Thucydides introduction
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Thucydides was an Athenian historian who wrote about the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta from 431 to 404 BC. He aimed to provide a scientific analysis of the war and its causes through collecting numerous sources and eyewitness accounts. While including set speeches, he acknowledged limitations in accurately recording words. Thucydides analyzed military and political events and their impacts through both evidence and his own judgments and interpretations of history.
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Herodotus and Thucydides were two of the earliest Greek historians. Herodotus, who lived in the 5th century BC, is considered the "Father of History" as he was one of the first historians to investigate events and write accounts of the past. He traveled widely and wrote about the Greco-Persian wars. Thucydides, a contemporary of Herodotus, is renowned for his history of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta from 431-404 BC. He is considered the father of scientific history for applying rigorous standards of evidence gathering and analysis. Both historians made major contributions to the development of history as an academic discipline.
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The document summarizes Pakistan's foreign policy approaches during different eras of the Cold War:
1. Era of Neutrality (1947-1953): Pakistan remained neutral and did not join military alliances in the early Cold War period.
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3. Post-Cold War (1990-2001): With the Soviet Union's collapse, Pakistan faced pressure to rollback its nuclear program and was sidelined on Kashmir by the sole superpower US.
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This document provides an overview of key strategic thinkers and their contributions to strategic thought, including:
1. Kautilya and Sun Tzu emphasized indirect and deceptive approaches to warfare, exploiting weaknesses and achieving victory with minimal engagement.
2. Machiavelli stressed the importance of strong military forces under the ruler's control and the use of deception. He also saw military preparedness as important for defense and stability.
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The document summarizes the key causes of World War 1:
- Imperialism and nationalism led countries to want to expand their territories and resources.
- Alliances pulled countries into war as they were obligated to support allies.
- Militarism and an arms race increased tensions as countries built up their forces.
- Immediate triggers were the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and crises over Morocco and Bosnia exacerbating tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary.
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Power politics arises from the anarchic nature of international relations, where states seek to balance power out of security interests. There are alternatives like world government or collective security, but both face significant challenges in implementation. Collective security aims to replace national power with collective defense, but identifying aggressors is difficult and status quo bias limits peaceful change. While anarchy leads to power politics if states assume it must, the consequences are not automatic as security communities show states can coexist without violence given different experiences. Overall the viability of alternatives to power politics is limited by what levels of change are feasible.
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Classical realism views international relations as rooted in human nature and the pursuit of power. Theorists like Thucydides saw states acting to determine others based on their relative power. Machiavelli advised rulers to be cunning and ruthless to ensure their state's survival. Hobbes believed the international system was anarchic and states were in a perpetual state of war due to the human lust for power. Morgenthau also saw the pursuit of power as the driving force behind conflicts between states. Classical realists reject moralist approaches and see national interests defined by the quest for power.
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Ibhl russo japanese war
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Types of war
The Geneva Conventions regulate acceptable behavior during war and armed conflicts, prohibiting torture, rape, genocide, and other crimes against humanity. They also require humane treatment of prisoners of war and protection of civilians. A civil war is fought within a country between groups wanting control of the government. Guerrilla warfare uses small, lightly armed militia units rather than professional armies to topple governments, often with popular support. While guerrillas fight governments, terrorists target civilians and military to create social and political crises. Total wars aim to destroy the enemy's social fabric through mass civilian casualties, while limited wars are fought between armies for political objectives without widespread destruction.
Cold and post cold war
The document summarizes Pakistan's foreign policy approaches during different eras of the Cold War:
1. Era of Neutrality (1947-1953): Pakistan remained neutral and did not join military alliances in the early Cold War period.
2. Era of Alliances (1954-1962): Pakistan joined anti-communist alliances like CENTO and SEATO for economic and military aid but reconsidered due to lack of US support on Kashmir.
3. Post-Cold War (1990-2001): With the Soviet Union's collapse, Pakistan faced pressure to rollback its nuclear program and was sidelined on Kashmir by the sole superpower US.
Thirty years war Peace of Westphalia
The Thirty Years' War ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia, which established new political boundaries and order in Europe. It affirmed that German princes could determine the religion of their territories and nullified the Edict of Restitution. The Peace of Westphalia also established the sovereignty of states and non-intervention in other states' internal affairs, forming the basis of the modern international system. The war left Germany fragmented politically and economically weakened, while France emerged as the dominant power in Europe.
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Cold war era 1956 to 1960
During the Cold War era from 1956 to 1960, the political dynamics of several countries in Asia and the Middle East are discussed. Pakistan established its 1956 constitution and had several prime ministers until Ayub Khan imposed martial law in 1958. Iran was a monarchy led by the Shah while Saudi Arabia was also a monarchy adhering to strict Islamic laws. Afghanistan and India both had monarchies and democracies respectively. China was under communist rule of Mao Zedong while the Soviet Union was led by Nikita Khrushchev. The US was led by President Eisenhower as a capitalist democracy. The foreign relations between these countries and blocs during the Cold War are also outlined.
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The document discusses the Saptang Theory proposed by Kautilya in the Arthashastra to describe the seven essential elements or organs of the ancient Indian state. These seven elements are: 1) the king, 2) ministers, 3) territory and population, 4) forts, 5) treasury, 6) armed forces, and 7) allies. The document provides details on each element and how Kautilya viewed their importance and qualifications. It also discusses how other ancient Indian texts like the Manusmriti and later works referred to or expanded on Kautilya's Saptang Theory.
Russian japan war
The Russo-Japanese War was fought between 1904-1905 over influence in Manchuria and Korea. Japan had strategic advantages with its navy positioned closer to battlefields and disciplined, highly motivated troops. Japan launched a surprise attack at Port Arthur and later achieved a decisive victory over the Russian navy at Tsushima Strait. Despite higher casualties, Japan's victory forced Russia to sue for peace in the Treaty of Portsmouth, allowing Japan to claim key territories.
Early modern europe 15th and 16th century
Major political and economic changes occurred in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. The authority of kings grew through the concept of the divine right of kings, replacing feudal systems and serfdom declined. Mercantilism dominated Western European economies, encouraging exports and discouraging imports. The Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 marked the defeat of the House of York and rise of the Tudor Dynasty in England under Henry VII. The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 ended the Byzantine Empire and led to expansion of the Ottoman Empire. Capitalism began emerging in Italian city-states and later in other European nations. Christopher Columbus' expedition to the Americas in 1492 marked the beginning of European colonization
Evolution of strategic thoughts
This document provides an overview of key strategic thinkers and their contributions to strategic thought, including:
1. Kautilya and Sun Tzu emphasized indirect and deceptive approaches to warfare, exploiting weaknesses and achieving victory with minimal engagement.
2. Machiavelli stressed the importance of strong military forces under the ruler's control and the use of deception. He also saw military preparedness as important for defense and stability.
3. Jomini focused on concentrating forces at decisive points and maneuvering to engage enemy fractions.
4. Clausewitz viewed war as continuation of policy and emphasized popular support for war as well as concentrating maximum forces at decisive engagements. Technological aspects of war were not his primary
Arab israeli conflict
This document provides a summary of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from the aftermath of World War 1 through the 2000s. It describes how the Ottoman Empire lost control of the Middle East after WWI and European powers divided the land. In 1947, the UN proposed dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, but Arabs rejected the plan. Despite Arab opposition, Israel declared statehood in 1948 and defended itself during the subsequent war, expanding its territory. Ongoing tensions included the 1967 Six-Day War and 1973 Yom Kippur War. Some peace efforts occurred in the late 1970s and 1990s, but violence between Israel and Palestinian groups like Hamas and Hezbollah continued through the 2000s.
Foreign policy of the united states of america
This document discusses several aspects of US foreign policy, including how the president and congress establish policy, examples like the Truman Doctrine and involvement in NATO, and support for organizations like the UN and World Hunger Organization. The Truman Doctrine established US policy to provide military and economic support to Greece and Turkey in response to Soviet actions. Through NATO, the US commits to political and military support of other member nations in return for their defense of the US. The UN and World Hunger Organization receive US funding and support to promote peace, development, and end hunger globally.
Causes of world war 2
The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany after WWI, leaving its economy in ruins. Japan began expanding its empire to gain resources to sustain its growing population. Fascist dictators like Mussolini and later Hitler rose to power in Italy and Germany, seeking to expand their territories. Hitler took advantage of Germany's desperate economic situation and national pride to become dictator, allying with Mussolini and beginning to rearm Germany in violation of the Treaty while speaking of peace. Hitler's expansion of Germany by annexing Austria and Czechoslovakia was enabled by Britain and France's failed policy of appeasement seeking to avoid war. The worldwide Great Depression created further global instability contributing to the outbreak of WWII.
The Concert of Europe and the Conservative Political Order
The document discusses the Concert of Europe and the conservative order established after the Napoleonic Wars. Key figures like Metternich, the Austrian foreign minister, sought to maintain peace and suppress revolutionary ideas emerging in Germany and elsewhere. The Great Powers issued declarations supporting conservative principles and repression of dissent. Throughout the 1810s and 1820s, various decrees and laws cracked down on radicals and imposed censorship. The goal was to prevent the spread of revolutionary philosophies and protect the existing political order in Europe.
Causes of ww1
The document summarizes the key causes of World War 1:
- Imperialism and nationalism led countries to want to expand their territories and resources.
- Alliances pulled countries into war as they were obligated to support allies.
- Militarism and an arms race increased tensions as countries built up their forces.
- Immediate triggers were the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and crises over Morocco and Bosnia exacerbating tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary.
C4 - Power Politics
Power politics arises from the anarchic nature of international relations, where states seek to balance power out of security interests. There are alternatives like world government or collective security, but both face significant challenges in implementation. Collective security aims to replace national power with collective defense, but identifying aggressors is difficult and status quo bias limits peaceful change. While anarchy leads to power politics if states assume it must, the consequences are not automatic as security communities show states can coexist without violence given different experiences. Overall the viability of alternatives to power politics is limited by what levels of change are feasible.
Classical realism in International Relations
Classical realism views international relations as rooted in human nature and the pursuit of power. Theorists like Thucydides saw states acting to determine others based on their relative power. Machiavelli advised rulers to be cunning and ruthless to ensure their state's survival. Hobbes believed the international system was anarchic and states were in a perpetual state of war due to the human lust for power. Morgenthau also saw the pursuit of power as the driving force behind conflicts between states. Classical realists reject moralist approaches and see national interests defined by the quest for power.
Boxer uprising
The Boxer Uprising was a violent anti-foreign, anti-Christian movement that took place in China between 1899-1901. It was a response to foreign occupation and Christian missionary activity in China following the Opium Wars. The uprising was supported by the Empress Dowager Cixi as a way to direct discontent against foreign powers instead of the Manchu government. However, the uprising failed when foreign powers sent military forces to China, defeated the Boxers, and made China sign a humiliating treaty imposing heavy reparations. The uprising further weakened China's power internationally and paved the way for the nationalist revolution of 1911.
Sun Tzu\'s The Art of War
This document provides a history and commentary on Sun Tzu's classic work "The Art of War". It begins with a brief biography of Sun Tzu, noting he lived around 490 BC and wrote the 13 chapters of "The Art of War" which became influential in both China and other countries. The document then excerpts and comments on several chapters, focusing on Sun Tzu's teachings around strategic planning, deception, assessing strengths and weaknesses, maneuvering troops, and adapting to different terrain. The overall message is that war should be a last resort, and the goal should be subduing enemies without actual combat through strategies like dividing their alliance, attacking weaknesses, and maintaining flexibility.
Ibhl russo japanese war
The Russo-Japanese War lasted from 1904-1905 and ended in defeat for Russia. It had major causes and consequences for Japan, Russia, and the region. The war was caused largely by imperialist ambitions and a desire for territory and influence in East Asia, with Japan seeking to curb Russian expansion and control Korea. The consequences included the 1905 Russian Revolution, Japanese annexation of Korea, and Japan emerging as the dominant power in the region without Russian competition.
The congress of vienna
The Congress of Vienna met in 1814-1815 to redraw the map of Europe in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars. It was attended by representatives of the main European powers of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain and France. The Congress was largely dominated by the Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, who believed in restoring the old monarchical order and resisting revolutionary forces. The goals of the Congress were to maintain the balance of power in Europe, contain French power, and legitimize existing governments. It established a system through which the major powers could collectively intervene to suppress future revolutionary movements, helping maintain peace in Europe for decades. However, it also represented a deliberate step back from the democratic and liberal
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WH Chapter 5 Section 4 Notes
Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle used reason and observation to study topics like ethics, politics, and science. They believed rational thought could reveal universal truths. Socrates used questioning to help people seek knowledge. Plato founded the Academy to teach his ideals of perfect forms. Aristotle analyzed different forms of government and taught about living virtuously. Their works formed the basis of later European universities. Greek achievements in arts, architecture, drama, and history also emphasized balance, naturalism, and critical inquiry.
Philosophes
The document discusses the philosophies of several ancient Greek thinkers and their views on government. It mentions that Plato believed the ideal government would be ruled by philosopher-kings and that Aristotle, his student, wrote about politics and felt that most people were too stupid to vote. It also notes that ancient Greece helped create democracy and the separation of government powers.
Tale of Two Cities, Two Wars
The document provides background information on Ancient Greece, including:
1) It describes key events in early Greek history from the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations to the rise of city-states and the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars.
2) It explains the rivalry between Athens and Sparta, with Athens developing democracy while Sparta established an oligarchy.
3) It provides details on Spartan culture and society, including their military focus, harsh training of youth, and system of helot slaves.
The Peloponnesian War!!
The Peloponnesian War was a major war between Athens and Sparta from 431 to 404 BC over hegemony in ancient Greece. Sparta invaded Attica while Athens raided the Peloponnese, until a peace treaty was signed in 421 BC, though fighting continued. Initially Athens led the Delian League against Persia after the Persian Wars, but Sparta grew fearful of Athens' power and influence. The war severely weakened both sides and led to Athens losing its dominance in Greece.
the peloponnesian war 431
The Peloponnesian War was rooted in the rise of Athens and Sparta as the dominant city-states in Greece following their victory over Persia. Athens formed the Delian League to continue fighting Persia, gaining wealth and naval power. Sparta led the rival Peloponnesian League of land-based city-states. Over time Athens asserted greater control over its allies, straining relations with Sparta and other states wary of its growing influence. These tensions would erupt into the Peloponnesian War.
GREECE part 3 de Beaufort
The document summarizes major developments in Greek art and thought during the Late Classical period (404-338 BCE) following the Peloponnesian War. It discusses how Greek art began to focus more on realism and individual subjects rather than idealism. Key artists from this period like Praxiteles and Lysippos are mentioned for introducing naturalism, emotion, and contrapposto poses into their sculptures. The Hellenistic period that followed is summarized as a time of cultural blending and the rise of new dynastic states after Alexander the Great's conquests.
Greek Philosophers Comparison
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Thucydides introduction
- 1. Introduction to Thucydides D Posker-Hill History Extension
- 2. Who was Thucydides? Θουκυδίδης, Thoukydídēs C. 460 – 400 BC Athenian – Alimos/Halimos “Thucydides the Athenian wrote the history of the war fought between Athens and Sparta…” Thuc., History of the Peloponnesian War, 1.1.
- 3. Features of his Work Use of Judgement evidence Analysis “Set Speeches” First Hand Experience
- 4. Thematic Focus? • Peloponnesian Wars • 431 to 404 BC • Athens vs Sparta • Athenian strategos (general) blamed for military defeat and exiled. • War and Politics • “And it may well be that my history will seem less easy to read because of the absence in it of a romantic element” Thuc., History of the Peloponnesian Wars, 1.22.17-19.
- 5. Use of Evidence Claims of “scientific” approach Collating numerous sources “And with regard to my factual reporting of the events of the war I have made it a principle not to write down the first story that came my way, and not even to be guided by my own general impressions; either I was present myself at the events which I have described or else I heard of them from eye- witnesses whose reports I have checked with as much thoroughness as possible” Thuc., History of the Peloponnesian Wars, 1.22.9-14. The reality?
- 6. Judgments Evidence Interpretation History Doesn’t merely report the event “But the real reason for the war is, in my opinion, most likely to be disguised by such an argument. What made war inevitable was the growth of Athenian power and the fear which this caused in Sparta.” Thuc., History of the Peloponnesian Wars, 1.23.
- 7. Analysis Military Exile and Background Connections Historiography Thuc., History i.e. dealing with of the Homes Peloponnesian Wars, 1.10.18- 40.
- 8. Set Speeches Sophist Background Are they to be trusted? “In this history I have made use of set speeches some of which were delivered just before and others during the war. I have found it difficult to remember the precise words used in the speeches which I listened to myself and my various informants have experienced the same difficulty; so my method has been, while keeping as closely as possible to the general sense of the words that were actually used, to make the speakers say what, in my opinion, was called for by each situation” Thuc., History of the Peloponnesian Wars, 1.22.1-8.
- 9. What are the purposes of Thucydides’ history? Changing aims and purposes Aims and Changing purposes of role of history Thucydides Purposes of history over time
- 10. How has history been constructed and recorded over time? Via Thucydides Forms of historical Types of history in communication Thucydides Written Political Economic Military Where do women fit?
- 11. How to study Thucydides… Context Aims/purposes Type of Methodology/ies history/research focus How their work has changed from previous/later work incl. critics