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Theories of Human Development mind map.pdf
- 1. Theories of Human Development Introductionto Human Develop… Distinction Between Growth and Develop… Human growth refers to the physical changes in the body, including the growth of organs and tissues. Human development encompasses both physi- cal and mental changes, including behavioral and cognitive transformations. Growth ceases after maturity, but development continues throughout life, leading to new abili- ties and characteristics. Definition of Human Develop… Human development is a continuous process involving both quantitative and qualitative changes. It results in the manifestation of new abilities and characteristics, leading to progressive behav- ioral changes. Significance of Human Development Theories Understanding Human Complex… Theories of human development provide in- sights into the complexities of human growth from infancy to old age. They help in comprehending the classical theo- ries introduced by Freud, Erikson, and Piaget. Coherence in Human Development… These theories contribute to a better understanding of human behavior over time, making studies more coherent. They help identify reasons for behavioral deviations or successes throughout different life stages. Cultural and Societal Contexts Theories open avenues for learning about hu- man change and the cultural contexts influencing development ideas. They allow for a systematic understanding of how societal norms shape perceptions of develop- ment. Psycho-Analytical Theory by Sigmund Freud Structure of the Psyche Freud divided the human psyche into three lay- ers: conscious, subconscious, and unconscious. The conscious mind is the tip of the iceberg, representing only a small part of our mental life. The subconscious stores dormant information, while the unconscious contains repressed de- sires and motives. Concept of Id, Ego, and Superego Id represents primal instincts and de- sires, operating on the pleasure principle. Ego acts as a mediator between the id and reality, balancing desires with societal expectations. Superego embodies moral standards and ideals, developing around age five and guiding ethical behavior. Psychodynamics and Behavioral… Freud emphasized the role of instincts in dri- ving behavior, categorizing them into life and death instincts. Life instincts focus on survival and reproduction, while death instincts relate to aggression and self- destructive behaviors. Stages of Psycho-Sexual Development Freud proposed five stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital, each characterized by different pleasure-seeking behaviors. Each stage plays a crucial role in personality development and can lead to various psychological issues if not navigated successfully. Psychoanalysis as Therapy The therapeutic process involves establishing rapport, analyzing problems, and utilizing techniques like free association and dream analysis. The goal is to bring unconscious conflicts to consciousness, allowing for resolution and heal- ing. Criticism of Freud's Theory Critics argue Freud's focus on biological instincts overlooks the cultural and social aspects of human behavior. His theories are often seen as lacking scientific rigor and general applicability due to reliance on case studies. Psycho-Social Development Theory by Erik Erikson Overview of Erikson's Theory Erikson's theory spans the entire lifespan, emphasizing the interaction between individ- ual development and social influences. Each stage presents a crisis that must be resolved to foster healthy personality development. Stages of Development Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 1.5 years): Infan- ts develop trust based on caregiver reliability. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1.5 to 3 years): Children explore independence, requiring a balance of freedom and safety. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 6 years): Children take initiative in activities; encouragement fos- ters confidence. Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 12 years): School- age children develop skills and compete with peers, impacting self-esteem. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 to 19 years): Adolescents search for personal identity, influenced by earlier resolutions. Intimacy vs. Isolation (20 to 45 years): Young adults seek intimate relationships, risking isolation if unsuccessful. Generativity vs. Stagnation (45 to 65 years): Middle-aged adults focus on nurturing the next generation and contributing to society. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65 years and old- er): Older adults reflect on their lives, achieving fulfillment or experiencing regret. Importance of Social Interaction Erikson emphasized that social interactions and crises shape personality development. Successful resolution of each crisis leads to a stronger sense of self and better relation- ships. Social Cognitive Theory by Albert Bandura Overview of Social Cognitive Theory Bandura's theory integrates social and cogni- tive factors in learning, emphasizing the role of observational learning. The reciprocal determinism model highlights the interaction between behavior, cognitive factors, and environmental influences. Key Components of Bandura's Theory Self-efficacy: Belief in one's ability to succeed influences motivation and behavior. Observational learning: Learning occurs through observing others, not just through direct experience. Four key processes: Attention, retention, production, and motivation are essential for effective observational learning. Role of Models in Learning Teachers, peers, and parents serve as mod- els, influencing students' behaviors and atti- tudes. Effective modeling involves demonstrat- ing problem-solving and academic tasks. Implications for Education Bandura's theory encourages the use of mod- eling and reinforcement to enhance learning. It emphasizes the importance of creating supportive environments that foster self-efficacy and motivation. Cognitive Development Theory by Jean Piaget Overview of Piaget's Theory Piaget's theory focuses on how children perceive and understand the world through cognitive development stages. He identified cognitive structures and function- ing as key components of intellectual growth. Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): Infants learn through sensory experiences and motor ac- tions, developing object permanence. Preoperational Stage (2-7 years): Children engage in symbolic play and develop language skills, though thinking remains egocentric. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years): Logical thinking emerges, allowing for classification, conservation, and seriation. Formal Operational Stage (11 years and older): Abstract reasoning and hypothetical-deductive thinking develop, enabling systematic problem- solving. Key Concepts in Piaget's Theory Assimilation and accommodation are processes through which children adapt their cognitive structures to new experiences. Equilibration is the drive to maintain cognitive balance as children encounter new informa- tion. Educational Implications Piaget's theory advocates for child-centered education, emphasizing the importance of adapting teaching methods to children's cogni- tive levels. It highlights the need for hands-on learning experiences to facilitate cognitive develop- ment. Criticism of Piaget's Theory Critics argue that Piaget's stages may not apply universally across cultures and that cognitive development can be more fluid than his model suggests. Some research indicates that children can per- form tasks earlier than Piaget proposed, challenging his timeline of cognitive milestones.