● around fountains
● streets (most of Germany is paver streets)
● airport runways
BRICKS PAVERS
● They offer a sense of beauty and individualism. They create the perfect setting. They are highly versatile, durable and high in
strength. Brick pavers will also last a lifetime.
● A driveway is the entrance which leads mostly to your home. It is a place where you vehicle lives along with many plants and flowers alongside it
● Sidewalks and walkways lead you to a destination such as: landscaping, entrance to your home or around the home, pool area, patio, barbeque
area or back yard. By paving these spots with brick pavers you are giving all users of these areas comfort.
Preeti bandhu (14)

COBBLESTONE
● Aside from driveways, cobblestones pavers are also used to build patios, pool and viewing decks, garden paths,
balconies, steps, terraces, and walkways.
● These applications can be for both residential and commercial applications and can also be applied to public spaces
when needed.
● For public areas, they can be used in bus stops, crosswalks, and sidewalks
TRAVERTINE
● Foyers and Hallways Travertine adds a touch of class to the proceedings. This can help you secure a very important
asset, particularly when you’re installing in offices and other commercial spaces; the first impression.
● Bathroom Vanity Tops Travertine is an immensely popular surface for this application, often complemented by the
choice of travertine sinks.
● Bedrooms Similarly applicable in warmer climates, a cooler floor on hot summer nights is just the ticket. And let’s not
forget the subtle decorative advantages that go along with installing travertine tile in a bedroom, with earthy tones that
seem to naturally help occupants to unwind after busy days.
Preeti bandhu (14)

FLAGSTONE PAVER
● Consumers looking to improve the look of their home by utilizing flagstone pavers in constructing
walkways and patios must be fully aware of the benefits available by using this natural stone
● flagstone pavers, homeowners are able to create a rustic of period look quite simply. Another key benefit
of flagstone patio and walkway design is their ability to make intricate designs maintenance friendly. This
saves house owner’s time by not demanding too much care and protection.
● Flagstone pavers are able to provide interesting design for driveways. Although, flagstone is better suited
for light-traffic areas, they have an excellent ability to provide outstanding drainage because they give on a
bedding layer.
Preeti bandhu (14)

APPLICATION OF TILE
CERAMIC TILES
● Ceramic Tiles are a widely used material in interior decoration.
● Flooring – The major use of ceramic tiles is in flooring, and most residential buildings prefer to use ceramic tiles in
apartments. The low cost, ease of application and large variety of shapes and sizes available makes them ideal for
this purpose.
● Walls – Ceramic tiles can also be used on walls, whether they are internal or external. On internal walls, they can be
used to make patterns or quickly change the colour of a room; while on external walls they can be used to provide a
cooling effect, since they do not absorb heat. This is especially beneficial during summer months.
● Walkways – Paths through gardens and parks are also generally made out of ceramic tiles due to the multitude of
patterns available in the market, allowing the pathways to be refreshing and non-repetitive.
PORCELAIN TILES
● The porcelain tiles demand special cement for their installation.
● These tiles are harder and denser compared to ceramic tiles.
● These tiles are used for wall surfaces, the cement that has high adhesive property are used.
Preeti bandhu (14)

CEMENT TILES
● Our cement tiles are ideal to be placed in a kitchen. Due to the large variety of colors, patterns and borders, unique floors can be
created.
● Cement tiles used in bathroom, In a large bathroom you have to watch for the pattern of the tile and the borders and corners.
● The bigger the hallway the more impressive the looks. You’ll give your hallway a stately character by the use of Moroccan and
Portuguese floor tiles / cement tiles.
● It is not for every living room to be filled with cement tiles. We are not used to larger area’s filled with these type of tiles, unless
you live in the south of Spain or in Morocco.
GLASS MOSAIC TILES
● Glass tile is a natural choice for shower walls because it’s water-resistant and is available in a substantial range of
aesthetically-pleasing colors and patterns. Also, because glass tile reflects light, your shower will appear larger.
● Glass tiles are considered the crème de la crème when it comes to bathroom surfaces, and are available in an infinite variety
of colors, shapes, textures and finishes. Gleaming glass will illuminate the bathroom in wonderful hues and is ideal for the
walls, floor, bathtub surround or just an accent.
Preeti bandhu (14)

LATEST TECHNOLOGY FOR PAVEMENTS
Chandan kumar (20)

KINETIC PAVEMENTS:-
● Kinetic pavements are giving a whole new meaning to “POWER WALKING.”
● London-based start-up Pavegen has developed a special energy-harvesting tile – made from 95%
recycled tyres – that flexes by 5mm when stepped on, resulting in up to 8 watts of kinetic energy over
the duration of the footstep.
● Enough tiles and enough footsteps can create enough energy to be stored in batteries, or to help
power streetlights and other electrical items.
● Each tile also boasts a unique proprietary wireless communications technology that uses only 1% of
its power to transmit data about the number of footfalls and energy generated.
● Pavegen ultimately hopes to make tiles as affordable as regular floor tiles, and to see them installed in
offices, schools, pedestrianised areas and public spaces around the world.
Chandan kumar (20)

SOLAR ROADWAYS/PAVEMENTS:-
● solar roadways are interlinked structurally engineered solar
panels which replaces the conventional asphalt roads, parking
lots and driveways.
● These can power small businesses, homes, traffic signs,
intelligent roads and also act as data signal carriers (high speed
internet, cable TV and Telephone).
● The solar roads provide power to embedded LED lights which
could display messages, light up the roads, display warning
messages when over speeding or close proximity to impact,
road closed ahead, etc.
● In case of snow in northern climates, the solar roads can heat
themselves to melt the snow and clear the roads.
● This will also increase the feasibility of using electric cars by
providing charging stations.
● Using 15% efficient solar panels as the standalone electricity
source will provide 3 times the required power capacity.
Chandan kumar (20)

The solar panels are layered in three basic units
1. Road Surface Layer
2. Electronics Layer
3. Base Plate Layer
● The topmost Layer will consist of the photovoltaics in hardened glass. The important characteristics
required are transparency (translucent), hardness and roughness. The roughness is required to provide
traction for the vehicle tires to turn without slipping. Each individual solar panel is bolted into the linkage
with the bottom layer. This will make it easily serviceable. The LEDs and the heating element will go into
this layer. The next most important unit is waterproofing to avoid water leakage into the electronics unit
below.
● The Electronics layer consists of the microprocessor with supporting circuitry (measuring, feedback and
control units). This will control the heating elements (snow sensing), load (pressure gauges), lighting,
communications and monitoring. The micro processing units will be fitted every 12 feet distance making
it a truly ‘intelligent road’.
● The base plate layer is the power transmission layer. The energy captured by the solar panels and
collected by the electronics layer is distributed by the base plate layer. The data signals are also
transmitted through this layer along with the power to all the homes and businesses connected to solar
roadways. This layer is also waterproofed and weatherproofed to prevent electronic layer damage.
Chandan kumar (20)

ADVANTAGES
1. Low maintenance - Paver block does not need polish and repaint.
Patio or driveway can be regularly washed with simple soap and
water to look fresh and bright.
1. Durable and hard-wearing - Block paving is expected to last for at
least 20 years. Cracking is not developed when they are properly
interlocking with each other. Pavers can be used for any type of
pedestrian traffic like, low, medium and heavy.
1. Highly versatile - variety of colour, shapes, textures and finishes
available.
1. More environment friendly - Block paving prevents rainwater from
gathering or flooding, and creates better drainage system rather
than solid plain surface which
allows for water runoff.
They are also available as
interlocking permeable
pavers, where vegetation is
planted in each grid where
re-use of stormwater back
into the grounds is allowed,
rather than back into the
street.
Twinkle (10)

ADVANTAGES
Twinkle (10)
5. Safety - Interlocking pavers are slip resistant and skid resistant.
6. Weather resistance - Pavers can be used in any climates (winter, summer and
monsoon). The frost, oils and most chemicals do not affect the paver block. Also
in a colder climate, electric or liquid snow melting systems can be installed
under pavers which reduces accidents as well as reduce slip hazards.
7. Quick to install - It is easy to install without using mortar, any heavy
machinery or equipment, and it is done in around 3 to 4 days. Can be used
immediately after installation.
8. Easily repaired - If one block is damaged or stained with oil, diesel or petrol
spillages, they can be easily removed and replaced with new one and requires
no heavy machinery. No skilled labour is required.
9. Cost saving - Mass production of the interlocking paver block has reduced
their price and made it easily
affordable. It has less maintenance
cost and is a long time investment
for your patio and driveway.
10. Easily available

DISADVANTAGES
Twinkle (10)
1. Weed and moss growth - When blocks are not properly interlocked with
each other, then weed and moss may grow between the space of blocks.
When block paving is not cleaned for long period, circular spots occur on
the top surface of paver as the stain is present for long period, and these
spots give an invitation to lichen.
1. Need proper drainage system - The surface joint sand reduces the
ingress of water through its joints. Because of this reason, paver blocks
do not allow water to drain through its system.
1. Sinking of block - Interlocking paver block always need a strong base.
Inadequate and poorly prepared sub-bases can cause the sinking of block
paving due to regular traffic loads. Some contractors lay inadequate
amount of sand which would cause the sinking of pavers. Or they add
too much sand which also causes the sinking of pavers. Majorly sinking
occurs when sand erodes from paver joints. Due to this reason, the paver
block losses it’s interlocking, which results in slight movement of paver
which will gradually
cause sinking.

DISADVANTAGES
Twinkle (10)
4. Fading of colour - this can happen due to :
● exposure to ultraviolet light (Sunrays),
● poor quality of admixture used during manufacturing of
blocks.
● friction and scrubbing due to continuous use for walking
or regular passing of vehicle over them.
5. Uneven and unstable - The stability of paver block depends
upon the presence of compacted sand in its joint to provide
and maintain interlocking. Due to poor workmanship or bad
materials used in the installation, it causes blocks to move or
make them unstable. When paver blocks are installed without
edging restraints, it causes the blocks to move from their
original place and eventually open the gaps, resulting in loss of
interlock and cause sliding or sinking.

THANK YOU
Twinkle gupta (10)
Shivansh rattan (14)
Preeti bandhu (18)
Chandan kumar (20)
Pranav walia (12)

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