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Things Fall Apart- Language

The document provides an overview of the Igbo language of Nigeria, including its origins and history. It discusses how Igbo spread during the slave trade period from the 1500s-1700s. It then examines elements of Igbo culture and language shown in Chinua Achebe's novel "Things Fall Apart", including words, phrases, proverbs, folktales and songs. The document also includes basic Igbo vocabulary lessons on greetings, animals, vehicles and numbers.

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Welcome to NIGERIA
Igbo-Language
WHERE THE LANGUAGE CAME FROM
• It all started in the 1500s-17oos when there was slave trade. • By 1766 owners of the slave realized a language was speaking and it was not African language that they knew of were speaking. • 1766-1892, the language started spreading around and the West Indies became aware of such language. • People started using a little bit of Igbo words in books and when speaking. • The people were now thinking about if there should be such a language. • Because of the pronunciations in the language the government in Africa were speculating about whether or not the language should be kept. • It was not until the 1900s that there became a debate about why the there should be such a language. • People from all over the world came and started taking some Igbo words and putting them in their culture. 1999 -Chinua Achebe, the most internationally famous Igbo speaker, passionately denounced Standard Igbo, in a lecture sponsored by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese in Owerri. There are numerous Igbo dialects, some of which are not mutually intelligible. The standard written form of Igbo is based on the Owerri and Umuahia dialects and has been in use since 1962.
REFERRING TO THE NOVEL ‘THINGS FALL APART’
• The novel ‘Things Fall Apart’ by Chinua Achebe shows us just how strong and rich their language is. • We may realise there are igbo words or phrases in their that we may not understand but if you actually put your imagination into it, you will realise the people are trying to communicate with you, making you understand their ways by their ‘foreign language’. • Their language is shown through: Words Phrases Proverbs Folktales Stories Songs
• Agbala a man who had taken no title • Agadi-nwayi old woman • Chi personal god • Efulefu worthless man • Eqwugwu a masquerader who impersonates one of the ancestral spirits of its village. • Ekwe a musical instrument, a type of drum made from wood • eneke-nti-oba kind of bird • Iba fever • Ilo village green where assemblies take place • Inyanga showing off, bragging • isa-fia ceremony, if a wife has been from her husband a long time, and were then to be re united with him, this ceremony would be preformed to ascertain that she had not been unfaithful to him during the time of their separation.
• iyi-uwa a special kind of stone which forms the link between ogbanje and the spirit world. only if the iyi-uwa were discovered and destroyed would the child not die • Jigida a string of waist beads • Kotma court messenger, not of Igbo origin • Kwenu a shout of approval and greeting • Ndichie elders • nna ayi our father • Nno welcome • nso-ani a religious offense of a kind abhorred by everyone, literally, earth's taboo • Nza a very small bird • Obi large living quarters for head of family
• obodo dike the land of the brave • Ochu murder or manslaughter • Ogbanje a child who repeatedly dies and returns to its mother to be reborn. It is almost impossible to bring up an obanje child without it dying, unless its iyi-uwa is first found and destroyed • Ogene a musical instrument, a kind of gong • öjï ödü ache-ojii-o cow • Osu outcast, having been dedicated to a god the osu was taboo and was not allowed to mix with the freeborn in any way • Oye the name of one of the four market days • Özö the name of one of the titles or ranks • Tufia a curse or oath • Udu a musical instrument , a type of drum from pottery • Uli a dye used by women for drawing patterns on the skin • Umuada a family fathering of daughters, for which female kinship folk return to the village of origin • Umu nna a wide group of kinsmen • Uri part of a betrothal ceremony when the dowry is paid
How language actually contributes to the novel. Achebe helps us understand the language by: having his characters tell traditional folk tales. writing his novel in English and then using the African language within passages. He uses his English knowledge for “Infiltrating the ranks of the enemy and destroying him from within” while his native language forces readers to “look outside of their constraints and identify more with the African culture.”
Igbo is a tonal language with two distinctive tones, high and low. In some cases a third, down-stepped high tone is recognized.
Learning the language
GREETINGS
ACTIVITY TIME
olee maka ndi be gï? how about your family? olee ihe ha kwuru? What did they say? olee ka i mere? how do you do? gïnï ka unu na-eme? what are you (pl.) doing? ebee ka ï nö? where are you? ego ole ka ö bü? how much money is it? onye ka ï bü? who are you? onye mere ihea? who does this? onye ka ihea mere? who does this happen to?
• Hello. Ndeewo. (in-DEEH-WO) • Hello. (informal) Kedú. (keh-DO) • Hello. (casual) Ǹda. (in-DAH) • Welcome Nnöö (in-NOOR) • How are you? Kedu kà ímèrè? (keh-du kah E MEH-REH) • Fine, thank you. Ọ di mma. (AW DEE MM-MA) • What is your name? Kedu áhà gi? (keh-DO AH-HA gee) • My name is ______ . Áhàm bụ ______, or Afam bu (: AH-HAM BOO _____ .) • Nice to meet you. Ọ di mma. (AW DEE MM-MA) • Please. Biko. (BEE-COE) • Thank you. Daalu/Imela. (DA-LOO/EE-MEH-LAH) • You're welcome. Ndéwo. (IN-day-WOAH) • Yes. Éeyi, Ëhh. (ey, AEH)
• No. Mbà . (IM-BAH) • Excuse me. (getting attention) Biko, chètú. (BEE-coe, CHE-too) • Excuse me. (begging pardon) Biko, é weli íwé. (BEE-coe, A WELLI E-WAY) • I'm sorry. Ndo; Gbághàrám. (in-DOH, BA-gah-RAM) • Goodbye Ka omesia. (KAH O-MEH-SI-YA) • Goodbye (informal) Ka anyi húní. (KA-NYEE HOO-NEE)I • can't speak Igbo [well]. A nam a sú Igbo [ọfuma]. (AH nam AH sue EEG-BOW [AW-FOO-MAH]) • Do you speak English? I na sú Bèké ? (EE na SOO BAY-KAY?) • Is there someone here who speaks English? Ọ di onye nọ nga nweríkí súfù bèké? (OR dee on-yeh NOR in-GAH weh-RI-KI SUH-foo beh-KEH?)
• Help! Nyem áká! (NYEM AH-KAH) • Look out! Lèmá kwá! (LAY-MA KWA) • Good morning. Ibọla chi. (e BORLA CHI) • Good evening. Ézígbó mgbede. (AY-ZEE-GBO MM-GBAYDAY) • Good night. Ka chi bọ. (KA CHI BAW) • Good night (to sleep) Ka chi fọ. (KA chi FOR) • I don't understand. À ghotaghím. • Where is the toilet? Ké ébé mpọsi dì? (keh EH BEH mmPose D)
LEARNING THEIR ALPHABET AND HOW TO PRONOUNCE THE WORDS.
ANIMALS
VEHICLES
Truth and Sincerity The monkey said that she would not deny that her child whom she carried on her back ate up fruit, because she did not know whether he stretched out his hand and plucked fruit: A person should speak about what he knows. Laughter does not show friendship [love]: The behaviour or the face of a person can conceal what is in his heart. (One can speak only about things of which he is certain.) (All that glitters is not gold.) Kindness and Wickedness Greet the deaf person--if the sky does not hear, the earth will hear: When you do a good deed, if man does not repay you, God will. (Do good always.) A soft word causes anger to turn back: A humble heart helps settle quarrels. (Humble words soften anger.)
Obedience and Disobedience When a woman scorns her husband, her rear end dries up [she loses moral support]: A person should not despise the source of his strength. (People should respect those to whom respect is due.) The grasshopper which was killed by the okpoko was deaf. Failure to listen causes waste. (Obstinacy leads to ruin.) Wisdom and Foolishness It is not by staring hard that one sees the road [or understands what is going on]: A noisy show does not imply knowledge. (Empty vessels make a great deal of noise. Bold looks do not mean courage.) The titled man, not knowing what to say, says that his companions have already said what he would have said: Giving an excuse for something. (Giving lame excuse for not doing a thing.)
Excuse and Complaint He who drives himself away from a vehicle says that the vehicle did not reach him: One who acts against himself says that it is others who did it to him. (A person who acts against his interest shifts the blame on others.) Experience and Inexperience If the hand opens the door, the mouth will claim responsibility Whatever has happened has happened. Wealth and Poverty One who borrows a cloth does not dance proudly: A man's hand is not strong in things he does not own. A man stands firmer where things that he owns are concerned. (Neither a borrower nor a lender be. People are more at home with their own things.)
A about maka addition mgbakö afternoon ehihie airplane ügbö elu all niile, dum, ncha also kwaa, -kwazi and na anglican (person) onye anglican animal anü April onwa-iri as ka at na, n’ August onwa-abö B bad öjöö, njö bag akpa banana ogede be (verb) bü be tasty (verb) törö ütö be, be present in location (verb) nö be, have the quality of, be in (verb) dï beans agwa beautiful öma, mma bed akwa bedroom obu beer mmanya below n’okpuru beside n’akükü big ukwu billion ijeri black ojii black man onye ojii bless (verb) gözie blue atülü boat ügbö mmiri body ahü book akwükwö book seller ore akwükwö boss oga, onye isi breakfast nrï ütütü bring (verb) kpörö bring in (verb) weta broom azïza brother nwa nne nwoke brother (maternal) nwannem brother (paternal) nwannam
bury ili bush ohia bush animal anü öhïa bush meat anü öhïa but mana buy (verb) züö, gota buyer özü ahïa bye kodi clock elekere close nso close to home ndiuno C car ügbö ala carry (verb) buru carry on one’s back (verb) kwö cassava jiakpu catholic (person) onye catholic center etiti cloth akwa cloud urukpu coconut aku oyibo cocoyam ede cold oyi come (verb) bïa come from (verb) si cook (verb) sie corn öka count ögügü cow ehi cray fish okporo chair oche chew (verb) ta chicken ökükü child nwa, nwantakïrï children umu aka chop house ülö oriri christian onye üka church üka clean öcha , ücha cry (verb) bee cupboard (box for food) akpatï nrï customer onye ahïa D dawn ütütü day üböchï daytime ehihie December onwa-isii, onwa-asaa denomination okpukpe
development agency ndï mmepe obodo dismiss (verb) gbasaa do (verb) mee doctor dibïa oyibo dog nkita don’t worry esogbuna door akwü down the road ndïda drink mmanya drive (verb) nyaa dry season ököchï duck öbögwü Europe obodo bekee every niile, dum expect (verb) lee anya expensive oke ölü E each niile, dum early dawn üzö earth ala edge akükü eggs akwa eight asatö electricity ökülatrïk elephant enyi English bekee enter (verb) bata F fall ill (verb) rïa örïa family ndï be family (lit. compound and house) ezi n’ülö far from home ndiagu father nna February onwa-asatö fetch (verb) kuta finger mkpisi aka fire ökü first mbü fish azü five ise floor ala food nrï fork mkpisi four anö friend enyi
G garden eggs afüfa garri garri genuine (adjective) ezi girl nwata nwanyi give (verb) nye go (verb) gaa go early (verb) ma üzö goat ewu god chukwu good öma, mma good afternoon ehihie öma good behaviour ezi omume good day üböchi öma good man ezigbo nwoke good morning ütütü öma good night abalï öma good-bye ka e mesïa good-evening abalï öma good-morning ï bölachï goodnight ka chi foo grade clasï ground ala group ndï H half ökara happy anülï happy easter añuli easter happy new year añuli arö öfüü harmattan period oge ugürü hawk egbe he o, ö, ya head-ache isi mgbu hear (verb) nü height elu help (verb) nye aka her ya herbs akwükwö ögwü here ebea his ya hold (verb) jide hospital ülö ögwü hot ökü hotel ülö oriri hour elekere house ülö how olee, kedu how many ole
how much ole, ego ole hundred narï husband di I I mü, m , (verb) + m if mana igbo man onye igbo in na, n’ insiden’ime instead of kama intend to (verb) chörö interior ime it o, ö, ya J January onwa-asaa jesus christ jesu kristi join (verb) nonye July onwa-mbu June onwa-iri na atö kill (verb) gbu kind üdï king eze kitchen usekwu kolanut öjï igbo K kerosine nmanü-ökü key igodo L leaf akwükwö learn (verb) müö left ekpe library ülö akwükwö life ndü like ka lion agu little girl nwata kïrï nwanyi live (verb) bi living-room mbara location ebe long ogologo lord chineke lot, many nnuku
M madam nne make (verb) mee make a plea (verb) kpee man nwoke manner etu March onwa-itolu market ahïa masteroga May onwa-iri na otu maybe ike kwe me mü, m meat anü medicine dealer onye na ere ögwü medicine man dibïa medicines ögwü meet izute merchandise ngwa ahia merry Christmas añuli ekeresimesi million nde money ego monkey enwe moon önwa morning ütütü mother nne motor ügbö ala motor-cycle ogbatumtum motorpark ödü ügbö ala N name aha , afa (Onitsha dialect) next özö night abalï nine itolu no mba nothing more onwerozi November onwa-ise now ugbua number ole O occasion oge October onwa-anö of which nke office ülö ölü oil mmanü on na, n’
on top of n’enu one otu onion alïbasa our anyï pumpkin ügü pupil nwata akwükwö purchase (verb) gota put, add (verb) tinye P pain mgbu paper akwükwö pay (verb) kwüö ügwö pear ube people ndï pepper ose period oge pig ezi place ebe plate afere play football (verb) gbaa bölü please biko possess (verb) jide pot ite prayer ekpere present (verb) nye price önü primary school elementrï R rain mmiri-ozuzo rain (verb) zoo rainy season udu mmiri reading ögügü red mme red earth ajali rice osikapa right nrï riverbank ikpere mmiri room mgbe roots mgbörögwü osisi S save (verb) zöpüta say (verb) kwuo school ülö akwükwö secretary onye-ode akwükwö see (verb) hü
sell ire seller ore ihe September onwa-atö seven asaa she o, ö, ya sickness örïa since ka mgbe sister nwa nne nwanyï strength ike student nwata akwükwö sun anwu, anyanwü Sunday üböchï üka sweep (verb) zaa swim (verb) gwuo mmiri swimming-pool ndörö mmiri sister (maternal) nwannem sister (paternal) nwannam sit down (verb) nödü anï six isii small obele snake agwö somebody onye something ihe son nwa nwoke sort üdï speak süö spoon ngazi stand up (verb) kunie stew ofe stick osisi stockfish okporoko straight oto T tablets ögwü take (verb) kpörö teach (verb) kuzie teacher onye nkuzi tell (verb) gwa ten iri thank you imela thank you very much ekele dili gï that ahü, nke ahü, ihe ahü that (conj.) na, ka their ha them ha then e mesïa, mgbe ahü there ebe ahü these -a these (group) ndïa
they ha think (verb) che this -a, nkea, ihea those ahü those (group) ndi ahü thousand puku three atö thunder egbe igwe time elekere, oge today taa, tata toilet ülö mposi tomorrow echi too kwaa, -kwazi top enu town obodo travel njem travel (verb) jee tree osisi trouble nsogbu truthezi okwu turkey tolotolo two abüö U ugly öjöö, njö umbrella nche anwu under n’okpuru underside okpuru university mahadüm until tupu up n’enu us anyï V village (inside town) ime obodo W wait (verb) chere want (verb) chö war agha water mmiri water leaves gbörödi water yam mbala ji we anyï weather üböchï weeping akwa welcome nnöö
well öfüma well done da alü what gïnï when olee, kedu; olee oge where ebee whether mana which olee, kedu white öcha , ücha white man onye öcha who onye why maka gini wife nwuye wind ikuke wine mmanya woman nwanyï work ölü worker onye ölü workers ndï ölü Y yam ji year arö, ahö yellow edo yes e-e you, your gï; i, ï you, your (pl.) unu
vowel pronounced as in a arm e set i see ï pit o go ö author u put (verb) ü shot
• 1 One Ótù (OH-too) • 2 Two Abuọ (ah-BWORE) • 3 Three Àtȯ (ah-TOH) • 4 Four Anọ (ah-NORE) • 5Five Isé (ee-SAY) • 6 Six Ishii (EE-SHE-e) • 7 Seven Asaa (ah-SAH-ah) • 8 Eight Asatọ (ah-SAH-toh) • 9 Nine Itóolu (ee-TOE-LOO) • 10 Ten Iri (ee-REE) • 11 Eleven Iri na ótù (ee-REE nah OH-too) • 12 Twelve Iri na abuọ (ee-REE nah ah-BWORE) • 13 Thirteen Iri na àtȯ (ee-REE nah ah-TOH) • 14 Fourteen Iri na anọ (ee-REE nah ah-NORE) • 15 Fifteen Iri na isé (ee-REE nah ee-SAY)
• 16 Sixteen Iri na ishii (ee-REE nah EE-SHE-e) • 17 Seventeen Iri na asaa (ee-REE nah ah-SAH-ah) • 18 Eighteen Iri na asatọ (ee-REE nah ah-SAH-toh) • 19 Nineteen Iri na itóolu (ee-REE nah ee-TOE-LOO) • 20 Twenty Iri abuọ; Ọgụ (ee-REE ah-BWORE; aw-GOH) • 21 Twenty one Iri abuọ na ótù (ee-REE ah-BWORE nah OH-too) • 22 Twenty two Iri abuọ na abuọ (ee-REE ah-BWORE nah ah- BWORE) • 23 Twenty three Iri abuọ na àtȯ (ee-REE ah-BWORE nah ah-TOH) • 30 Thirty Iri àtȯ (ee-REE ah-TOH) • 40 Fourty Iri anȯ; ọgụ abuọ (ee-REE ah-NORE; aw-goo ah-BWORE) • 50 Fifty Iri isé (ee-REE ee-SAY) • 60 Sixty Iri ishii (ee-REE EE-SHE-e)7 • 0 Seventy Iri Asaa (ee-REE ah-SAH-ah) • 80 Eighty Iri Asato (ee-REE ah-SAH-toh) • 90 Ninety Iri Itóolu (ee-REE ee-TOE-LOO) • 100 Hundred Nnari; ọgụ isé (IN-NAH-REE; aw-gu ee-SAY)
• 200 Two hundred Nnari abuọ; ọgu iri (in-NAH-REE ah- BWORE; aw-goo-ee-lee) ̀ ụ• 300 Three hundred Nnari àtȯ (in-NAH-REE ah-TOH) • 400 Four hundredNn("in-noo") ̀ • 1000 ụThousand Puku (POO-KOO) • 2000 Two thousand Puku abuọ (POO-KOO ah-BWORE) • 3000 Three thousand Puku àtȯ (POO-KOO ah-TOH) • 8000 Eight thousand ụlánn(oo-LA-in-noo) • 10,000 Ten thousand Puku iri (POO-KOO ee-RE) • 100,000 A hundred thousand Puku nnari (POO-KOO IN-NAH- REE) • 1,000,000 Million Ndè (IN-day) • 100,000,000 A hundred million Ndè nnari (IN-day IN-NAH- REE) • 1,000,000,000 Billion Ijeri (ee-JAY-REE)
BODY PARTS • head íshí (EE-SHEE) • Face ihü (EE-HUE) • Eyes ányá (AHN-YAH) • Ears ńtị (NN-tih) • Nose ímí (EE-MEE) • Throat akpịlị (AHK-pee-leeh) • Chin àgbà (ahg-bah) • neck ólú (OH-LOO) • Shoulder sùbu (oo-boo) • Chest ugwùlùgwù (ooh-gwoo-loo-gwoo) • Waist úkwù (OO-kwoo)
• Arm sógwè áká (OH-guh-way-AH-KAH);ihü áká (EE-HUE AH-KAH) • Wrists nkwekọ áká (nn-kweh-koh AH-KAH) • Fingers mkpisi áká (mm-KPEE-see AH-KAH) • Hand sáká (AH-KAH) • Elbow ǹkù (nn-koo) • Buttock síkẹ (EE-keh) • Thigh àkpàtà (ahk-pah-tah) • Knee íkpèlè (EEK-peh-leh) • Legs úkwụ (OO-KOOH) • Foot òkpà (oh-k-pah)
• today ta, ụbọchi ta (TAH, OO-boh-chi TAH) • yesterday nnyáfu, chi làràni (IN-YAH-fuh, CHI lah-RAH-nee) • tomorrow échí (ay-CHI) • this week izù nka (ee-ZOO in-KAH) • last week izù laranị (ee-ZOO lah-rah-nee) • next week izù nabia (ee-ZOO nah-BYAH) • Sunday Ụbọchị úkà (oo-BOH-chi oo-KAH) • Monday Mondè (MOHN-dae) • Tuesday Tusde (toos-dae) • WednesdayWensde (WENS-dae) • Thursday Tosdè (TOHS-dae) • Friday Fraidè (FRY-dae) • Saturday Satde (SAHT-dae)
Months • January Ọnwa Mbụ, Januari (AW-WAH OH-too, JAH-noo-wa-ree) • February Ọnwa Abuọ, Febureri (AW-WAH ah-BWORE, FEH-boo-way- ree) • March Ọnwa Àtọ, Machi (AW-WAH ah-TOH, MAH-chi) • April Ọnwa Ànȯ, Eprulu (AW-WAH ah-NORE, AY-prool-oo) • May Ọnwa Ise, Me (AW-WAH ee-SAY, MEH) • June Ọnwa Ishii, Jun (AW-WAH EE-SHE-e, JOON) • July Ọnwa Asaa, Julai (AW-WAH ah-SAH-ah, JOO-lai) • August Ọnwa Asatọ, Ogost (AW-WAH ah-SAH-toh, AW-gost) • September Ọnwa Itoolu, Seputemba (AW-WAH ee-TOE-LOO, SEP-tehm- BAH) • October Ọnwa Iri, Oktoba (AW-WAH ee-REE, OK-toe-BAH) • November Ọnwa Iri na Ótu, Novemba (AW-WAH ee-REE nah OH-too, NO-vehm-BAH) • December Ọnwa Iri na Abuọ, Disemba (AW-WAH ee-REE nah ah- BWORE, DEE-sem-bah)

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Things Fall Apart- Language

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
    • It allstarted in the 1500s-17oos when there was slave trade. • By 1766 owners of the slave realized a language was speaking and it was not African language that they knew of were speaking. • 1766-1892, the language started spreading around and the West Indies became aware of such language. • People started using a little bit of Igbo words in books and when speaking. • The people were now thinking about if there should be such a language. • Because of the pronunciations in the language the government in Africa were speculating about whether or not the language should be kept. • It was not until the 1900s that there became a debate about why the there should be such a language. • People from all over the world came and started taking some Igbo words and putting them in their culture. 1999 -Chinua Achebe, the most internationally famous Igbo speaker, passionately denounced Standard Igbo, in a lecture sponsored by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese in Owerri. There are numerous Igbo dialects, some of which are not mutually intelligible. The standard written form of Igbo is based on the Owerri and Umuahia dialects and has been in use since 1962.
  • 5.
    REFERRING TO THENOVEL ‘THINGS FALL APART’
  • 6.
    • The novel‘Things Fall Apart’ by Chinua Achebe shows us just how strong and rich their language is. • We may realise there are igbo words or phrases in their that we may not understand but if you actually put your imagination into it, you will realise the people are trying to communicate with you, making you understand their ways by their ‘foreign language’. • Their language is shown through: Words Phrases Proverbs Folktales Stories Songs
  • 7.
    • Agbala aman who had taken no title • Agadi-nwayi old woman • Chi personal god • Efulefu worthless man • Eqwugwu a masquerader who impersonates one of the ancestral spirits of its village. • Ekwe a musical instrument, a type of drum made from wood • eneke-nti-oba kind of bird • Iba fever • Ilo village green where assemblies take place • Inyanga showing off, bragging • isa-fia ceremony, if a wife has been from her husband a long time, and were then to be re united with him, this ceremony would be preformed to ascertain that she had not been unfaithful to him during the time of their separation.
  • 8.
    • iyi-uwa aspecial kind of stone which forms the link between ogbanje and the spirit world. only if the iyi-uwa were discovered and destroyed would the child not die • Jigida a string of waist beads • Kotma court messenger, not of Igbo origin • Kwenu a shout of approval and greeting • Ndichie elders • nna ayi our father • Nno welcome • nso-ani a religious offense of a kind abhorred by everyone, literally, earth's taboo • Nza a very small bird • Obi large living quarters for head of family
  • 9.
    • obodo dikethe land of the brave • Ochu murder or manslaughter • Ogbanje a child who repeatedly dies and returns to its mother to be reborn. It is almost impossible to bring up an obanje child without it dying, unless its iyi-uwa is first found and destroyed • Ogene a musical instrument, a kind of gong • öjï ödü ache-ojii-o cow • Osu outcast, having been dedicated to a god the osu was taboo and was not allowed to mix with the freeborn in any way • Oye the name of one of the four market days • Özö the name of one of the titles or ranks • Tufia a curse or oath • Udu a musical instrument , a type of drum from pottery • Uli a dye used by women for drawing patterns on the skin • Umuada a family fathering of daughters, for which female kinship folk return to the village of origin • Umu nna a wide group of kinsmen • Uri part of a betrothal ceremony when the dowry is paid
  • 10.
    How language actuallycontributes to the novel. Achebe helps us understand the language by: having his characters tell traditional folk tales. writing his novel in English and then using the African language within passages. He uses his English knowledge for “Infiltrating the ranks of the enemy and destroying him from within” while his native language forces readers to “look outside of their constraints and identify more with the African culture.”
  • 11.
    Igbo is atonal language with two distinctive tones, high and low. In some cases a third, down-stepped high tone is recognized.
  • 12.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
    olee maka ndibe gï? how about your family? olee ihe ha kwuru? What did they say? olee ka i mere? how do you do? gïnï ka unu na-eme? what are you (pl.) doing? ebee ka ï nö? where are you? ego ole ka ö bü? how much money is it? onye ka ï bü? who are you? onye mere ihea? who does this? onye ka ihea mere? who does this happen to?
  • 17.
    • Hello. Ndeewo.(in-DEEH-WO) • Hello. (informal) Kedú. (keh-DO) • Hello. (casual) Ǹda. (in-DAH) • Welcome Nnöö (in-NOOR) • How are you? Kedu kà ímèrè? (keh-du kah E MEH-REH) • Fine, thank you. Ọ di mma. (AW DEE MM-MA) • What is your name? Kedu áhà gi? (keh-DO AH-HA gee) • My name is ______ . Áhàm bụ ______, or Afam bu (: AH-HAM BOO _____ .) • Nice to meet you. Ọ di mma. (AW DEE MM-MA) • Please. Biko. (BEE-COE) • Thank you. Daalu/Imela. (DA-LOO/EE-MEH-LAH) • You're welcome. Ndéwo. (IN-day-WOAH) • Yes. Éeyi, Ëhh. (ey, AEH)
  • 18.
    • No. Mbà. (IM-BAH) • Excuse me. (getting attention) Biko, chètú. (BEE-coe, CHE-too) • Excuse me. (begging pardon) Biko, é weli íwé. (BEE-coe, A WELLI E-WAY) • I'm sorry. Ndo; Gbághàrám. (in-DOH, BA-gah-RAM) • Goodbye Ka omesia. (KAH O-MEH-SI-YA) • Goodbye (informal) Ka anyi húní. (KA-NYEE HOO-NEE)I • can't speak Igbo [well]. A nam a sú Igbo [ọfuma]. (AH nam AH sue EEG-BOW [AW-FOO-MAH]) • Do you speak English? I na sú Bèké ? (EE na SOO BAY-KAY?) • Is there someone here who speaks English? Ọ di onye nọ nga nweríkí súfù bèké? (OR dee on-yeh NOR in-GAH weh-RI-KI SUH-foo beh-KEH?)
  • 19.
    • Help! Nyemáká! (NYEM AH-KAH) • Look out! Lèmá kwá! (LAY-MA KWA) • Good morning. Ibọla chi. (e BORLA CHI) • Good evening. Ézígbó mgbede. (AY-ZEE-GBO MM-GBAYDAY) • Good night. Ka chi bọ. (KA CHI BAW) • Good night (to sleep) Ka chi fọ. (KA chi FOR) • I don't understand. À ghotaghím. • Where is the toilet? Ké ébé mpọsi dì? (keh EH BEH mmPose D)
  • 21.
    LEARNING THEIR ALPHABETAND HOW TO PRONOUNCE THE WORDS.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 25.
    Truth and Sincerity The monkey said that she would not deny that her child whom she carried on her back ate up fruit, because she did not know whether he stretched out his hand and plucked fruit: A person should speak about what he knows. Laughter does not show friendship [love]: The behaviour or the face of a person can conceal what is in his heart. (One can speak only about things of which he is certain.) (All that glitters is not gold.) Kindness and Wickedness Greet the deaf person--if the sky does not hear, the earth will hear: When you do a good deed, if man does not repay you, God will. (Do good always.) A soft word causes anger to turn back: A humble heart helps settle quarrels. (Humble words soften anger.)
  • 26.
    Obedience and Disobedience When a woman scorns her husband, her rear end dries up [she loses moral support]: A person should not despise the source of his strength. (People should respect those to whom respect is due.) The grasshopper which was killed by the okpoko was deaf. Failure to listen causes waste. (Obstinacy leads to ruin.) Wisdom and Foolishness It is not by staring hard that one sees the road [or understands what is going on]: A noisy show does not imply knowledge. (Empty vessels make a great deal of noise. Bold looks do not mean courage.) The titled man, not knowing what to say, says that his companions have already said what he would have said: Giving an excuse for something. (Giving lame excuse for not doing a thing.)
  • 27.
    Excuse and Complaint He who drives himself away from a vehicle says that the vehicle did not reach him: One who acts against himself says that it is others who did it to him. (A person who acts against his interest shifts the blame on others.) Experience and Inexperience If the hand opens the door, the mouth will claim responsibility Whatever has happened has happened. Wealth and Poverty One who borrows a cloth does not dance proudly: A man's hand is not strong in things he does not own. A man stands firmer where things that he owns are concerned. (Neither a borrower nor a lender be. People are more at home with their own things.)
  • 29.
    A about maka addition mgbakö afternoon ehihie airplane ügbö elu all niile, dum, ncha also kwaa, -kwazi and na anglican (person) onye anglican animal anü April onwa-iri as ka at na, n’ August onwa-abö B bad öjöö, njö bag akpa banana ogede be (verb) bü be tasty (verb) törö ütö be, be present in location (verb) nö be, have the quality of, be in (verb) dï beans agwa beautiful öma, mma bed akwa bedroom obu beer mmanya below n’okpuru beside n’akükü big ukwu billion ijeri black ojii black man onye ojii bless (verb) gözie blue atülü boat ügbö mmiri body ahü book akwükwö book seller ore akwükwö boss oga, onye isi breakfast nrï ütütü bring (verb) kpörö bring in (verb) weta broom azïza brother nwa nne nwoke brother (maternal) nwannem brother (paternal) nwannam
  • 30.
    bury ili bushohia bush animal anü öhïa bush meat anü öhïa but mana buy (verb) züö, gota buyer özü ahïa bye kodi clock elekere close nso close to home ndiuno C car ügbö ala carry (verb) buru carry on one’s back (verb) kwö cassava jiakpu catholic (person) onye catholic center etiti cloth akwa cloud urukpu coconut aku oyibo cocoyam ede cold oyi come (verb) bïa come from (verb) si cook (verb) sie corn öka count ögügü cow ehi cray fish okporo chair oche chew (verb) ta chicken ökükü child nwa, nwantakïrï children umu aka chop house ülö oriri christian onye üka church üka clean öcha , ücha cry (verb) bee cupboard (box for food) akpatï nrï customer onye ahïa D dawn ütütü day üböchï daytime ehihie December onwa-isii, onwa-asaa denomination okpukpe
  • 31.
    development agency ndïmmepe obodo dismiss (verb) gbasaa do (verb) mee doctor dibïa oyibo dog nkita don’t worry esogbuna door akwü down the road ndïda drink mmanya drive (verb) nyaa dry season ököchï duck öbögwü Europe obodo bekee every niile, dum expect (verb) lee anya expensive oke ölü E each niile, dum early dawn üzö earth ala edge akükü eggs akwa eight asatö electricity ökülatrïk elephant enyi English bekee enter (verb) bata F fall ill (verb) rïa örïa family ndï be family (lit. compound and house) ezi n’ülö far from home ndiagu father nna February onwa-asatö fetch (verb) kuta finger mkpisi aka fire ökü first mbü fish azü five ise floor ala food nrï fork mkpisi four anö friend enyi
  • 32.
    G garden eggsafüfa garri garri genuine (adjective) ezi girl nwata nwanyi give (verb) nye go (verb) gaa go early (verb) ma üzö goat ewu god chukwu good öma, mma good afternoon ehihie öma good behaviour ezi omume good day üböchi öma good man ezigbo nwoke good morning ütütü öma good night abalï öma good-bye ka e mesïa good-evening abalï öma good-morning ï bölachï goodnight ka chi foo grade clasï ground ala group ndï H half ökara happy anülï happy easter añuli easter happy new year añuli arö öfüü harmattan period oge ugürü hawk egbe he o, ö, ya head-ache isi mgbu hear (verb) nü height elu help (verb) nye aka her ya herbs akwükwö ögwü here ebea his ya hold (verb) jide hospital ülö ögwü hot ökü hotel ülö oriri hour elekere house ülö how olee, kedu how many ole
  • 33.
    how much ole,ego ole hundred narï husband di I I mü, m , (verb) + m if mana igbo man onye igbo in na, n’ insiden’ime instead of kama intend to (verb) chörö interior ime it o, ö, ya J January onwa-asaa jesus christ jesu kristi join (verb) nonye July onwa-mbu June onwa-iri na atö kill (verb) gbu kind üdï king eze kitchen usekwu kolanut öjï igbo K kerosine nmanü-ökü key igodo L leaf akwükwö learn (verb) müö left ekpe library ülö akwükwö life ndü like ka lion agu little girl nwata kïrï nwanyi live (verb) bi living-room mbara location ebe long ogologo lord chineke lot, many nnuku
  • 34.
    M madam nne make (verb) mee make a plea (verb) kpee man nwoke manner etu March onwa-itolu market ahïa masteroga May onwa-iri na otu maybe ike kwe me mü, m meat anü medicine dealer onye na ere ögwü medicine man dibïa medicines ögwü meet izute merchandise ngwa ahia merry Christmas añuli ekeresimesi million nde money ego monkey enwe moon önwa morning ütütü mother nne motor ügbö ala motor-cycle ogbatumtum motorpark ödü ügbö ala N name aha , afa (Onitsha dialect) next özö night abalï nine itolu no mba nothing more onwerozi November onwa-ise now ugbua number ole O occasion oge October onwa-anö of which nke office ülö ölü oil mmanü on na, n’
  • 35.
    on top ofn’enu one otu onion alïbasa our anyï pumpkin ügü pupil nwata akwükwö purchase (verb) gota put, add (verb) tinye P pain mgbu paper akwükwö pay (verb) kwüö ügwö pear ube people ndï pepper ose period oge pig ezi place ebe plate afere play football (verb) gbaa bölü please biko possess (verb) jide pot ite prayer ekpere present (verb) nye price önü primary school elementrï R rain mmiri-ozuzo rain (verb) zoo rainy season udu mmiri reading ögügü red mme red earth ajali rice osikapa right nrï riverbank ikpere mmiri room mgbe roots mgbörögwü osisi S save (verb) zöpüta say (verb) kwuo school ülö akwükwö secretary onye-ode akwükwö see (verb) hü
  • 36.
    sell ire sellerore ihe September onwa-atö seven asaa she o, ö, ya sickness örïa since ka mgbe sister nwa nne nwanyï strength ike student nwata akwükwö sun anwu, anyanwü Sunday üböchï üka sweep (verb) zaa swim (verb) gwuo mmiri swimming-pool ndörö mmiri sister (maternal) nwannem sister (paternal) nwannam sit down (verb) nödü anï six isii small obele snake agwö somebody onye something ihe son nwa nwoke sort üdï speak süö spoon ngazi stand up (verb) kunie stew ofe stick osisi stockfish okporoko straight oto T tablets ögwü take (verb) kpörö teach (verb) kuzie teacher onye nkuzi tell (verb) gwa ten iri thank you imela thank you very much ekele dili gï that ahü, nke ahü, ihe ahü that (conj.) na, ka their ha them ha then e mesïa, mgbe ahü there ebe ahü these -a these (group) ndïa
  • 37.
    they ha think(verb) che this -a, nkea, ihea those ahü those (group) ndi ahü thousand puku three atö thunder egbe igwe time elekere, oge today taa, tata toilet ülö mposi tomorrow echi too kwaa, -kwazi top enu town obodo travel njem travel (verb) jee tree osisi trouble nsogbu truthezi okwu turkey tolotolo two abüö U ugly öjöö, njö umbrella nche anwu under n’okpuru underside okpuru university mahadüm until tupu up n’enu us anyï V village (inside town) ime obodo W wait (verb) chere want (verb) chö war agha water mmiri water leaves gbörödi water yam mbala ji we anyï weather üböchï weeping akwa welcome nnöö
  • 38.
    well öfüma welldone da alü what gïnï when olee, kedu; olee oge where ebee whether mana which olee, kedu white öcha , ücha white man onye öcha who onye why maka gini wife nwuye wind ikuke wine mmanya woman nwanyï work ölü worker onye ölü workers ndï ölü Y yam ji year arö, ahö yellow edo yes e-e you, your gï; i, ï you, your (pl.) unu
  • 40.
    vowel pronounced asin a arm e set i see ï pit o go ö author u put (verb) ü shot
  • 41.
    • 1 OneÓtù (OH-too) • 2 Two Abuọ (ah-BWORE) • 3 Three Àtȯ (ah-TOH) • 4 Four Anọ (ah-NORE) • 5Five Isé (ee-SAY) • 6 Six Ishii (EE-SHE-e) • 7 Seven Asaa (ah-SAH-ah) • 8 Eight Asatọ (ah-SAH-toh) • 9 Nine Itóolu (ee-TOE-LOO) • 10 Ten Iri (ee-REE) • 11 Eleven Iri na ótù (ee-REE nah OH-too) • 12 Twelve Iri na abuọ (ee-REE nah ah-BWORE) • 13 Thirteen Iri na àtȯ (ee-REE nah ah-TOH) • 14 Fourteen Iri na anọ (ee-REE nah ah-NORE) • 15 Fifteen Iri na isé (ee-REE nah ee-SAY)
  • 42.
    • 16 SixteenIri na ishii (ee-REE nah EE-SHE-e) • 17 Seventeen Iri na asaa (ee-REE nah ah-SAH-ah) • 18 Eighteen Iri na asatọ (ee-REE nah ah-SAH-toh) • 19 Nineteen Iri na itóolu (ee-REE nah ee-TOE-LOO) • 20 Twenty Iri abuọ; Ọgụ (ee-REE ah-BWORE; aw-GOH) • 21 Twenty one Iri abuọ na ótù (ee-REE ah-BWORE nah OH-too) • 22 Twenty two Iri abuọ na abuọ (ee-REE ah-BWORE nah ah- BWORE) • 23 Twenty three Iri abuọ na àtȯ (ee-REE ah-BWORE nah ah-TOH) • 30 Thirty Iri àtȯ (ee-REE ah-TOH) • 40 Fourty Iri anȯ; ọgụ abuọ (ee-REE ah-NORE; aw-goo ah-BWORE) • 50 Fifty Iri isé (ee-REE ee-SAY) • 60 Sixty Iri ishii (ee-REE EE-SHE-e)7 • 0 Seventy Iri Asaa (ee-REE ah-SAH-ah) • 80 Eighty Iri Asato (ee-REE ah-SAH-toh) • 90 Ninety Iri Itóolu (ee-REE ee-TOE-LOO) • 100 Hundred Nnari; ọgụ isé (IN-NAH-REE; aw-gu ee-SAY)
  • 43.
    • 200 Twohundred Nnari abuọ; ọgu iri (in-NAH-REE ah- BWORE; aw-goo-ee-lee) ̀ ụ• 300 Three hundred Nnari àtȯ (in-NAH-REE ah-TOH) • 400 Four hundredNn("in-noo") ̀ • 1000 ụThousand Puku (POO-KOO) • 2000 Two thousand Puku abuọ (POO-KOO ah-BWORE) • 3000 Three thousand Puku àtȯ (POO-KOO ah-TOH) • 8000 Eight thousand ụlánn(oo-LA-in-noo) • 10,000 Ten thousand Puku iri (POO-KOO ee-RE) • 100,000 A hundred thousand Puku nnari (POO-KOO IN-NAH- REE) • 1,000,000 Million Ndè (IN-day) • 100,000,000 A hundred million Ndè nnari (IN-day IN-NAH- REE) • 1,000,000,000 Billion Ijeri (ee-JAY-REE)
  • 44.
    BODY PARTS •head íshí (EE-SHEE) • Face ihü (EE-HUE) • Eyes ányá (AHN-YAH) • Ears ńtị (NN-tih) • Nose ímí (EE-MEE) • Throat akpịlị (AHK-pee-leeh) • Chin àgbà (ahg-bah) • neck ólú (OH-LOO) • Shoulder sùbu (oo-boo) • Chest ugwùlùgwù (ooh-gwoo-loo-gwoo) • Waist úkwù (OO-kwoo)
  • 45.
    • Arm sógwèáká (OH-guh-way-AH-KAH);ihü áká (EE-HUE AH-KAH) • Wrists nkwekọ áká (nn-kweh-koh AH-KAH) • Fingers mkpisi áká (mm-KPEE-see AH-KAH) • Hand sáká (AH-KAH) • Elbow ǹkù (nn-koo) • Buttock síkẹ (EE-keh) • Thigh àkpàtà (ahk-pah-tah) • Knee íkpèlè (EEK-peh-leh) • Legs úkwụ (OO-KOOH) • Foot òkpà (oh-k-pah)
  • 46.
    • today ta,ụbọchi ta (TAH, OO-boh-chi TAH) • yesterday nnyáfu, chi làràni (IN-YAH-fuh, CHI lah-RAH-nee) • tomorrow échí (ay-CHI) • this week izù nka (ee-ZOO in-KAH) • last week izù laranị (ee-ZOO lah-rah-nee) • next week izù nabia (ee-ZOO nah-BYAH) • Sunday Ụbọchị úkà (oo-BOH-chi oo-KAH) • Monday Mondè (MOHN-dae) • Tuesday Tusde (toos-dae) • WednesdayWensde (WENS-dae) • Thursday Tosdè (TOHS-dae) • Friday Fraidè (FRY-dae) • Saturday Satde (SAHT-dae)
  • 47.
    Months • JanuaryỌnwa Mbụ, Januari (AW-WAH OH-too, JAH-noo-wa-ree) • February Ọnwa Abuọ, Febureri (AW-WAH ah-BWORE, FEH-boo-way- ree) • March Ọnwa Àtọ, Machi (AW-WAH ah-TOH, MAH-chi) • April Ọnwa Ànȯ, Eprulu (AW-WAH ah-NORE, AY-prool-oo) • May Ọnwa Ise, Me (AW-WAH ee-SAY, MEH) • June Ọnwa Ishii, Jun (AW-WAH EE-SHE-e, JOON) • July Ọnwa Asaa, Julai (AW-WAH ah-SAH-ah, JOO-lai) • August Ọnwa Asatọ, Ogost (AW-WAH ah-SAH-toh, AW-gost) • September Ọnwa Itoolu, Seputemba (AW-WAH ee-TOE-LOO, SEP-tehm- BAH) • October Ọnwa Iri, Oktoba (AW-WAH ee-REE, OK-toe-BAH) • November Ọnwa Iri na Ótu, Novemba (AW-WAH ee-REE nah OH-too, NO-vehm-BAH) • December Ọnwa Iri na Abuọ, Disemba (AW-WAH ee-REE nah ah- BWORE, DEE-sem-bah)