I picked Piagets Cognitive Development Theory
Assignment Instructions
In this assignment you will need to create a Prezi or PowerPoint that will highlight the important points of the theory you picked as well as its influence in explaining development. You will want to expand your points from the discussion forum with greater detail in this assignment. The presentation will start with a short introduction of the theory and conclude with why you picked it within the discussion as best explaining development. We will want to have a minimum of a seven slide PPT or Prezi. All references will be listed in APA format.
READING BELOW
Understanding Theories of Child Development
The research and formulation of child development theories have played a major role in the way parents raise their children, understand and nurture their capabilities, and educate them. The theories that have been prominent in the past and current centuries have sought to describe, explain, and predict behaviors, and have had the ultimate goal of trying to improve the welfare of children. Child development theories seek to explain a child’s growth by addressing basic questions or beliefs.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
Theoretical Questions in Child Development
Key Theories of Child Development
Research Methodologies
Ethical Concerns and Considerations when Working with Childre
Child Development Theories
· HOW CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORIES ARE FORMED AND USED
·
KEY THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
·
RESEARCH
Child development theories allow both research and application to promote optimal growth and development. A theory is an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and endures if based on scientific verification. Theories provide an organizing framework for observations. Once a theory is verified by scientific research, it serves as a basis for practical action. There are many theories in child development and no one theory fully explains all aspects of child development. Today, experts use several different theories as a means of finding the best way to describe, explain and predict children’s behavior.
Child development theories rely upon a few key theoretical questions, including whether development is continuous from birth to adulthood or progresses in distinct stages; whether development is universal or individual; and whether genetics or environment are more critical in child development. These questions have shaped all child development theories, including
psychoanalytic
, psychosocial, behavioral,
social learning
,
cognitive
and
social development
theories.
Research into child development requires experimentation, using a variety of different methods. Different research methodologies, including observations, case studies and clinical studies provide distinct advantages and disadvantages. All research into child development must be conducted with careful attention to ethical considerations.
Theoretical Questions Guiding the Stud ...
I picked Piagets Cognitive Development Theory Assignment Instruc.docxwilcockiris
I picked Piagets Cognitive Development Theory
Assignment Instructions
In this assignment you will need to create a Prezi or PowerPoint that will highlight the important points of the theory you picked as well as its influence in explaining development. You will want to expand your points from the discussion forum with greater detail in this assignment. The presentation will start with a short introduction of the theory and conclude with why you picked it within the discussion as best explaining development. We will want to have a minimum of a seven slide PPT or Prezi. All references will be listed in APA format.
READING BELOW
Understanding Theories of Child Development
The research and formulation of child development theories have played a major role in the way parents raise their children, understand and nurture their capabilities, and educate them. The theories that have been prominent in the past and current centuries have sought to describe, explain, and predict behaviors, and have had the ultimate goal of trying to improve the welfare of children. Child development theories seek to explain a child’s growth by addressing basic questions or beliefs.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
· Theoretical Questions in Child Development
· Key Theories of Child Development
· Research Methodologies
· Ethical Concerns and Considerations when Working with Childre
Child Development Theories
· HOW CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORIES ARE FORMED AND USED
· KEY THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
· RESEARCH
Child development theories allow both research and application to promote optimal growth and development. A theory is an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and endures if based on scientific verification. Theories provide an organizing framework for observations. Once a theory is verified by scientific research, it serves as a basis for practical action. There are many theories in child development and no one theory fully explains all aspects of child development. Today, experts use several different theories as a means of finding the best way to describe, explain and predict children’s behavior.
Child development theories rely upon a few key theoretical questions, including whether development is continuous from birth to adulthood or progresses in distinct stages; whether development is universal or individual; and whether genetics or environment are more critical in child development. These questions have shaped all child development theories, including psychoanalytic, psychosocial, behavioral, social learning, cognitive and social development theories.
Research into child development requires experimentation, using a variety of different methods. Different research methodologies, including observations, case studies and clinical studies provide distinct advantages and disadvantages. All research into child development must be conducted with careful attention to ethical considerations.
Theoretical Questions Guiding the Study of Child Development.
Child Development in the Broader Context of Developmental Science.docxbissacr
Child Development in the Broader Context of Developmental Science
Child development is one aspect of the broader, interdisciplinary field of developmental science, which includes the entire lifespan. Researchers in the area of child development typically divide these initial years into five age periods encompassing conception through adolescence.
PRENATAL PERIOD
INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD
EARLY CHILDHOOD PERIOD
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD PERIOD
ADOLESCENT PERIOD
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Does society or culture have an impact on child development? Of course! Each individual has a different religious, ethnic, and economic background. Since all of those factors influence our development, there has been a rise in research studies that address the cultural context of children’s lives. Researchers are examining the effect of culturally specific beliefs and practices on development.
Sociocultural theory, developed by Lev Vygotsky, focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation. Vygotsky believed that social interaction with more knowledgeable members of society is necessary for children to develop the ways of thinking and behaving that comprise a community’s culture. He saw cognitive development as a socially mediated process in which children depend on assistance from peers and adults as they take on new challenges. One additional discovery of cross-cultural research is that each individual culture may emphasize different tasks for childr
Ecological Systems Theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) posited that our environment, consisting of our home, school, neighborhood, and beyond, is a series of structures that form a system. Each layer of that system interacts with the others and has a powerful impact on development. According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, children develop within this complex system of relationships and are affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
MICROSYSTEM
MESOSYSTEM
EXOSYSTEM
MACROSYSTEM
CHRONOSYSTEM
An Illustration of Ecological Systems Theory: The Transition to Siblinghood
The early weeks after a new baby enters the family are full of profound changes. While the arrival of a newborn sibling is a normative life event for many children, the transition to siblinghood can result in a mixture of positive and negative emotions. Some children welcome the new arrival, while others experience a developmental setback in a specific area like toilet training. Volling (2005) provides a developmental ecological systems approach to examine changes in both child and family functioning that occur with the birth of a new baby.
‹ 1/5 ›
Significant changes occur within the immediate family (microsystem). Because the mother may spend most of the early weeks after the birth caring for the newborn, the quality of the father–child relationship may be particularly important for sibling adjustment.
Development as a Dynamic System
According to a theory known as dynamic systems perspective, a child.
Children learn more from what they are than from what you teach. A child is going through a tremendous number of changes and many external factors can contribute to the kid’s problems. Therefore, it is crucial to understand what influences a child’s development and foster help from psychological problems during childhood. Our 2 Month Program in Child Psychology focuses on the mental, behavioural and emotional development of a child, mainly from birth to adolescence. As an aspiring child psychologist, you must possess the requisite skills and knowledge to grow in this field and this course will get you a step closer to success!
I picked Piagets Cognitive Development Theory Assignment Instruc.docxwilcockiris
I picked Piagets Cognitive Development Theory
Assignment Instructions
In this assignment you will need to create a Prezi or PowerPoint that will highlight the important points of the theory you picked as well as its influence in explaining development. You will want to expand your points from the discussion forum with greater detail in this assignment. The presentation will start with a short introduction of the theory and conclude with why you picked it within the discussion as best explaining development. We will want to have a minimum of a seven slide PPT or Prezi. All references will be listed in APA format.
READING BELOW
Understanding Theories of Child Development
The research and formulation of child development theories have played a major role in the way parents raise their children, understand and nurture their capabilities, and educate them. The theories that have been prominent in the past and current centuries have sought to describe, explain, and predict behaviors, and have had the ultimate goal of trying to improve the welfare of children. Child development theories seek to explain a child’s growth by addressing basic questions or beliefs.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
· Theoretical Questions in Child Development
· Key Theories of Child Development
· Research Methodologies
· Ethical Concerns and Considerations when Working with Childre
Child Development Theories
· HOW CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORIES ARE FORMED AND USED
· KEY THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
· RESEARCH
Child development theories allow both research and application to promote optimal growth and development. A theory is an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and endures if based on scientific verification. Theories provide an organizing framework for observations. Once a theory is verified by scientific research, it serves as a basis for practical action. There are many theories in child development and no one theory fully explains all aspects of child development. Today, experts use several different theories as a means of finding the best way to describe, explain and predict children’s behavior.
Child development theories rely upon a few key theoretical questions, including whether development is continuous from birth to adulthood or progresses in distinct stages; whether development is universal or individual; and whether genetics or environment are more critical in child development. These questions have shaped all child development theories, including psychoanalytic, psychosocial, behavioral, social learning, cognitive and social development theories.
Research into child development requires experimentation, using a variety of different methods. Different research methodologies, including observations, case studies and clinical studies provide distinct advantages and disadvantages. All research into child development must be conducted with careful attention to ethical considerations.
Theoretical Questions Guiding the Study of Child Development.
Child Development in the Broader Context of Developmental Science.docxbissacr
Child Development in the Broader Context of Developmental Science
Child development is one aspect of the broader, interdisciplinary field of developmental science, which includes the entire lifespan. Researchers in the area of child development typically divide these initial years into five age periods encompassing conception through adolescence.
PRENATAL PERIOD
INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD
EARLY CHILDHOOD PERIOD
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD PERIOD
ADOLESCENT PERIOD
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Does society or culture have an impact on child development? Of course! Each individual has a different religious, ethnic, and economic background. Since all of those factors influence our development, there has been a rise in research studies that address the cultural context of children’s lives. Researchers are examining the effect of culturally specific beliefs and practices on development.
Sociocultural theory, developed by Lev Vygotsky, focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation. Vygotsky believed that social interaction with more knowledgeable members of society is necessary for children to develop the ways of thinking and behaving that comprise a community’s culture. He saw cognitive development as a socially mediated process in which children depend on assistance from peers and adults as they take on new challenges. One additional discovery of cross-cultural research is that each individual culture may emphasize different tasks for childr
Ecological Systems Theory
Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) posited that our environment, consisting of our home, school, neighborhood, and beyond, is a series of structures that form a system. Each layer of that system interacts with the others and has a powerful impact on development. According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, children develop within this complex system of relationships and are affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.
MICROSYSTEM
MESOSYSTEM
EXOSYSTEM
MACROSYSTEM
CHRONOSYSTEM
An Illustration of Ecological Systems Theory: The Transition to Siblinghood
The early weeks after a new baby enters the family are full of profound changes. While the arrival of a newborn sibling is a normative life event for many children, the transition to siblinghood can result in a mixture of positive and negative emotions. Some children welcome the new arrival, while others experience a developmental setback in a specific area like toilet training. Volling (2005) provides a developmental ecological systems approach to examine changes in both child and family functioning that occur with the birth of a new baby.
‹ 1/5 ›
Significant changes occur within the immediate family (microsystem). Because the mother may spend most of the early weeks after the birth caring for the newborn, the quality of the father–child relationship may be particularly important for sibling adjustment.
Development as a Dynamic System
According to a theory known as dynamic systems perspective, a child.
Children learn more from what they are than from what you teach. A child is going through a tremendous number of changes and many external factors can contribute to the kid’s problems. Therefore, it is crucial to understand what influences a child’s development and foster help from psychological problems during childhood. Our 2 Month Program in Child Psychology focuses on the mental, behavioural and emotional development of a child, mainly from birth to adolescence. As an aspiring child psychologist, you must possess the requisite skills and knowledge to grow in this field and this course will get you a step closer to success!
Discussion 1Developmental process of a child to adulthoodCOLLA.docxelinoraudley582231
Discussion 1
Developmental process of a child to adulthood
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
Development is the series of age-related changes that happen over the course of a lifespan (sparknotes.com). Several famous psychologists, including Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, and Lawrence Kohlberg, describe development as a series of stages (sparknotes.com). A stage is a period in development in which people exhibit typical behavior patterns and establish particular capacities (sparknotes.com). People pass through different stages and different orders of how it works with them, and the people who are teaching.
When children are born the development of their brain grow more and more each and every day. when learning the brain processes the material in which it is taught. Human brains will develop from birth to older ages then it has explained the reasons for different options and options and objects to understand things. There are keys to understanding what a child thinks and how they do things with their mind. No matter what we say or do, children from childbirth to young adults will make the decision where they do not know if it is right or wrong.
That is the reason why we have to understand of child development is essential because it allows us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social, and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood (verywell.com). Children want to be a part of the cool crowd, want to be a part of them and want to have the knowledge for school. People strive to be the best they can be even in their childhood. But the developmental psychologists strive to answer such questions as well as to understand, explain, and predict behaviors that occur throughout the lifespan (verywell.com). In order to understand human development, a number of different theories of child development have arisen to explain various aspects of human growth (verywell.com).
The theory is quite exciting and understands with details and studies. The brain works in many different ways, learning and decision making is the biggest qualities and or studies being made. One developmental theory that caught my eye was the Freud's Psychosexual Developmental Theory. it gives more details on what the theory is about. Freud's developmental theory is when child development occurs in a series of stages focused on different pleasure areas of the body and during each stage, the child encounters conflicts that play a significant role in the course of development (verywell.com).
The fundamental truth of any child's years and also the general aspect of the learning capabilities of a child or an adult, also providing the study abilities and fundamental learning capabilities for people throughout their whole life. But yet did we know the brain is growing from birth and time goes by, it will decay and die. The developmental theory is a very well thought to how children and adults learn. when we use.
Running Head LIFE SPAN PARENTING PROJECT1LIFE SPAN PARENTING.docxwlynn1
Running Head: LIFE SPAN PARENTING PROJECT 1
LIFE SPAN PARENTING PROJECT 2
Student's name: Emmanuel Domenech
Professor's name: Dr. Suzi Hundemer
Class: BEHS 343
Topic: Chapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Parenting (trait theory) Chapter 3: Approaches to parenting research(Group counseling and psychotherapy with children and adolescents)
Institution: University of Maryland University College
Date: June 9, 2019
Life Span Parenting Project
Children ought to be evaluated when it comes to their entire environment with the inclusion of whatever negative or positive parental influences that could exist, this is according to Group counseling and psychotherapy with children and adolescents. I have learned that one of the most refreshing impacts concerning parents is because mainly we work with their kids who are reaching the adolescent stage in regions of their personal/social, academic success, career development, and realm. Their work comprises of working in intervention and prevention (Denno et al., 2015). Counselors help students like who undergo rough times, for instance, in adolescent and help them in enlightening their skills of resilience to be equipped better in case of hitting tough times in the future.
The adolescent stage is characterized by uneven and dramatic integration of changes that are developmental into the day to day lives of young persons. Simultaneously, teenagers experience growing independence from their families, mood swings, and at times, rapidly increasing sexuality. The tasks of talking to them usually start within the units of the family. Often, as guardians, we tend to view our teens as fragile thus visit our pediatricians or doctors since we see them as people whom to seek advice from regarding both behavioral and physiologic issues (Shechtman, 2017). The ongoing relationship with the pediatrician and the family gives for enough prospects to offer support and guidance that is anticipated as our kids get into and move through the stage of adolescence.
Determinants of Parenting
As we all know, the parent-child relationship has a massive influence on most aspects of the development of a child. When behaviors, parenting skills, and optimal capabilities have a positive effect on the school achievement or self-esteem of a child, there is positive behavior and development on the kids.
Fig: Family-Based Therapy
Some other treatment programs that can be used to work in families include family therapy, family-centered therapy, or family-based therapy. These programs change from one to the other. These are effective when it comes to family counseling and help in coming to terms with the stage or any disorder that could arise in the process.
As far as I am concerned, therapy is vital when looking at parenting approaches. This is because when an individual is a child, through adolescent to when they mature to being adults, they require guideline on being better per.
Group 3- FSIE Typical and Atypical Development.pptxAbegailCope
Typical and Atypical development in Children. Typical development in children gives a generic picture of progress compared to same-age peers. Atypical development appears when a child either lags behind or jumps ahead of typical peer progress, in any regard -- physical, cognitive, social or in adaptive life skills.” (Anita Holms, 2000).
Running head DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY1DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY.docxsusanschei
Running head: DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY 1
DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY
Developmental Delay
Obinna Okwara
Southern New Hampshire University
Developmental Delay
Each kid unique and each grows in his or her particular pace and style. You may be concerned if your child is not yet slithering or strolling when numerous companions are as of now showing this ability. In any case, recall that there are varieties in common improvement. Is your newborn child or youngster demonstrating noteworthy postponements or diverse examples of accomplishing significant turning points? This could be an indication of a development issue. These are illustrations: children who cannot keep up sitting by the tenth month or a tyke whose legs get solid each time he tries to move over. Older children may also display atypical development if they are not ready to eat with utensils or dress or disrobe, or on the off chance that they experience difficulty cutting with scissors or drawing (Estes et al., 2009).
Developmental delay alludes to a youngster who is not accomplishing breakthroughs inside of the age scope of that typical variability. 'There are five key identifiers for the development issue that make up the formative points of the milestone. A youngster might have a formative postponement in one or a greater amount of these ranges:
Gross motor: utilizing a vast group of muscles to sit, stand, walk, and run, and so on. Keeping adjust and evolving positions.
Fine motor: using hands and fingers to have the capacity to eat, draw, dress, play, compose and do numerous different things.
Language: talking, using non-verbal communication and emotions, conveying and understanding what others say.
Cognitive: Thinking abilities including learning, understanding, critical thinking, thinking and recalling.
Social: Interacting with others, having associations with family, companions, and instructors, coordinating and reacting to the sentiments of others
Ways to identify child development delay
Development Screening: A developmental screening test is a rapid and general estimation of abilities. Its aim is to distinguish kids who need further assessment. A screening test is just intended to identify children who may have an issue. The screening test might either over-distinguish or under-recognize kids with delay (Estes et al., 2009).
Developmental Evaluation: A developmental evaluation is a long, inside and out the appraisal of a child's aptitudes and ought to be managed by an exceptionally prepared proficient, for example, a therapist. Evolution tests are used to make a profile of a child's qualities and shortcomings in every single development range (Estes et al., 2009).
Population
Commonly, there is an age extent of an entire where a child is required to take in these new capacities. In case, the customary age range for walking is 9 to 15 months, and a child still is not walking around 20 months, this would be seen as a developmental deferral. Parent of the influenced childr ...
1Introduction to Child DevelopmentCharlie EdwardsPhotodis.docxaulasnilda
1Introduction to Child Development
Charlie Edwards/Photodisc/Getty Images
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you should be able to:
ሁ Identify and distinguish between developmental domains.
ሁ Define and describe the five periods of child and adolescent development.
ሁ Trace the historical changes in the field of child development.
ሁ Identify and describe major developmental theories.
ሁ Differentiate among psychological theories of development and summarize major views.
Prologue
Prologue
About the time I started teaching child development, I was also a consultant at The Children’s
Corner, a “playcare” facility that my two young children attended. We employed certified child-
care professionals and a number of teaching assistants from a local university. Together they
cared for dozens of children, from newborn to age 5. At times, more than 100 children drifted
in and out of the facility on any particular day. Within a climate that increasingly emphasized
the importance of giving children an intellectual head start, our school remained an unstruc-
tured, open environment. It was child centered and focused on creativity and socialization.
Before leaving for work, I would go to different areas of the school and interact with the chil-
dren. Sometimes I would read to them; other times I would assist with art. I played on the
climbers and helped in the kitchen. The children were full of energy, curiosity, laughter, and
fun. It was a terrific way to start my day.
The children from The Children’s Corner have since grown up and undoubtedly have pursued
a variety of interests. Most of them are attending college or have begun to work. Some have
pursued careers in teaching, medicine, or engineering; others are musicians or artists, labor-
ers or technicians; a few are actors. Undoubtedly, some have mental disorders, and, sadly, the
odds are good that some of those cute toddlers have been addicted to drugs or have engaged
in more maladaptive behaviors, like committing criminal acts.
Individual and group factors have steered the children from that facility into widely diver-
gent paths. For many of us observers, these differences lead to perhaps the most fascinating
question in psychology: What makes us all so distinct? Even children raised in the same envi-
ronment often lead lives that are different in so many ways. Siblings are often motivated by
different ideals and hold opposing positions on social issues, personal principles, or politics.
They have different personalities, physical abilities, and intellectual pursuits.
My own children, though raised in similar environments, are both alike and different. My
son, Max, was an early talker and used words to learn about the world; during infancy and
early childhood, he would talk to everyone. By contrast, my daughter, Mariana, did not say
much during her first 2 years. She was content to take in the world silently through her eyes
and ears, which many obser ...
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SFK ORGANIZATION .docxelishaoatway
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SFK ORGANIZATION 1
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SFK ORGANIZATION 6
Problem Identification and Recommendation for SFK Organization
Student’s Name
Institution
Date
Introduction and problem statement
From the case, it is apparent that SFK-NY is one of the non-profit organization that is striving a lot to ensure that its mission of empowering the human spirit in every child is achieved. The case indicates that there is a huge gap in the society concerning the human spirit and hence SFK-NY has done its best to fill this gap. However, a closer look at the case reveals that the SFK-NY has not yet achieved its goal or rather its missions and vision. The vision statement for the organization is “One World, Every Child” (Vallas and Sherman, 2012). According to the case, it is stated that the mission of ensuring that the vision “ One World, Every Child” is achieved would only be complete when every child and young adult in the target region has participated in the SFK-YK program (Vallas and Sherman, 2012). This is because for all the children to learn he tools to help them make wise choices that provide them with certainty, happiness, concern for the well-being of others, the organization needs to invest a lot not only in employing personnel but also in expanding their project worldwide.
Expanding the program worldwide would need an enormous amount of money. Given that the SFK-YK is a non-profit organization, it means that it does not get capital from the services they offer. This is because they do not charge the beneficiaries for the services they get. The organization, according to the case, depends on donations from individuals, corporations, foundations, groups, clubs, and organization as well as their own fundraising from special events. Despite the fact that the organization gets a lot of assistance from well-wishers and clubs, the organizational Advisory Board and the director argue that their major concern is that SFK is not generating as much revenue through fundraising to support the current operation. They are also concerned that the organization is gaining a lot of popularity and that because of this, it is likely that it may experience massive growth. The board is also claiming that the cost for every student is approximately $300 per program, which is too much because every student needs to finish level 1,2 and even 3 depending on the availability of funding. This essay will support why lack of finance is the major strategic obstacle to the SFK-YK Program.
Body and discussion
One way in which an organization can achieve its strategic goal is by ensuring that all the factors of production are available and that they are put in proper use. Similarly, SFK-YK, despite offering the best and most popular services, must ensure that the factors of production are in place and that they are being utilized accordingly. Closer look at the case reveals that capital and resour.
Problem Set #2 SCOR470 Fall 2015 Topics Soil water pote.docxelishaoatway
Problem Set #2
SCOR470 Fall 2015
Topics: Soil water potential, unit conversions, soil water content
Honor code opportunity- It is required that the work you are turning in is your effort. In addition,
you may wish to sign the honor code statement. Declining to sign this statement will not count
against you.
"I have not given, received, or used any unauthorized assistance."
Signature
1. Unit conversions
a. You are curious about the matric potential of an air-dried soil. This depends on the
relative humidity of the air of course but you find a value of -2.20 x 105 J/Kg in a journal
article. Express this in MPa and m. (Note that the permanent wilting point for plants is
typically assumed to be -1.5 MPa.)
b. You need a value for the osmotic pressure of maple tree sap and find a table in a
reliable older reference stating 2.23 x 106 erg/cm3. Convert this to m, ft., and Pa.
c. Your grandfather’s WWII submarine could withstand about 1.5 MPa of water
pressure. Assuming a saltwater density of 1.03 g/cm3, calculate the crush-depth of the
submarine in m and ft.
2. a. Calculate the energy/volume (in J/m3) of water a plant root must overcome to withdraw
water laterally from a soil with a matric potential of -15000 cm with an EC of 8 dS/m.
b. Assuming 15 oC, calculate the relative humidity in the soil air for the soil in part (a).
Note that this soil is near the wilting point for many plants.
Helpful information: The EC, electrical conductivity, is a measure of the total dissolved salts in a
system. For a wide range of soils, the following empirical relationship relates the EC of the soil
solution to the osmotic pressure (Π) of the solution; Π(bars)= 0.36 x EC (dS/m). The EC unit is
decisiemen per meter.
3. Consider a soil profile above a shallow water table:
clay loam
water table
loamy sand
loam
silt loam
0.40 m
0.30 m
0.15 m
0.20 m
Soil surface
Suppose the θ(h) in this profile is described by the Brooks-Corey formulation:
θ(h) = θS for |h| ≤ |he|
θ(h) = (θS -θr)[(he/h)
λ] + θr for |h| > |he|
Using the parameters in the following table, calculate and plot the equilibrium water content
profile, θ(z), from the soil surface to the water table.
4. The following system is at equilibrium. Determine each component of the total soil water
potential in energy/volume and energy/weight at the points indicated (A, B, …). If a component
is zero, state why.
Soil
θS
θr
|he|
(cm)
λ
Silt Loam
0.49
0.10
12
0.21
Loamy sand
0.40
0.02
3
0.47
Loam
0.44
0.05
7
0.23
Clay loam
0.51
0.14
19
0.18
Loamy
sand Clay loam
A∙ B∙
Semi-permeable
membrane
Soils slightly saline
EC=0.75 dS/m
Pair(abso.
Problem descriptionThe Jim Thornton Coffee House chain is .docxelishaoatway
Problem description
The Jim Thornton Coffee House chain is planning expansion into Calgary. It has selected many
possible sites for new coffee houses. The possible sites are joined by roads that form a spanning tree.
To eliminate competition with itself, the company has determined that it should not choose two
sites that are adjacent in this tree. From its market evaluation, the company has also determined
the expected profit per year for each site. Your job is to determine what sites Jim Thornton should
choose for his coffee houses.
a. Define this problem precisely, by defining the required Input and the required Output. Use
mathematical notation.
b. Write a recursive equation for the function that maximizes the profit per year. Include a
short argument that your equation is correct.
c. Write an efficient algorithm that computes the maximum profit per year, and also computes
the sites that should be chosen. Your algorithm should run in time that is polynomial in the
input size.
d. What is the asymptotic running time of your algorithm? Defend your answer.
Your algorithm and proofs should be precise and concise (as well, of course, as correct.) Elegance
of your solution counts.
2
CPSC 413 — Winter, 2013
Home Work Exercise #8
March 16, 2013
1. Exercise 1 Chapter 6, page 312 of the textbook.
Answer:
(a) A counterexample is given in Figure 1. The given algorithm finds an independent set of
weight 8. However, the maximum total weight is 10 by adding the nodes at two ends to
the independent set.
5 58
Figure 1: A counterexample to the algorithm of 1(a)
(b) A counterexample is given in Figure 2. The given algorithm finds an independent set of
weight 11. However, the maximum total weight is 19 by adding the nodes at two ends to
the independent set.
10 12 9
Figure 2: A counterexample to the algorithm of 1(b)
(c) Input: An array A = (a1, . . . , an) of n integers. (I use “array” rather than “set” here
because the elements in a set do not have the notion of order.)
Output: A set S = {aα1, . . . , aαm} ⊆ A, which satisfies
(1)
m∑
i=1
aαi is maximum;
(2) ∀i ∈ {1, . . . , m}, ̸ ∃j ∈ {1, . . . , m} s.t. |αi − αj| = 1.
Optimization function. Indset[i] denotes the maximum independent set of an array with
i positive integers (a1, . . . , ai). Let OPT [i] denote the total weight of Indset[i]. The
optimization function is
OPT [0] = 0, OPT [1] = max{0, a1},
OPT [i] =
{
OPT [i − 1] if OPT [i − 1] ≥ OPT [i − 2] + ai
OPT [i − 2] + ai otherwise
Correctness of the optimization function. It is trivial if n = 0 or 1. When n ≥ 2, there
are two cases to be considered. Case 1: Indset[n] includes an. Then Indset[n] must not
include an−1. And Indset[n]−{an} must be a maximum independent set of (a1, . . . , an−2).
This can be easily verified by a replacement argument. If the statement is not true, then
the total weight of Indset[n] − {an} is less than OPT [n − 2]. Then Indset[n − 2] ∪ {an}
has total weight larger than Indset[n] does, and this co.
Problem 5The probability distributions for inter-arrival a.docxelishaoatway
Problem 5
The probability distributions for inter-arrival and service times for the help desk for a loan application center are given below. Assume that the first customer calls at time 9AM and that no one is being served or waiting to be served when the first customer calls. Simulate the arrival and service for 10 customers for one and two service representatives starting at 9AM. Determine the average customer waiting time for each of the two situations? The probability distributions for inter-arrival time and service time are given below. Write random numbers in the tables below. Use the table on the next page for simulating the one-representative case and the two-representative cases.
Inter-arrival time (min)
Probability
1
0.20
1
20
2
0.20
21
40
3
0.10
41
50
5
0.10
51
60
7
0.20
61
80
10
0.20
81
100
Service time (min)
Probability
3
0.40
1
40
5
0.30
41
70
8
0.15
71
85
15
0.05
86
90
20
0.05
91
95
25
0.05
95
100
Two-employee Case
One-employee Case
Representative 1
Representative 2
Customer Number
Random Number
Inter-arrival Time
Call Time
Random Number
Service Time
Service Begins
Service Ends
Waiting Time
Service Begins
Service Ends
Service Begins
Service Ends
Waiting Time
1
9:00
40
-
-
2
45
17
-
-
3
91
86
-
-
4
31
38
-
-
5
37
55
6
97
13
7
70
21
8
19
59
9
68
29
-
-
10
59
77
-
-
Running head: EMPLOYEE NEEDS ASSESSMENT
1
EMPLOYEE NEEDS ASSESSMENT
EMPLOYEE NEEDS ASSESSMENT
Employee Needs assessment
Sharon Sweeney Wallace
Capella University
Instructor: Lori White
May 19, 2013
Employee Needs assessment
Organizations have long recognized that employees make contributions through a work behavior that leads to measurable performance. The appraisal process helps management assess this contribution as well as identify areas that need improvement. As a formal process, appraisal is a part of a performance system designed to manage an organizations human resources. The growing complexity of customer, employee and management relationships requires a new leadership paradigm. This is certainly true in today’s highly competitive market place where a premium is placed on the development of human capital. Management of today’s workforce has been made more difficult by the implementation of the contemporary business practices such as downsizing, reengineering, Total Quality Management (TQM), employee empowerment and team performance systems. These changes have altered the dynamics of the traditional management and employee relationships. The increase in layoffs globally has placed organizations in a more complicated position to manage their workforces. Business organizations have continued to develop sophisticated performance management systems to manage their human resources and to identify leaders to sustain growth of the company (Kusluvan, 2003).
Employee performance can be improved in many ways. E.
Problem 4-6 Calculating Internal Growth [LO3]The most recent fin.docxelishaoatway
Problem 4-6 Calculating Internal Growth [LO3]
The most recent financial statements for Live Co. are shown here:
Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Sales
$
16,300
Current assets
$
10,900
Debt
$
15,400
Costs
11,700
Fixed assets
26,250
Equity
21,750
Taxable income
$
4,600
Total
$
37,150
Total
$
37,150
Taxes (40%)
1,840
Net income
$
2,760
Assets and costs are proportional to sales. Debt and equity are not. The company maintains a constant 20 percent dividend payout ratio. No external financing is possible.
What is the internal growth rate? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
Internal growth rate
%
2. Problem 4-7 Calculating Sustainable Growth [LO3]
The most recent financial statements for Live Co. are shown here:
Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Sales
$
16,200
Current assets
$
10,600
Debt
$
15,100
Costs
12,400
Fixed assets
25,500
Equity
21,000
Taxable income
$
3,800
Total
$
36,100
Total
$
36,100
Taxes (40%)
1,520
Net income
$
2,280
Assets and costs are proportional to sales. Debt and equity are not. The company maintains a constant 25 percent dividend payout ratio. No external equity financing is possible.
What is the sustainable growth rate? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
Sustainable growth rate
%
3. Problem 4-8 Sales and Growth [LO2]
The most recent financial statements for Mc Govney Co. are shown here:
Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Sales
$
52,600
Current assets
$
23,200
Long-term debt
$
54,000
Costs
42,300
Fixed assets
93,000
Equity
62,200
Taxable income
$
10,300
Total
$
116,200
Total
$
116,200
Taxes (34%)
3,502
Net income
$
6,798
Assets and costs are proportional to sales. The company maintains a constant 40 percent dividend payout ratio and a constant debt–equity ratio.
What is the maximum increase in sales that can be sustained assuming no new equity is issued? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
Maximum increase in sales
$
4. Problem 4-16 Full-Capacity Sales [LO1]
Alter Bridge Mfg., Inc., is currently operating at only 78 percent of fixed asset capacity. Current sales are $840,000. How fast can sales grow before any new fixed assets are needed? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
Maximum sales growth
%
5. Problem 4-17 Fixed Assets and Capacity Usage [LO1]
Alter Bridge Mfg., Inc., is currently operating at only 88 percent of fixed asset capacity. Current sales are $760,000. Fixed assets are $460,000 and sales are projected .
PROBLEM 8-18a. Fill in the worksheet with the appropriate value.docxelishaoatway
PROBLEM 8-18:
a. Fill in the worksheet with the appropriate values, provide footnotes with calculations as appropriate;
Davis Corporation
Accounting Equation
Event
Assets
=
Liabilities
Stockholders’ Equity
Cash
=
Div. . Pay .
+
Pfd.
Stk.
+
Com. Stk.
+
PIC in Exc. PS
+
PIC in Exc.
CS
Trea-sury Stock
+
Ret. Earn.
Acct. Title R/E
2012
1/2
1/15
2/14
12/31
12/31
12/31*
Bal.
=
+
+
+
+
+
2013
1/31
3/1
6/1
12/31
12/31
12/31**
Bal.
=
+
+
+
+
+
Footnotes: * :
Footnotes: **:
b. Fill in the worksheet with the appropriate values;
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred Stock, $50 par value, 5% cumulative, 50,000 shares authorized, 1,000 shares issued and outstanding
Common Stock, $10 par value, 100,000 shares authorized, 20,000 shares issued and outstanding
Paid-In Capital in Excess of ParPreferred Stock
Paid-In Capital in Excess of ParCommon Stock
Total Paid-In Capital
Retained Earnings
Total Stockholders’ Equity
c. Fill in the worksheet with the appropriate values;
Davis Corporation
Balance Sheet
As of December 31, 2013
Assets
Cash
Total Assets
Liabilities
Dividends Payable
Total Liabilities
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred Stock, $50 par value, 5% cumulative, 50,000 shares authorized, 3,000 shares issued and outstanding
Common Stock, $10 par value, 100,000 shares authorized, 20,000 shares issued, 19,500 shares outstanding
Paid-In Capital in Excess of ParPreferred Stock
Paid-In Capital in Excess of ParCommon Stock
Total Paid-In Capital
Retained Earnings2
Less: Treasury Stock
Total Stockholders’ Equity
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
PROBLEM 8-23:
This problem requires a brief memo, the completed schedules below and discussions;
Advantages
Disadvantages
Partnership
Ease of formation
Less regulation
Lower effective tax rate
Limited life
Mutual agency
Unlimited liability
Corporation
Unlimited life
Limited liability
Capital easier to acquire & ownership easily transferred
More regulation
Higher effective tax rate
Partnership
Corporation
Income before taxes
Tax at entity level (30%)
Net income distributed to owners
Less: Individual income tax (30%/15%)
After-tax cash flow
After-tax cash flow available to each investor*
Effective tax rate*
* show calculations
PROBLEM 7-26:
a. Fill in the worksheet with the appropriate values, provide footnotes with calculations as appropriate;
Artesia Co.
Effect of Events on the General Ledger
2012 and 2013
Asset.
PROBLEM 5-5BPrepare a correct detailed multiple-step income st.docxelishaoatway
PROBLEM 5-5B
Prepare a correct detailed multiple-step income statement. Assume a tax rate of 25%.
WRIGHT COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Month Ended December 31, 2014
Sales Revenues
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Net Sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Amount
Operating Expenses
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Total operating expenses
Amount
Income from operations
Amount
Other revenues and gains
Account title
Amount
Other expenses and losses
Account title
Amount
Amount (Total)
Income before income taxes
Income tax expense
Net Income
P5-5B
An inexperienced accountant prepared this condensed income statement for
Wright Company, a retail firm that has been in business for a number of years.
WRIGHT COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Revenues
Net sales $952,000
Other revenues 16,000
968,000
Cost of goods sold 548,000
Gross profit 420,000
Operating expenses
Selling expenses 160,000
Administrative expenses
104,000
264,000
Net earnings $156,000
As an experienced, knowledgeable accountant, you review the statement and determine
the following facts.
1. Net sales consist of sales $972,000, less freight-out on merchandise sold $20,000.
2. Other revenues consist of sales discounts $12,000 and interest revenue $4,000.
3. Selling expenses consist of salespersons’ salaries $88,000; depreciation on equip-
ment $4,000; sales returns and allowances $46,000; advertising $12,000; and sales
commissions $10,000. All compensation should be recorded as Salaries and Wages
Expense.
4. Administrative expenses consist of office salaries $54,000; dividends $14,000; utili-
ties $13,000; interest expense $3,000; and rent expense $20,000, which includes
prepayments totaling $2,000 for the first month of 2015. The utilities represent
utilities paid. At December 31, utility expense of $3,000 has been incurred but not
paid.
Problem 6-2B
(a) Determine the Cost of Goods Available for Sale
Date
Explanation
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Total
(b) Determine the ending inventory and cost of goods sold under each of the assumed cost flow methods. Prove the accuracy of the cost of goods sold under FIFO and LIFO.
FIFO
(1) Ending Inventory
(2) Cost of Goods Sold
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Cost of goods available for sale
Amount
Amount
Amount
Less: ending inventory
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
Cost of Goods Sold
Amount
Proof of Cost of Goods Sold (FIFO)
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
LIFO
(1) Ending Inventory
(2) Cost of Goods Sold
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Cost of goods available for sale
Amount
Amount
Amount
Less: ending inventory
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
Cost of Goods Sold
Amo.
Problem BackgroundYour project consists of six activities show.docxelishaoatway
Problem Background
Your project consists of six activities shown in the table below, along with: (1) planned start and finish dates; (2) activity budgets; and (3) earned value (EV) accrual rules from you project cost management plan.
Activity
Planned Start
Planned Finish
Budget
EV Accrual Rule
Activity One
Mon - 10/13/14
Fri - 10/31/14 (
10,000
Percent Complete with Gates
Activity Two
Mon - 10/20/14
Fri -11/28/14
30,000
Fixed Formula -50/50
Activity Three
Mon -11/3/14
Fri -11/14/14
7,000
Fixed Formula -20/80
Activity Four
Mon -10/13/14
Fri -11/14/14
20,000
Weighted Milestones
Activity Five
Mon 11/17/14
Fri - 12/5/14
10,000
Fixed Formula – 0/100
Activity Six
Mon -12/8/14
Fri -12/19/14
7,000
Fixed Formula – 0/100
Activity Two has a start-to-start relationship (one week lag time) with Activity One. Activity Three has a finish-to-start relationship with Activity One. Activity Five has finish-to-start relationships with activities Three and Four. Activity Six has finish-to-start relationships with activities Two and Five.
Assumptions
1. Assume a five-day work week.
2. For all activities (except Activity Four), assume the expenditure rate is constant over the duration of the activity, i.e.:
For Activity Four, assume the expenditure profile shown below:
The project sponsor wants you (the PM) to present a project cost and schedule performance assessment using data through Friday, Nov 7, 2014. You have collected the following information:
Activity
Actual Start
Actual Finish
Actual Cost
Activity One
Mon - 10/13/14
Fri - 11/3/14
12,000
Activity Two
Mon - 10/20/14
12,000
Activity Three
Mon -11/4/14
4,000
Activity Four
Mon -10/13/14
20,000
Activity Five
0
Activity Six
0
For Activity One, three equally-valued gates have been established and all gates are complete as of 11/7/14.
For Activity Four, four milestones have been established with the following values: (1) milestone 1 – 30%; milestone 2- 30%; milestone 3 – 10%; milestone 4 -30%. Three of the milestones are complete as of 11/7/14.
Show all work. Round dollar values to the nearest dollar. Calculate all other variables to three decimal places.
1. Earned Value Measures
a. Calculate earned value measures for each activity and for the cumulative project as of 11/7/14; fill in the table below:
Activity
Planned Value (PV)
Earned Value (EV)
Actual Cost (AC)
Activity One
12,000
Activity Two
12,000
Activity Three
4,000
Activity Four
20,000
Activity Five
0
Activity Six
0
Entire Project
48,000
ExpendituresTime
ExpendituresWeeks123455.5K3.0K
.
Problem 8-2B(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanati.docxelishaoatway
Problem 8-2B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations. (Note, enter all accounts in one box. The dates have been included to help with formatting).
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
1
2
3
4
5
(b) Enter the January 1, 2014 balances in Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Post the transactions to the ledger T Accounts
Be sure to post the amounts to the correct side of the T-Account!
Accounts Receivable
Bal.
(2)
(1)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(5)
Bal.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
(4)
Bal.
(5)
Bal.
(c) Prepare the journal entry to record bad debt expense for 2014, assuming that aging the accounts receivable indicates that expected bad debts are $140,000.
Balance needed $
Balance before adjustment [see (b)]
Adjustment required $
The journal entry would therefore be as follows:
(d) Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratios:
Enter your answer here
Average Collection Period:
Enter your answer here
Problem 8-6B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations. (Note, enter all accounts in one box. The dates have been included to help with formatting).
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
5
20
Feb 18
Apr 20
30
May 25
Aug 18
Sept. 1
Problem 9-2B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations. (Note, enter all accounts in one box. The dates have been included to help with formatting).
If there are two entries for the same day, then you do not need to enter the date again.
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
April 1
May 1
May 1
June 1
Sept 1
PART B
Dec 31
31
(c) Partial Balance Sheet
TONG CORPORATION
Partial Balance Sheet
December 31, 2014
Assets
Plant assets
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title (or contra account)
Amount
Total plant assets
Amount
Problem 9-7B
(a)
BUS 1
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
BUS 2
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
BUS 3
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
(b)
BUS 2
Year
Depreciation Expense
Amount
Amount
.
Problem B Regulatory Compliance 1 No.docxelishaoatway
Problem B: Regulatory Compliance
1
Note: All character and company names are fictional and are not intended to
depict any actual person or business.
Knowing that mergers may require a dramatic change in company culture,
you realize that you need to meet with the human resources (HR) and
leadership teams because they will play important roles in the merger. The
leadership team will drive the change, and the HR team will be charged with
managing the change. You have scheduled a meeting with Steve Maine, your
vice president at ALTAP consulting, to consult with him on this project.
“Thanks for meeting me today, Steve,” you begin. “I need to talk through
some of the issues before meeting with the HR and leadership teams at
UWEAR and PALEDENIM. The merger is going well, but it is becoming
apparent that there are some significant change issues that need to be
addressed.”
“I’ve heard good things about your work on this project,” Steve answers. “I’m
sure you have it under control, but I’ll be happy to help where I can.”
“We are dealing with the issues of joining together two very disparate
companies,” you explain. “On the one hand, UWEAR is public and has 100
employees; on the other hand, PALEDENIM is private with only 15
employees. They basically provide the same type of service, but they are
completely different businesses in how they operate inside and outside of the
company.”
You continue, “Yes, and both the employees and managers of each company
have different philosophies and expectations. PALEDENIM employees and
managers have a kind of ‘one-for-all and all-for-one’ attitude. They all chip in
to get the job done. The UWEAR employees and managers look at things
differently. They’re more apt to do their jobs, get them done, and go home
without consideration for what else the rest of the team needs to complete.”
“That is definitely a culture issue,” Steve agrees. “In fact, that is the classic
definition of a culture issue. I’m sure they’re also dealing with the typical
power struggles. I bet everyone is worried about whether their department
will be headed by a UWEAR manager or a PALEDENIM manager.”
Problem B: Regulatory Compliance
2
“Exactly,” you say. “I know the intention of the merger is to benefit both
companies, but there are unintended consequences as well. We need to do
whatever we can to help the employees of both companies get through this
with the fewest glitches possible.”
Analysis
Assessing poverty–deforestation links: Evidence from Swat, Pakistan
Shaheen Rafi Khan a, Shahrukh Rafi Khan b,⁎
a Sustainable Development Policy Institute, P. O. Box 1091, Islamabad, Pakistan
b Department of Economics, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College Street, South Hadley, MA 01075-1481, USA
a b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 5 June 2008
Received in revised form 21 January 2009
Accepted 16 April 2009
Available online 21 May 2009
Keywords:
Ecolo.
PROBLEM 3-22EventProduct CostsPeriod Costsa.b..docxelishaoatway
PROBLEM 3-22
Event
Product Costs
Period Costs
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
PROBLEM 3-25 a.
Event No.
Event Type
Event No.
Event Type
1a.
5a.
1b.
5b.
2.
6.
3.
7.
4a.
8.
4b.
b.
Jeater Company Horizontal Statements Model - 2012
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of
Event
No.
Cash
+
Accts. Rec.
+
Mdse. Inv.
=
Accts. Pay
+
Comm
Stock
+
Ret. Earn.
Rev.
(
Exp.
=
Net Inc.
Cash
Flows
Bal.
1a.
1b.
2.
3.1
4a.
4b.
5a.
5b.
6.
7. 2
8.
Bal.
1
2
PROBLEM 3-25
c.
Jeater Company
Financial Statements
For the Year Ended December 31, 2012
Income Statement
Net Sales
Cost of Goods Sold
Gross Margin
Operating Expenses
Transportation-out
Operating/Net Income
Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
Beginning Common Stock
Plus: Stock Issued
Ending Common Stock
Beginning Retained Earnings
Plus: Net Income
Ending Retained Earnings
Total Stockholders’ Equity
PROBLEM 3-25 c. (cont.)
Jeater Company
Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
As of December 31, 2012
Assets
Cash
Merchandise Inventory
Total Assets
Liabilities
Stockholders’ Equity
Common Stock
Retained Earnings
Total Stockholders’ Equity
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2012
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Inflow from Customers*
Outflow for Inventory**
Outflow for Expenses
Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Net Change in Cash
Plus: Beginning Cash Balance
Ending Cash Balance
*
**
Students-�Enter a check mark or ‘X’ to indicate the appropriate cost type for each event.
Students-�3-25(a) - Indicate the Event Type (AS, AU, AE, or CE) for each event.��3-25(b) – Fill in each cell in the table. Use ‘NA’ for not affected. Cash Flows are either ‘OA’, ‘IA’, ‘FA’, or ‘NA’. Indicate cash flow amounts. For entries #3 and #7, provide calculation notes 1 and 2 as shown.
Students-�3-25(c) – Provide the correct entries in the appropriate cells.
You are using ‘Vertical Statements’ here. Show indented balances where appropriate.��Show calculations where asterisks (*) appear. �
PROBLEM 4-20
Superior Auto Supply, Inc.
Bank Reconciliation
May 31, 2012
Unadjusted Bank Balance, May 31, 2012
Add: Deposits in Transit
Bank Error
Less: Outstanding Checks
#
True Cash Balance, May 31, 2012
Unadjusted Book Balance, May 31, 2012
*
Add: Not.
Problem 3 15 pointsThe following items were taken from the po.docxelishaoatway
Problem 3: 15% points:
The following items were taken from the post adjusted trial balance of Flop Company. (All balances are normal.)
Mortgage payable $ 1,443 Accumulated depreciation 3,655
Prepaid expenses 880 Accounts payable 1,200
Equipment 11,000 Notes payable after 2016 1,444
Long-term investments 1,100 Flop’s capital 10,480
Short-term investments 1,756 Accounts receivable 2,690
Notes payable in 2015 1,000 Inventories 2,100
Cash 1,696 Service Revenue 9,000
Rent Expense 1,000 Wages Expense 5,000
Utilities Expense 1,000
Instructions: Prepare a classified balance sheet in good form as of December 31, 2014.
Problem 4: 10% points:
Prepare journal entries to record the following transactions entered into by Flip Company:
2012
June 1 Accepted a $10,000, 12%, 1-year note from Flop as full payment on her account.
Nov. 1 Sold merchandise on account to Flap, Inc. for $12,000, terms 2/10, n/30.
Nov. 5 Flap, Inc. returned merchandise worth $500.
Nov. 9 Received payment in full from Flap, Inc.
Dec. 31 Accrued interest on Flop's note.
2013
June 1 Flop honored her promissory note by sending the face amount plus interest. No interest has been accrued in 2013
Problem 5: 10% points:
Flip Company purchased equipment on July 1, 2011 for $90,000. It is estimated that the equipment will have a $5,000 salvage value at the end of its 5-year useful life. It is also estimated that the equipment will produce 125,000 units over its 5-year life.
Instructions
Answer the following independent questions.
1. Compute the amount of depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2011, using the straight-line method of depreciation.
2. If 14,000 units of product are produced in 2011 and 26,000 units are produced in 2012, what is the book value of the equipment at December 31, 2012? The company uses the units-of-activity depreciation method.
3. If the company uses the double-declining-balance method of depreciation, what is the balance of the Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment account at December 31, 2013?
Problem 6: 10% points:
Flip earns a salary of $7,500 per month during the year. FICA taxes are 8% on the first $100,000 of gross earnings. Federal unemployment insurance taxes are 6.2% of the first $7,000; however, a credit is allowed equal to the state unemployment insurance taxes of 5.4% on the $7,000. During the year, $25,600 was withheld for federal income taxes and $5,700 was withheld for state income taxes.
Instructions
(a) Prepare a journal entry summarizing the payment of Flip’s total salary during the year.
(b) Prepare a journal entry summarizing the employer payroll tax expense on Flip’s salary for the year.
(c) Determine the cost of employing Flip for the year.
MBA Management Report (BU7757) Supervisor’s Handbook - Steve Page
Department of
Business, Strategy & Entrepreneurship
Module Handbook 2013 - 2014
Module Code: BU7757
Module Title: MBA Management Project
Tutor: Steve PageAbstract
This guide addresses two p.
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COLLAPSE
Top of Form
Development is the series of age-related changes that happen over the course of a lifespan (sparknotes.com). Several famous psychologists, including Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, and Lawrence Kohlberg, describe development as a series of stages (sparknotes.com). A stage is a period in development in which people exhibit typical behavior patterns and establish particular capacities (sparknotes.com). People pass through different stages and different orders of how it works with them, and the people who are teaching.
When children are born the development of their brain grow more and more each and every day. when learning the brain processes the material in which it is taught. Human brains will develop from birth to older ages then it has explained the reasons for different options and options and objects to understand things. There are keys to understanding what a child thinks and how they do things with their mind. No matter what we say or do, children from childbirth to young adults will make the decision where they do not know if it is right or wrong.
That is the reason why we have to understand of child development is essential because it allows us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social, and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood (verywell.com). Children want to be a part of the cool crowd, want to be a part of them and want to have the knowledge for school. People strive to be the best they can be even in their childhood. But the developmental psychologists strive to answer such questions as well as to understand, explain, and predict behaviors that occur throughout the lifespan (verywell.com). In order to understand human development, a number of different theories of child development have arisen to explain various aspects of human growth (verywell.com).
The theory is quite exciting and understands with details and studies. The brain works in many different ways, learning and decision making is the biggest qualities and or studies being made. One developmental theory that caught my eye was the Freud's Psychosexual Developmental Theory. it gives more details on what the theory is about. Freud's developmental theory is when child development occurs in a series of stages focused on different pleasure areas of the body and during each stage, the child encounters conflicts that play a significant role in the course of development (verywell.com).
The fundamental truth of any child's years and also the general aspect of the learning capabilities of a child or an adult, also providing the study abilities and fundamental learning capabilities for people throughout their whole life. But yet did we know the brain is growing from birth and time goes by, it will decay and die. The developmental theory is a very well thought to how children and adults learn. when we use.
Running Head LIFE SPAN PARENTING PROJECT1LIFE SPAN PARENTING.docxwlynn1
Running Head: LIFE SPAN PARENTING PROJECT 1
LIFE SPAN PARENTING PROJECT 2
Student's name: Emmanuel Domenech
Professor's name: Dr. Suzi Hundemer
Class: BEHS 343
Topic: Chapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Parenting (trait theory) Chapter 3: Approaches to parenting research(Group counseling and psychotherapy with children and adolescents)
Institution: University of Maryland University College
Date: June 9, 2019
Life Span Parenting Project
Children ought to be evaluated when it comes to their entire environment with the inclusion of whatever negative or positive parental influences that could exist, this is according to Group counseling and psychotherapy with children and adolescents. I have learned that one of the most refreshing impacts concerning parents is because mainly we work with their kids who are reaching the adolescent stage in regions of their personal/social, academic success, career development, and realm. Their work comprises of working in intervention and prevention (Denno et al., 2015). Counselors help students like who undergo rough times, for instance, in adolescent and help them in enlightening their skills of resilience to be equipped better in case of hitting tough times in the future.
The adolescent stage is characterized by uneven and dramatic integration of changes that are developmental into the day to day lives of young persons. Simultaneously, teenagers experience growing independence from their families, mood swings, and at times, rapidly increasing sexuality. The tasks of talking to them usually start within the units of the family. Often, as guardians, we tend to view our teens as fragile thus visit our pediatricians or doctors since we see them as people whom to seek advice from regarding both behavioral and physiologic issues (Shechtman, 2017). The ongoing relationship with the pediatrician and the family gives for enough prospects to offer support and guidance that is anticipated as our kids get into and move through the stage of adolescence.
Determinants of Parenting
As we all know, the parent-child relationship has a massive influence on most aspects of the development of a child. When behaviors, parenting skills, and optimal capabilities have a positive effect on the school achievement or self-esteem of a child, there is positive behavior and development on the kids.
Fig: Family-Based Therapy
Some other treatment programs that can be used to work in families include family therapy, family-centered therapy, or family-based therapy. These programs change from one to the other. These are effective when it comes to family counseling and help in coming to terms with the stage or any disorder that could arise in the process.
As far as I am concerned, therapy is vital when looking at parenting approaches. This is because when an individual is a child, through adolescent to when they mature to being adults, they require guideline on being better per.
Group 3- FSIE Typical and Atypical Development.pptxAbegailCope
Typical and Atypical development in Children. Typical development in children gives a generic picture of progress compared to same-age peers. Atypical development appears when a child either lags behind or jumps ahead of typical peer progress, in any regard -- physical, cognitive, social or in adaptive life skills.” (Anita Holms, 2000).
Running head DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY1DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY.docxsusanschei
Running head: DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY 1
DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY
Developmental Delay
Obinna Okwara
Southern New Hampshire University
Developmental Delay
Each kid unique and each grows in his or her particular pace and style. You may be concerned if your child is not yet slithering or strolling when numerous companions are as of now showing this ability. In any case, recall that there are varieties in common improvement. Is your newborn child or youngster demonstrating noteworthy postponements or diverse examples of accomplishing significant turning points? This could be an indication of a development issue. These are illustrations: children who cannot keep up sitting by the tenth month or a tyke whose legs get solid each time he tries to move over. Older children may also display atypical development if they are not ready to eat with utensils or dress or disrobe, or on the off chance that they experience difficulty cutting with scissors or drawing (Estes et al., 2009).
Developmental delay alludes to a youngster who is not accomplishing breakthroughs inside of the age scope of that typical variability. 'There are five key identifiers for the development issue that make up the formative points of the milestone. A youngster might have a formative postponement in one or a greater amount of these ranges:
Gross motor: utilizing a vast group of muscles to sit, stand, walk, and run, and so on. Keeping adjust and evolving positions.
Fine motor: using hands and fingers to have the capacity to eat, draw, dress, play, compose and do numerous different things.
Language: talking, using non-verbal communication and emotions, conveying and understanding what others say.
Cognitive: Thinking abilities including learning, understanding, critical thinking, thinking and recalling.
Social: Interacting with others, having associations with family, companions, and instructors, coordinating and reacting to the sentiments of others
Ways to identify child development delay
Development Screening: A developmental screening test is a rapid and general estimation of abilities. Its aim is to distinguish kids who need further assessment. A screening test is just intended to identify children who may have an issue. The screening test might either over-distinguish or under-recognize kids with delay (Estes et al., 2009).
Developmental Evaluation: A developmental evaluation is a long, inside and out the appraisal of a child's aptitudes and ought to be managed by an exceptionally prepared proficient, for example, a therapist. Evolution tests are used to make a profile of a child's qualities and shortcomings in every single development range (Estes et al., 2009).
Population
Commonly, there is an age extent of an entire where a child is required to take in these new capacities. In case, the customary age range for walking is 9 to 15 months, and a child still is not walking around 20 months, this would be seen as a developmental deferral. Parent of the influenced childr ...
1Introduction to Child DevelopmentCharlie EdwardsPhotodis.docxaulasnilda
1Introduction to Child Development
Charlie Edwards/Photodisc/Getty Images
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you should be able to:
ሁ Identify and distinguish between developmental domains.
ሁ Define and describe the five periods of child and adolescent development.
ሁ Trace the historical changes in the field of child development.
ሁ Identify and describe major developmental theories.
ሁ Differentiate among psychological theories of development and summarize major views.
Prologue
Prologue
About the time I started teaching child development, I was also a consultant at The Children’s
Corner, a “playcare” facility that my two young children attended. We employed certified child-
care professionals and a number of teaching assistants from a local university. Together they
cared for dozens of children, from newborn to age 5. At times, more than 100 children drifted
in and out of the facility on any particular day. Within a climate that increasingly emphasized
the importance of giving children an intellectual head start, our school remained an unstruc-
tured, open environment. It was child centered and focused on creativity and socialization.
Before leaving for work, I would go to different areas of the school and interact with the chil-
dren. Sometimes I would read to them; other times I would assist with art. I played on the
climbers and helped in the kitchen. The children were full of energy, curiosity, laughter, and
fun. It was a terrific way to start my day.
The children from The Children’s Corner have since grown up and undoubtedly have pursued
a variety of interests. Most of them are attending college or have begun to work. Some have
pursued careers in teaching, medicine, or engineering; others are musicians or artists, labor-
ers or technicians; a few are actors. Undoubtedly, some have mental disorders, and, sadly, the
odds are good that some of those cute toddlers have been addicted to drugs or have engaged
in more maladaptive behaviors, like committing criminal acts.
Individual and group factors have steered the children from that facility into widely diver-
gent paths. For many of us observers, these differences lead to perhaps the most fascinating
question in psychology: What makes us all so distinct? Even children raised in the same envi-
ronment often lead lives that are different in so many ways. Siblings are often motivated by
different ideals and hold opposing positions on social issues, personal principles, or politics.
They have different personalities, physical abilities, and intellectual pursuits.
My own children, though raised in similar environments, are both alike and different. My
son, Max, was an early talker and used words to learn about the world; during infancy and
early childhood, he would talk to everyone. By contrast, my daughter, Mariana, did not say
much during her first 2 years. She was content to take in the world silently through her eyes
and ears, which many obser ...
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SFK ORGANIZATION .docxelishaoatway
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SFK ORGANIZATION 1
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SFK ORGANIZATION 6
Problem Identification and Recommendation for SFK Organization
Student’s Name
Institution
Date
Introduction and problem statement
From the case, it is apparent that SFK-NY is one of the non-profit organization that is striving a lot to ensure that its mission of empowering the human spirit in every child is achieved. The case indicates that there is a huge gap in the society concerning the human spirit and hence SFK-NY has done its best to fill this gap. However, a closer look at the case reveals that the SFK-NY has not yet achieved its goal or rather its missions and vision. The vision statement for the organization is “One World, Every Child” (Vallas and Sherman, 2012). According to the case, it is stated that the mission of ensuring that the vision “ One World, Every Child” is achieved would only be complete when every child and young adult in the target region has participated in the SFK-YK program (Vallas and Sherman, 2012). This is because for all the children to learn he tools to help them make wise choices that provide them with certainty, happiness, concern for the well-being of others, the organization needs to invest a lot not only in employing personnel but also in expanding their project worldwide.
Expanding the program worldwide would need an enormous amount of money. Given that the SFK-YK is a non-profit organization, it means that it does not get capital from the services they offer. This is because they do not charge the beneficiaries for the services they get. The organization, according to the case, depends on donations from individuals, corporations, foundations, groups, clubs, and organization as well as their own fundraising from special events. Despite the fact that the organization gets a lot of assistance from well-wishers and clubs, the organizational Advisory Board and the director argue that their major concern is that SFK is not generating as much revenue through fundraising to support the current operation. They are also concerned that the organization is gaining a lot of popularity and that because of this, it is likely that it may experience massive growth. The board is also claiming that the cost for every student is approximately $300 per program, which is too much because every student needs to finish level 1,2 and even 3 depending on the availability of funding. This essay will support why lack of finance is the major strategic obstacle to the SFK-YK Program.
Body and discussion
One way in which an organization can achieve its strategic goal is by ensuring that all the factors of production are available and that they are put in proper use. Similarly, SFK-YK, despite offering the best and most popular services, must ensure that the factors of production are in place and that they are being utilized accordingly. Closer look at the case reveals that capital and resour.
Problem Set #2 SCOR470 Fall 2015 Topics Soil water pote.docxelishaoatway
Problem Set #2
SCOR470 Fall 2015
Topics: Soil water potential, unit conversions, soil water content
Honor code opportunity- It is required that the work you are turning in is your effort. In addition,
you may wish to sign the honor code statement. Declining to sign this statement will not count
against you.
"I have not given, received, or used any unauthorized assistance."
Signature
1. Unit conversions
a. You are curious about the matric potential of an air-dried soil. This depends on the
relative humidity of the air of course but you find a value of -2.20 x 105 J/Kg in a journal
article. Express this in MPa and m. (Note that the permanent wilting point for plants is
typically assumed to be -1.5 MPa.)
b. You need a value for the osmotic pressure of maple tree sap and find a table in a
reliable older reference stating 2.23 x 106 erg/cm3. Convert this to m, ft., and Pa.
c. Your grandfather’s WWII submarine could withstand about 1.5 MPa of water
pressure. Assuming a saltwater density of 1.03 g/cm3, calculate the crush-depth of the
submarine in m and ft.
2. a. Calculate the energy/volume (in J/m3) of water a plant root must overcome to withdraw
water laterally from a soil with a matric potential of -15000 cm with an EC of 8 dS/m.
b. Assuming 15 oC, calculate the relative humidity in the soil air for the soil in part (a).
Note that this soil is near the wilting point for many plants.
Helpful information: The EC, electrical conductivity, is a measure of the total dissolved salts in a
system. For a wide range of soils, the following empirical relationship relates the EC of the soil
solution to the osmotic pressure (Π) of the solution; Π(bars)= 0.36 x EC (dS/m). The EC unit is
decisiemen per meter.
3. Consider a soil profile above a shallow water table:
clay loam
water table
loamy sand
loam
silt loam
0.40 m
0.30 m
0.15 m
0.20 m
Soil surface
Suppose the θ(h) in this profile is described by the Brooks-Corey formulation:
θ(h) = θS for |h| ≤ |he|
θ(h) = (θS -θr)[(he/h)
λ] + θr for |h| > |he|
Using the parameters in the following table, calculate and plot the equilibrium water content
profile, θ(z), from the soil surface to the water table.
4. The following system is at equilibrium. Determine each component of the total soil water
potential in energy/volume and energy/weight at the points indicated (A, B, …). If a component
is zero, state why.
Soil
θS
θr
|he|
(cm)
λ
Silt Loam
0.49
0.10
12
0.21
Loamy sand
0.40
0.02
3
0.47
Loam
0.44
0.05
7
0.23
Clay loam
0.51
0.14
19
0.18
Loamy
sand Clay loam
A∙ B∙
Semi-permeable
membrane
Soils slightly saline
EC=0.75 dS/m
Pair(abso.
Problem descriptionThe Jim Thornton Coffee House chain is .docxelishaoatway
Problem description
The Jim Thornton Coffee House chain is planning expansion into Calgary. It has selected many
possible sites for new coffee houses. The possible sites are joined by roads that form a spanning tree.
To eliminate competition with itself, the company has determined that it should not choose two
sites that are adjacent in this tree. From its market evaluation, the company has also determined
the expected profit per year for each site. Your job is to determine what sites Jim Thornton should
choose for his coffee houses.
a. Define this problem precisely, by defining the required Input and the required Output. Use
mathematical notation.
b. Write a recursive equation for the function that maximizes the profit per year. Include a
short argument that your equation is correct.
c. Write an efficient algorithm that computes the maximum profit per year, and also computes
the sites that should be chosen. Your algorithm should run in time that is polynomial in the
input size.
d. What is the asymptotic running time of your algorithm? Defend your answer.
Your algorithm and proofs should be precise and concise (as well, of course, as correct.) Elegance
of your solution counts.
2
CPSC 413 — Winter, 2013
Home Work Exercise #8
March 16, 2013
1. Exercise 1 Chapter 6, page 312 of the textbook.
Answer:
(a) A counterexample is given in Figure 1. The given algorithm finds an independent set of
weight 8. However, the maximum total weight is 10 by adding the nodes at two ends to
the independent set.
5 58
Figure 1: A counterexample to the algorithm of 1(a)
(b) A counterexample is given in Figure 2. The given algorithm finds an independent set of
weight 11. However, the maximum total weight is 19 by adding the nodes at two ends to
the independent set.
10 12 9
Figure 2: A counterexample to the algorithm of 1(b)
(c) Input: An array A = (a1, . . . , an) of n integers. (I use “array” rather than “set” here
because the elements in a set do not have the notion of order.)
Output: A set S = {aα1, . . . , aαm} ⊆ A, which satisfies
(1)
m∑
i=1
aαi is maximum;
(2) ∀i ∈ {1, . . . , m}, ̸ ∃j ∈ {1, . . . , m} s.t. |αi − αj| = 1.
Optimization function. Indset[i] denotes the maximum independent set of an array with
i positive integers (a1, . . . , ai). Let OPT [i] denote the total weight of Indset[i]. The
optimization function is
OPT [0] = 0, OPT [1] = max{0, a1},
OPT [i] =
{
OPT [i − 1] if OPT [i − 1] ≥ OPT [i − 2] + ai
OPT [i − 2] + ai otherwise
Correctness of the optimization function. It is trivial if n = 0 or 1. When n ≥ 2, there
are two cases to be considered. Case 1: Indset[n] includes an. Then Indset[n] must not
include an−1. And Indset[n]−{an} must be a maximum independent set of (a1, . . . , an−2).
This can be easily verified by a replacement argument. If the statement is not true, then
the total weight of Indset[n] − {an} is less than OPT [n − 2]. Then Indset[n − 2] ∪ {an}
has total weight larger than Indset[n] does, and this co.
Problem 5The probability distributions for inter-arrival a.docxelishaoatway
Problem 5
The probability distributions for inter-arrival and service times for the help desk for a loan application center are given below. Assume that the first customer calls at time 9AM and that no one is being served or waiting to be served when the first customer calls. Simulate the arrival and service for 10 customers for one and two service representatives starting at 9AM. Determine the average customer waiting time for each of the two situations? The probability distributions for inter-arrival time and service time are given below. Write random numbers in the tables below. Use the table on the next page for simulating the one-representative case and the two-representative cases.
Inter-arrival time (min)
Probability
1
0.20
1
20
2
0.20
21
40
3
0.10
41
50
5
0.10
51
60
7
0.20
61
80
10
0.20
81
100
Service time (min)
Probability
3
0.40
1
40
5
0.30
41
70
8
0.15
71
85
15
0.05
86
90
20
0.05
91
95
25
0.05
95
100
Two-employee Case
One-employee Case
Representative 1
Representative 2
Customer Number
Random Number
Inter-arrival Time
Call Time
Random Number
Service Time
Service Begins
Service Ends
Waiting Time
Service Begins
Service Ends
Service Begins
Service Ends
Waiting Time
1
9:00
40
-
-
2
45
17
-
-
3
91
86
-
-
4
31
38
-
-
5
37
55
6
97
13
7
70
21
8
19
59
9
68
29
-
-
10
59
77
-
-
Running head: EMPLOYEE NEEDS ASSESSMENT
1
EMPLOYEE NEEDS ASSESSMENT
EMPLOYEE NEEDS ASSESSMENT
Employee Needs assessment
Sharon Sweeney Wallace
Capella University
Instructor: Lori White
May 19, 2013
Employee Needs assessment
Organizations have long recognized that employees make contributions through a work behavior that leads to measurable performance. The appraisal process helps management assess this contribution as well as identify areas that need improvement. As a formal process, appraisal is a part of a performance system designed to manage an organizations human resources. The growing complexity of customer, employee and management relationships requires a new leadership paradigm. This is certainly true in today’s highly competitive market place where a premium is placed on the development of human capital. Management of today’s workforce has been made more difficult by the implementation of the contemporary business practices such as downsizing, reengineering, Total Quality Management (TQM), employee empowerment and team performance systems. These changes have altered the dynamics of the traditional management and employee relationships. The increase in layoffs globally has placed organizations in a more complicated position to manage their workforces. Business organizations have continued to develop sophisticated performance management systems to manage their human resources and to identify leaders to sustain growth of the company (Kusluvan, 2003).
Employee performance can be improved in many ways. E.
Problem 4-6 Calculating Internal Growth [LO3]The most recent fin.docxelishaoatway
Problem 4-6 Calculating Internal Growth [LO3]
The most recent financial statements for Live Co. are shown here:
Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Sales
$
16,300
Current assets
$
10,900
Debt
$
15,400
Costs
11,700
Fixed assets
26,250
Equity
21,750
Taxable income
$
4,600
Total
$
37,150
Total
$
37,150
Taxes (40%)
1,840
Net income
$
2,760
Assets and costs are proportional to sales. Debt and equity are not. The company maintains a constant 20 percent dividend payout ratio. No external financing is possible.
What is the internal growth rate? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
Internal growth rate
%
2. Problem 4-7 Calculating Sustainable Growth [LO3]
The most recent financial statements for Live Co. are shown here:
Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Sales
$
16,200
Current assets
$
10,600
Debt
$
15,100
Costs
12,400
Fixed assets
25,500
Equity
21,000
Taxable income
$
3,800
Total
$
36,100
Total
$
36,100
Taxes (40%)
1,520
Net income
$
2,280
Assets and costs are proportional to sales. Debt and equity are not. The company maintains a constant 25 percent dividend payout ratio. No external equity financing is possible.
What is the sustainable growth rate? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
Sustainable growth rate
%
3. Problem 4-8 Sales and Growth [LO2]
The most recent financial statements for Mc Govney Co. are shown here:
Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Sales
$
52,600
Current assets
$
23,200
Long-term debt
$
54,000
Costs
42,300
Fixed assets
93,000
Equity
62,200
Taxable income
$
10,300
Total
$
116,200
Total
$
116,200
Taxes (34%)
3,502
Net income
$
6,798
Assets and costs are proportional to sales. The company maintains a constant 40 percent dividend payout ratio and a constant debt–equity ratio.
What is the maximum increase in sales that can be sustained assuming no new equity is issued? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
Maximum increase in sales
$
4. Problem 4-16 Full-Capacity Sales [LO1]
Alter Bridge Mfg., Inc., is currently operating at only 78 percent of fixed asset capacity. Current sales are $840,000. How fast can sales grow before any new fixed assets are needed? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your final answer to 2 decimal places. (e.g., 32.16))
Maximum sales growth
%
5. Problem 4-17 Fixed Assets and Capacity Usage [LO1]
Alter Bridge Mfg., Inc., is currently operating at only 88 percent of fixed asset capacity. Current sales are $760,000. Fixed assets are $460,000 and sales are projected .
PROBLEM 8-18a. Fill in the worksheet with the appropriate value.docxelishaoatway
PROBLEM 8-18:
a. Fill in the worksheet with the appropriate values, provide footnotes with calculations as appropriate;
Davis Corporation
Accounting Equation
Event
Assets
=
Liabilities
Stockholders’ Equity
Cash
=
Div. . Pay .
+
Pfd.
Stk.
+
Com. Stk.
+
PIC in Exc. PS
+
PIC in Exc.
CS
Trea-sury Stock
+
Ret. Earn.
Acct. Title R/E
2012
1/2
1/15
2/14
12/31
12/31
12/31*
Bal.
=
+
+
+
+
+
2013
1/31
3/1
6/1
12/31
12/31
12/31**
Bal.
=
+
+
+
+
+
Footnotes: * :
Footnotes: **:
b. Fill in the worksheet with the appropriate values;
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred Stock, $50 par value, 5% cumulative, 50,000 shares authorized, 1,000 shares issued and outstanding
Common Stock, $10 par value, 100,000 shares authorized, 20,000 shares issued and outstanding
Paid-In Capital in Excess of ParPreferred Stock
Paid-In Capital in Excess of ParCommon Stock
Total Paid-In Capital
Retained Earnings
Total Stockholders’ Equity
c. Fill in the worksheet with the appropriate values;
Davis Corporation
Balance Sheet
As of December 31, 2013
Assets
Cash
Total Assets
Liabilities
Dividends Payable
Total Liabilities
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred Stock, $50 par value, 5% cumulative, 50,000 shares authorized, 3,000 shares issued and outstanding
Common Stock, $10 par value, 100,000 shares authorized, 20,000 shares issued, 19,500 shares outstanding
Paid-In Capital in Excess of ParPreferred Stock
Paid-In Capital in Excess of ParCommon Stock
Total Paid-In Capital
Retained Earnings2
Less: Treasury Stock
Total Stockholders’ Equity
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
PROBLEM 8-23:
This problem requires a brief memo, the completed schedules below and discussions;
Advantages
Disadvantages
Partnership
Ease of formation
Less regulation
Lower effective tax rate
Limited life
Mutual agency
Unlimited liability
Corporation
Unlimited life
Limited liability
Capital easier to acquire & ownership easily transferred
More regulation
Higher effective tax rate
Partnership
Corporation
Income before taxes
Tax at entity level (30%)
Net income distributed to owners
Less: Individual income tax (30%/15%)
After-tax cash flow
After-tax cash flow available to each investor*
Effective tax rate*
* show calculations
PROBLEM 7-26:
a. Fill in the worksheet with the appropriate values, provide footnotes with calculations as appropriate;
Artesia Co.
Effect of Events on the General Ledger
2012 and 2013
Asset.
PROBLEM 5-5BPrepare a correct detailed multiple-step income st.docxelishaoatway
PROBLEM 5-5B
Prepare a correct detailed multiple-step income statement. Assume a tax rate of 25%.
WRIGHT COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Month Ended December 31, 2014
Sales Revenues
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Net Sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Amount
Operating Expenses
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Total operating expenses
Amount
Income from operations
Amount
Other revenues and gains
Account title
Amount
Other expenses and losses
Account title
Amount
Amount (Total)
Income before income taxes
Income tax expense
Net Income
P5-5B
An inexperienced accountant prepared this condensed income statement for
Wright Company, a retail firm that has been in business for a number of years.
WRIGHT COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Revenues
Net sales $952,000
Other revenues 16,000
968,000
Cost of goods sold 548,000
Gross profit 420,000
Operating expenses
Selling expenses 160,000
Administrative expenses
104,000
264,000
Net earnings $156,000
As an experienced, knowledgeable accountant, you review the statement and determine
the following facts.
1. Net sales consist of sales $972,000, less freight-out on merchandise sold $20,000.
2. Other revenues consist of sales discounts $12,000 and interest revenue $4,000.
3. Selling expenses consist of salespersons’ salaries $88,000; depreciation on equip-
ment $4,000; sales returns and allowances $46,000; advertising $12,000; and sales
commissions $10,000. All compensation should be recorded as Salaries and Wages
Expense.
4. Administrative expenses consist of office salaries $54,000; dividends $14,000; utili-
ties $13,000; interest expense $3,000; and rent expense $20,000, which includes
prepayments totaling $2,000 for the first month of 2015. The utilities represent
utilities paid. At December 31, utility expense of $3,000 has been incurred but not
paid.
Problem 6-2B
(a) Determine the Cost of Goods Available for Sale
Date
Explanation
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Total
(b) Determine the ending inventory and cost of goods sold under each of the assumed cost flow methods. Prove the accuracy of the cost of goods sold under FIFO and LIFO.
FIFO
(1) Ending Inventory
(2) Cost of Goods Sold
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Cost of goods available for sale
Amount
Amount
Amount
Less: ending inventory
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
Cost of Goods Sold
Amount
Proof of Cost of Goods Sold (FIFO)
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
LIFO
(1) Ending Inventory
(2) Cost of Goods Sold
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Cost of goods available for sale
Amount
Amount
Amount
Less: ending inventory
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
Cost of Goods Sold
Amo.
Problem BackgroundYour project consists of six activities show.docxelishaoatway
Problem Background
Your project consists of six activities shown in the table below, along with: (1) planned start and finish dates; (2) activity budgets; and (3) earned value (EV) accrual rules from you project cost management plan.
Activity
Planned Start
Planned Finish
Budget
EV Accrual Rule
Activity One
Mon - 10/13/14
Fri - 10/31/14 (
10,000
Percent Complete with Gates
Activity Two
Mon - 10/20/14
Fri -11/28/14
30,000
Fixed Formula -50/50
Activity Three
Mon -11/3/14
Fri -11/14/14
7,000
Fixed Formula -20/80
Activity Four
Mon -10/13/14
Fri -11/14/14
20,000
Weighted Milestones
Activity Five
Mon 11/17/14
Fri - 12/5/14
10,000
Fixed Formula – 0/100
Activity Six
Mon -12/8/14
Fri -12/19/14
7,000
Fixed Formula – 0/100
Activity Two has a start-to-start relationship (one week lag time) with Activity One. Activity Three has a finish-to-start relationship with Activity One. Activity Five has finish-to-start relationships with activities Three and Four. Activity Six has finish-to-start relationships with activities Two and Five.
Assumptions
1. Assume a five-day work week.
2. For all activities (except Activity Four), assume the expenditure rate is constant over the duration of the activity, i.e.:
For Activity Four, assume the expenditure profile shown below:
The project sponsor wants you (the PM) to present a project cost and schedule performance assessment using data through Friday, Nov 7, 2014. You have collected the following information:
Activity
Actual Start
Actual Finish
Actual Cost
Activity One
Mon - 10/13/14
Fri - 11/3/14
12,000
Activity Two
Mon - 10/20/14
12,000
Activity Three
Mon -11/4/14
4,000
Activity Four
Mon -10/13/14
20,000
Activity Five
0
Activity Six
0
For Activity One, three equally-valued gates have been established and all gates are complete as of 11/7/14.
For Activity Four, four milestones have been established with the following values: (1) milestone 1 – 30%; milestone 2- 30%; milestone 3 – 10%; milestone 4 -30%. Three of the milestones are complete as of 11/7/14.
Show all work. Round dollar values to the nearest dollar. Calculate all other variables to three decimal places.
1. Earned Value Measures
a. Calculate earned value measures for each activity and for the cumulative project as of 11/7/14; fill in the table below:
Activity
Planned Value (PV)
Earned Value (EV)
Actual Cost (AC)
Activity One
12,000
Activity Two
12,000
Activity Three
4,000
Activity Four
20,000
Activity Five
0
Activity Six
0
Entire Project
48,000
ExpendituresTime
ExpendituresWeeks123455.5K3.0K
.
Problem 8-2B(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanati.docxelishaoatway
Problem 8-2B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations. (Note, enter all accounts in one box. The dates have been included to help with formatting).
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
1
2
3
4
5
(b) Enter the January 1, 2014 balances in Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Post the transactions to the ledger T Accounts
Be sure to post the amounts to the correct side of the T-Account!
Accounts Receivable
Bal.
(2)
(1)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(5)
Bal.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
(4)
Bal.
(5)
Bal.
(c) Prepare the journal entry to record bad debt expense for 2014, assuming that aging the accounts receivable indicates that expected bad debts are $140,000.
Balance needed $
Balance before adjustment [see (b)]
Adjustment required $
The journal entry would therefore be as follows:
(d) Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratios:
Enter your answer here
Average Collection Period:
Enter your answer here
Problem 8-6B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations. (Note, enter all accounts in one box. The dates have been included to help with formatting).
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
5
20
Feb 18
Apr 20
30
May 25
Aug 18
Sept. 1
Problem 9-2B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations. (Note, enter all accounts in one box. The dates have been included to help with formatting).
If there are two entries for the same day, then you do not need to enter the date again.
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
April 1
May 1
May 1
June 1
Sept 1
PART B
Dec 31
31
(c) Partial Balance Sheet
TONG CORPORATION
Partial Balance Sheet
December 31, 2014
Assets
Plant assets
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title (or contra account)
Amount
Total plant assets
Amount
Problem 9-7B
(a)
BUS 1
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
BUS 2
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
BUS 3
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
(b)
BUS 2
Year
Depreciation Expense
Amount
Amount
.
Problem B Regulatory Compliance 1 No.docxelishaoatway
Problem B: Regulatory Compliance
1
Note: All character and company names are fictional and are not intended to
depict any actual person or business.
Knowing that mergers may require a dramatic change in company culture,
you realize that you need to meet with the human resources (HR) and
leadership teams because they will play important roles in the merger. The
leadership team will drive the change, and the HR team will be charged with
managing the change. You have scheduled a meeting with Steve Maine, your
vice president at ALTAP consulting, to consult with him on this project.
“Thanks for meeting me today, Steve,” you begin. “I need to talk through
some of the issues before meeting with the HR and leadership teams at
UWEAR and PALEDENIM. The merger is going well, but it is becoming
apparent that there are some significant change issues that need to be
addressed.”
“I’ve heard good things about your work on this project,” Steve answers. “I’m
sure you have it under control, but I’ll be happy to help where I can.”
“We are dealing with the issues of joining together two very disparate
companies,” you explain. “On the one hand, UWEAR is public and has 100
employees; on the other hand, PALEDENIM is private with only 15
employees. They basically provide the same type of service, but they are
completely different businesses in how they operate inside and outside of the
company.”
You continue, “Yes, and both the employees and managers of each company
have different philosophies and expectations. PALEDENIM employees and
managers have a kind of ‘one-for-all and all-for-one’ attitude. They all chip in
to get the job done. The UWEAR employees and managers look at things
differently. They’re more apt to do their jobs, get them done, and go home
without consideration for what else the rest of the team needs to complete.”
“That is definitely a culture issue,” Steve agrees. “In fact, that is the classic
definition of a culture issue. I’m sure they’re also dealing with the typical
power struggles. I bet everyone is worried about whether their department
will be headed by a UWEAR manager or a PALEDENIM manager.”
Problem B: Regulatory Compliance
2
“Exactly,” you say. “I know the intention of the merger is to benefit both
companies, but there are unintended consequences as well. We need to do
whatever we can to help the employees of both companies get through this
with the fewest glitches possible.”
Analysis
Assessing poverty–deforestation links: Evidence from Swat, Pakistan
Shaheen Rafi Khan a, Shahrukh Rafi Khan b,⁎
a Sustainable Development Policy Institute, P. O. Box 1091, Islamabad, Pakistan
b Department of Economics, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College Street, South Hadley, MA 01075-1481, USA
a b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 5 June 2008
Received in revised form 21 January 2009
Accepted 16 April 2009
Available online 21 May 2009
Keywords:
Ecolo.
PROBLEM 3-22EventProduct CostsPeriod Costsa.b..docxelishaoatway
PROBLEM 3-22
Event
Product Costs
Period Costs
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
PROBLEM 3-25 a.
Event No.
Event Type
Event No.
Event Type
1a.
5a.
1b.
5b.
2.
6.
3.
7.
4a.
8.
4b.
b.
Jeater Company Horizontal Statements Model - 2012
Balance Sheet
Income Statement
Statement of
Event
No.
Cash
+
Accts. Rec.
+
Mdse. Inv.
=
Accts. Pay
+
Comm
Stock
+
Ret. Earn.
Rev.
(
Exp.
=
Net Inc.
Cash
Flows
Bal.
1a.
1b.
2.
3.1
4a.
4b.
5a.
5b.
6.
7. 2
8.
Bal.
1
2
PROBLEM 3-25
c.
Jeater Company
Financial Statements
For the Year Ended December 31, 2012
Income Statement
Net Sales
Cost of Goods Sold
Gross Margin
Operating Expenses
Transportation-out
Operating/Net Income
Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
Beginning Common Stock
Plus: Stock Issued
Ending Common Stock
Beginning Retained Earnings
Plus: Net Income
Ending Retained Earnings
Total Stockholders’ Equity
PROBLEM 3-25 c. (cont.)
Jeater Company
Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
As of December 31, 2012
Assets
Cash
Merchandise Inventory
Total Assets
Liabilities
Stockholders’ Equity
Common Stock
Retained Earnings
Total Stockholders’ Equity
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2012
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Inflow from Customers*
Outflow for Inventory**
Outflow for Expenses
Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Net Change in Cash
Plus: Beginning Cash Balance
Ending Cash Balance
*
**
Students-�Enter a check mark or ‘X’ to indicate the appropriate cost type for each event.
Students-�3-25(a) - Indicate the Event Type (AS, AU, AE, or CE) for each event.��3-25(b) – Fill in each cell in the table. Use ‘NA’ for not affected. Cash Flows are either ‘OA’, ‘IA’, ‘FA’, or ‘NA’. Indicate cash flow amounts. For entries #3 and #7, provide calculation notes 1 and 2 as shown.
Students-�3-25(c) – Provide the correct entries in the appropriate cells.
You are using ‘Vertical Statements’ here. Show indented balances where appropriate.��Show calculations where asterisks (*) appear. �
PROBLEM 4-20
Superior Auto Supply, Inc.
Bank Reconciliation
May 31, 2012
Unadjusted Bank Balance, May 31, 2012
Add: Deposits in Transit
Bank Error
Less: Outstanding Checks
#
True Cash Balance, May 31, 2012
Unadjusted Book Balance, May 31, 2012
*
Add: Not.
Problem 3 15 pointsThe following items were taken from the po.docxelishaoatway
Problem 3: 15% points:
The following items were taken from the post adjusted trial balance of Flop Company. (All balances are normal.)
Mortgage payable $ 1,443 Accumulated depreciation 3,655
Prepaid expenses 880 Accounts payable 1,200
Equipment 11,000 Notes payable after 2016 1,444
Long-term investments 1,100 Flop’s capital 10,480
Short-term investments 1,756 Accounts receivable 2,690
Notes payable in 2015 1,000 Inventories 2,100
Cash 1,696 Service Revenue 9,000
Rent Expense 1,000 Wages Expense 5,000
Utilities Expense 1,000
Instructions: Prepare a classified balance sheet in good form as of December 31, 2014.
Problem 4: 10% points:
Prepare journal entries to record the following transactions entered into by Flip Company:
2012
June 1 Accepted a $10,000, 12%, 1-year note from Flop as full payment on her account.
Nov. 1 Sold merchandise on account to Flap, Inc. for $12,000, terms 2/10, n/30.
Nov. 5 Flap, Inc. returned merchandise worth $500.
Nov. 9 Received payment in full from Flap, Inc.
Dec. 31 Accrued interest on Flop's note.
2013
June 1 Flop honored her promissory note by sending the face amount plus interest. No interest has been accrued in 2013
Problem 5: 10% points:
Flip Company purchased equipment on July 1, 2011 for $90,000. It is estimated that the equipment will have a $5,000 salvage value at the end of its 5-year useful life. It is also estimated that the equipment will produce 125,000 units over its 5-year life.
Instructions
Answer the following independent questions.
1. Compute the amount of depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2011, using the straight-line method of depreciation.
2. If 14,000 units of product are produced in 2011 and 26,000 units are produced in 2012, what is the book value of the equipment at December 31, 2012? The company uses the units-of-activity depreciation method.
3. If the company uses the double-declining-balance method of depreciation, what is the balance of the Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment account at December 31, 2013?
Problem 6: 10% points:
Flip earns a salary of $7,500 per month during the year. FICA taxes are 8% on the first $100,000 of gross earnings. Federal unemployment insurance taxes are 6.2% of the first $7,000; however, a credit is allowed equal to the state unemployment insurance taxes of 5.4% on the $7,000. During the year, $25,600 was withheld for federal income taxes and $5,700 was withheld for state income taxes.
Instructions
(a) Prepare a journal entry summarizing the payment of Flip’s total salary during the year.
(b) Prepare a journal entry summarizing the employer payroll tax expense on Flip’s salary for the year.
(c) Determine the cost of employing Flip for the year.
MBA Management Report (BU7757) Supervisor’s Handbook - Steve Page
Department of
Business, Strategy & Entrepreneurship
Module Handbook 2013 - 2014
Module Code: BU7757
Module Title: MBA Management Project
Tutor: Steve PageAbstract
This guide addresses two p.
Problem 3-1A Identifying adjusting entries with explanations LO C3.docxelishaoatway
Problem 3-1A Identifying adjusting entries with explanations LO C3, P1
For each of the following entries, enter the letter of the explanation that most closely describes
it in the space beside each entry. (You can use letters more than once.)
A.
To record receipt of unearned revenue.
B.
To record this period's earning of prior unearned revenue.
C.
To record payment of an accrued expense.
D.
To record receipt of an accrued revenue.
E.
To record an accrued expense.
F.
To record an accrued revenue.
G.
To record this period's use of a prepaid expense.
H.
To record payment of a prepaid expense.
I.
To record this period's depreciation expense.
lanation
Journal Entries
Debit
Credit
Interest Expense
1,000
Interest Payable
1,000
Depreciation Expense
4,000
Accumulated Depreciation
4,000
Unearned Professional Fees
3,000
Professional Fees Earned
3,000
Insurance Expense
4,200
Prepaid Insurance
4,200
Salaries Payable
1,400
Cash
1,400
Prepaid Rent
4,500
Cash
4,500
Salaries Expense
6,000
Salaries Payable
6,000
Interest Receivable
5,000
Interest Revenue
5,000
Cash
9,000
Accounts Receivable (from consulting)
9,000
Cash
7,500
Unearned Professional Fees
7,500
Cash
2,000
Interest Receivable
2,000
Rent Expense
2,000
Prepaid Rent
2,000
Problem 3-3A Preparing adjusting entries, adjusted trial balance, and financial statements LO A1, P1, P2, P3
[The following information applies to the questions displayed below.]
Wells Technical Institute (WTI), a school owned by Tristana Wells, provides training to individuals who pay tuition directly to the school. WTI also offers training to groups in off-site locations. Its unadjusted trial balance as of December 31, 2013, follows. WTI initially records prepaid expenses and unearned revenues in balance sheet accounts. Descriptions of items a through h that require adjusting entries on December 31, 2013, follow.
Additional Information Items
a.
An analysis of WTI's insurance policies shows that $2,400 of coverage has expired.
b.
An inventory count shows that teaching supplies costing $2,800 are available at year-end 2013.
c.
Annual depreciation on the equipment is $13,200.
d.
Annual depreciation on the professional library is $7,200.
e.
On November 1, WTI agreed to do a special six-month course (starting immediately) for a client. The contract calls for a monthly fee of $2,500, and the client paid the first five months' fees in advance. When the cash was received, the Unearned Training Fees account was credited. The fee for the sixth month will be recorded when it is collected in 2014.
f.
On October 15, WTI agreed to teach a four-month class (beginning immediately) for an individual for $3,000 tuition per month payable at the end of the class. The class started on October 15, but no payment has yet been received. (WTI's accruals are applied to the nearest half-month; for example, October recognizes one-half month accrual.)
.
Essay 21) Describe the opportunities and challenges posed by the d.docxelishaoatway
Essay 2
1) Describe the opportunities and challenges posed by the diversity of the U.S. population.
2) Evaluate the roles of population density and where people live in U.S. politics.
3) Define the term "realigning election." As a part of your answer, describe such an election, the events leading up to it, and its result
.
Essay 11) Evaluate the Articles of Confederation as a guide for su.docxelishaoatway
Essay 1
1) Evaluate the Articles of Confederation as a guide for successful democracy in the United States.
2) Establish the link between the growth of the national government and changes in federalism as practiced in the United States
3) How did the role of government in people's lives change during the Great Depression? Be sure to explain conditions before the New Deal and the Great Depression as part of your answer.
.
Essay (1) QuestionWhat is the so-called Machine Age How was it .docxelishaoatway
Essay (1) Question
What is the so-called "Machine Age"? How was it associated with alienation? Describe some works by Demuth and Stella that illustrate the qualities of the machine age. Comment on how this alienation permeates the other arts as it does early twentieth century culture in general.
Essay (2) Question
2.
Frank Lloyd Wright was one of the most influential architects of the 20th century. Using the images and plans of the Bauhaus and German Pavilion, discuss the importance of Wright for Gropius and Mies. What do their buildings share with the Robie House? How do they depart from Wright’s example? Consider the way space is defined, the overall appearance of the buildings, the types of materials used, the relationship between the interior and the exterior, and the way the visitor encounters each of the structures.
ART /330
Instructions
Each essay must consist of at least 700 words (this equals two double-spaced pages in Times New Roman font 12). Where appropriate, information must be properly documented in MLA style.
.
Essay #2 addresses some topic in the broad scope of Transcendentalis.docxelishaoatway
Essay #2 addresses some topic in the broad scope of Transcendentalism.
Essay #2 has similar parameters -- length/outside source requirements, drafting process -- as Essay #1.
You are always free to develop your own topic approach within the Transcendentalism topic.
Some suggestive options:
1) Analyze Thoreau's "Civil Disobedience" in light of a contemporary example or figure or incident in the tradition of American civil disobedience.
2) Analyze the persuasive and rhetorical strategies of one of the transcendental pieces (or King's "Letter") that we have read. You might look at issues of audience, style, emotional vs./and rational appeal, appeals to history/tradition or rejection of history/tradtion, metaphoric style, tone and so forth. If you deem them successful, why/how do they succeed in arguing their points? What might be points of counterargument or criticism or weaknesses in their approach? Does it work as a piece of argument/writing?
3) Pick one (or several if you feel it's appropriate) key concepts or quotes from a work (or several works) and discuss the concept/quote in terms of how it has evolved or put it in larger context. How have these words taken form in our laws, practice, literature, or culture? Where are the gaps between the great ideals of these writers' words and the reality of their times and/or ours? e.g. How might MLK (in light of his "Letter") feel about the society and civil rights situation we see today?
4) You could pick one, two, or three key themes from any of the works and discuss how the text fleshes out these themes and why they are important to our understanding of the period, or the particular writer, or to transcendentalism as a movement, or to American tradition or literature and so forth.
5) You could pick a theme which runs through several of the texts (for example, something about the role or nature of the individual) and trace it through its different configuration and representations.
Essay length: 4-5 pages -- again, I'm always more concerned with minimum than limiting any maximum length.
Include outside critical sources.
MLA documentation
.
Essay # 2 The Tempest Prompt4-5 pages (MLA format)Char.docxelishaoatway
Essay # 2
The Tempest
Prompt
4-5 pages (
MLA format)
Character:
The Tempest
presents a variety of characters who manipulate each other, raising questions about personal agency and autonomy.
How are characters formed as the result of other characters’ direct influence?
How might the text mirror our own experiences of identity formation?
Perhaps the text suggests that we can never be autonomous individuals due to the ease by which we are influenced by others.
Do you agree or disagree with this claim?
Be sure to support your position with concrete examples; these examples may come from your personal experience and observations, but you should also use the main text of
The Tempest
as the basis for each of your claims.
(Terms to define in the paper: agency, autonomy, influence)
*NOTE: For body paragraph please follow the format of
1.Topic sentence
2.Evidence /example (Text, Personal)
3.Analysis
4. Link/ tie back to thesis
.
Es la actividad que hacemos con pecesEs un animal blanco y negro q.docxelishaoatway
Es la actividad que hacemos con peces
Es un animal blanco y negro que huele muy mal
Es un lugar que no tiene agua
Es un fenómeno natural donde la temperatura del mundo sube
Son cosas que usamos para energia
Es algo malo que contamina la tierra agua o plantas
Es un bosque tropical
Es un tipo de bote que carga muchas cosas
Es el animal que produce tocino
Es un tipo de transportación que va en carriles
Es el animal que tiene ocho piernas
.
Erving Goffman is one of the most important sociological thinkers in.docxelishaoatway
Erving Goffman is one of the most important sociological thinkers in modern sociology. His biggest contribution to sociology was the dramaturgical lens of viewing social interaction, a theory that he developed by just watching people in their everyday interactions. In the pieces that we read for this class, we talked about these elements of dramaturgy and how they play out in real life.
For this essay question:
(1) define the concepts of
impression management
and
audience segregation
and then explain how and why people use impression management and audience segregation in daily social life
(2) give a detailed example of how you used impression management and audience segregation in the last week
and finally
(3) explain how technology has changed features of impression management and audience segregation. Give one positive and one negative example.
Be as complete and thorough as possible with your answer.
.
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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I picked Piagets Cognitive Development TheoryAssignment In.docx
1. I picked Piagets Cognitive Development Theory
Assignment Instructions
In this assignment you will need to create a Prezi or PowerPoint
that will highlight the important points of the theory you picked
as well as its influence in explaining development. You will
want to expand your points from the discussion forum with
greater detail in this assignment. The presentation will start
with a short introduction of the theory and conclude with why
you picked it within the discussion as best explaining
development. We will want to have a minimum of a seven slide
PPT or Prezi. All references will be listed in APA format.
READING BELOW
Understanding Theories of Child Development
The research and formulation of child development theories
have played a major role in the way parents raise their children,
understand and nurture their capabilities, and educate them. The
theories that have been prominent in the past and current
centuries have sought to describe, explain, and predict
behaviors, and have had the ultimate goal of trying to improve
the welfare of children. Child development theories seek to
explain a child’s growth by addressing basic questions or
beliefs.
TOPICS COVERED WILL INCLUDE:
Theoretical Questions in Child Development
2. Key Theories of Child Development
Research Methodologies
Ethical Concerns and Considerations when Working with
Childre
Child Development Theories
· HOW CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORIES ARE FORMED
AND USED
·
KEY THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
·
RESEARCH
Child development theories allow both research and application
to promote optimal growth and development. A theory is an
orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains,
and endures if based on scientific verification. Theories provide
an organizing framework for observations. Once a theory is
verified by scientific research, it serves as a basis for practical
action. There are many theories in child development and no
one theory fully explains all aspects of child development.
Today, experts use several different theories as a means of
finding the best way to describe, explain and predict children’s
behavior.
Child development theories rely upon a few key theoretical
questions, including whether development is continuous from
birth to adulthood or progresses in distinct stages; whether
development is universal or individual; and whether genetics or
3. environment are more critical in child development. These
questions have shaped all child development theories, including
psychoanalytic
, psychosocial, behavioral,
social learning
,
cognitive
and
social development
theories.
Research into child development requires experimentation,
using a variety of different methods. Different research
methodologies, including observations, case studies and clinical
studies provide distinct advantages and disadvantages. All
research into child development must be conducted with careful
attention to ethical considerations.
Theoretical Questions Guiding the Study of Child Development
Theories of child development are centered around three basic
issues. Each theory has a different perspective or opinion on
these issues, and these key issues guide the understanding of
child development. Before you study different theories of
development, you need to understand the questions that guide
all theories of child development.
·
Continuous Growth Versus Stages
·
Uniform Versus Individualistic
·
Nature Versus Nurture
4. CONTINUOUS GROWTH VERSUS STAGES
UNIFORM VERSUS INDIVIDUALISTIC
NATURE VERSUS NURTURE
MODERATE THEORIES
Child Development Theories in the Twentieth Century
The first child development theories date to the early and mid-
20th century. Prior to the middle of the 20th century, there was
relatively little interest in child development or in psychology
in general. The theoretical perspectives that have most
influenced research in the mid-20th century themselves resulted
from progression through many centuries. The mid-20th century
saw an expansion of interest in the field of child development,
and the emergence of several key child development theories
which are still in use today. The perspectives and research
covered in this lesson all date back to the mid-20th century and
include Psychoanalytic theory, Behaviorist and Social Learning,
and Cognitive Development.
Is child development continuous or in stages? This means that
child development theorists ask whether a child develops in
one, relatively continuous path from infancy to adulthood, or
whether development is discontinuous. Does the child
experience distinct stages of development, rather than simply a
single path from point A to point B?
In a continuous theory of development, young children are
treated as having similar thoughts and feelings as adults, albeit
in a simpler fashion.
In a discontinuous theory, children are distinct and different
from adults. Their behavior and actions are guided by their
5. developmental stage, not by adult or adult-like actions or
reactions. Developmental stages can be gradual or abrupt, and
may be relatively short-lived or last several years, but impact
all types of development: physical, cognitive, emotional and
social.
UNIFORM VERSUS INDIVIDUALISTIC
Child development theories also question whether children’s
development is individual or if all children follow the same
sequence of development. This question is closely linked to the
idea of stages of development. Do all children experience the
same stages of development at the same ages or in the same
order or do they not? How do environmental and genetic factors
impact the development of the individual child? These are key
questions that child development theories attempt to answer.
NATURE VERSUS NURTURE
The third key question is sometimes often referred to as nature
versus nurture. This is a question of whether genetics or
environmental factors are more important in influencing child
development. Nature or genetics is hereditary, based on
conditions and factors present at the time of conception.
Nurture comes from environmental factors that influence the
child in his or her physical and social world. The nature versus
nurture question also encompasses issues of stability versus
plasticity. Essentially, this is a question of how changeable we
are, and how much environment can impact genetics. Stability
means the biology or attributes and predispositions a child is
born with—the child is born with key traits that are relatively
unchangeable. Plasticity is a belief that the environment can
change the child’s development, including physical, cognitive,
social and emotional growth.
MODERATE THEORIES
6. Today, many theorists opt for moderate theories that
acknowledge various aspects of these questions. For instance,
some theories may believe that some aspects of child
development are continuous, while others take place in stages or
that some parts of children’s development are more typical to
all children and others are more impacted by the child’s
environment or genetics. Different traits may be associated with
nature or nurture—impacted more by the child’s genetics or by
the child’s environment; however, many traits are a result of
both genes and environmental factors.
Psychoanalytic and Psychosocial Theories
Psychoanalytic and psychosocial theories of child development
believe that children move through a variety of stages of
emotional or psychological development. These stages occur in
sequence, and development is discontinuous, or in distinct
stages, not a smooth progression. The emotional experiences in
childhood are believed to have a lasting impact on adult
interactions and experiences.
THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
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· The
Psychoanalytic theory
(Psychosexual theory) of child development relies upon the
work of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Freud was a doctor who
believed that all emotional issues in adults were the result of
events in childhood. These events were, according to Freud, the
result of parental care. When children did not resolve specific
conflicts or questions at the correct stage or age, these would
7. continue to cause problems in adulthood. Most of these
conflicts are specifically between the child’s biological drives
and social expectations.
Psychoanalytic Stages of Development
Psychoanalytic theories of child development divide childhood
into five distinct stages, identified as stages of psychosexual
development. Well-being as an adult is determined by
appropriate parental response to each of these five stages of
development.
STAGE 1: ORAL
STAGE 2: ANAL
STAGE 3: PHALLIC
STAGE 4: LATENCY
STAGE 5: GENITAL
CRITICS
Oral
(Birth to one year). In this stage of development, the mouth is
the primary pleasure center. If the child’s oral needs are not met
in the first year, oral habits, like smoking or nail-biting may
develop.
Anal
(One year to three years). In this developmental stage, children
are most concerned with urine, feces, and toileting. According
to Freud, children potty trained too early may become overly
concerned with order
8. Phallic
(Three to six years). Freudian psychoanalysis suggests that
children are most impacted by genitals in this stage and will
develop a strong attachment to the opposite sex parent. For
boys, this is called the Oedipus Complex.
Latency
(Six to twelve years). In this stage of development, the
conscience develops and sexual urges subside.
Genital
(Twelve years to adulthood). During puberty, sexual urges re-
emerge. If the child has developed appropriately, these will lead
to marriage and children, according to Freudian theory.
Psychoanalytic theory is frequently questioned or criticized for
various reasons, including its emphasis on sexuality, on the
parental influence on sexuality, and on the emphasis on male
experience. While Freudian psychoanalytic theories may
influence some modern child development theories, they are no
longer actively accepted.
Psychosocial Theory
While Freud emphasized sexual development and the
subconscious, a later theorist, Erik Erikson was primarily
concerned with cultural and social development and the ego, or
moral conscience.
Psychosocial theories of child development built upon
psychoanalytic theories. The
psychosocial theory
of child development, developed by Erik Erikson, has eight
distinct stages of development. Like other theories that believe
in staged development, this is an example of a discontinuous
development; however, it is the first lifespan theory, extending
9. beyond childhood to suggest that development continues
throughout life.
Eight Stages of Psychosocial Theory
The eight stages of Psychosocial Theory describe development
as a series of defined conflicts. Resolving these conflicts
appropriately leads to healthy social development.
Psychosocial Crisis
Basic Virtue
Age
Trust vs. Mistrust
Hope
Infancy-Birth to 18 months
Autonomy vs. Shame
Will
10. Early Childhood—18 months to Three Years
Initiative vs. Guilt
Purpose
Play Age—Three to Five Years
Industry vs. Inferiority
Competency
School Age—Five to 12 Years
Ego Identity vs. Role Confusion
Fidelity
Adolescence—12 to 18 Years
Intimacy vs. Isolation
11. Love
Young Adult—18 to 40 Years
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Care
Adult—40 to 65 Years
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Wisdom
Mature Adult—65 Years Plus
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· Erikson believed that there were eight distinct developmental
stages, five during childhood and three during adulthood.
Movement from one stage to the next is the direct result of the
child or adult encountering specific moral crises as part of their
social development. Each stage is associated with a
12. psychosocial crisis and the development of a basic social virtue.
Culture can impact each of these stages, and they may be
somewhat different on the basis of different cultures. The table
provides the crisis associated with the stage, the virtue that
develops during that stage, and an approximate age range
associated with that emotional crisis.
·
If you’ve seen the psychoanalyst’s couch in a movie or on
television, with a discussion about childhood, this is Freudian
analysis. Free association and dream analysis are critical to
Freudian analysis and reflect the three individual parts of the
personality: the id, ego and superego. The id relates to desires,
impulses and biological needs. The ego relates to reason and
conscious thought. Finally, the superego or conscience is
concerned with moral thought and ideology.
Behaviorism and Social Learning
Both
behaviorism
and social learning theories are focused on observed behaviors.
Conditioning by positive or negative reinforcement shapes
behavior for both behaviorists and social learning theorists.
Both of these theories of child development are continuous;
they do not support the idea that child development occurs in
distinct stages or phases.
BEHAVIORIST THEORIES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT
STIMULUS AND RESPONSE
13. Types of Behaviorism
· TWO TYPES
·
OPERANT CONDITIONING
·
HOW OPERANT CONDITIONING CHANGES BEHAVIOR
·
FOCUSES ON EXTERNAL REINFORCEMENT
·
PARENTS USE BEHAVIORISM
Behaviorism is divided into two different types: classical and
behavioral or operant. Classical conditioning is a natural reflex
or a response to a stimulus in the environment, like the
experiments by Watson and Pavlov described above. Operant or
behavioral conditioning is a learned response.
Operant conditioning
is closely associated with the theories of B.F. Skinner. Skinner
suggested that behavior is directly linked to reinforcement.
Reinforcement can be either positive or negative, and can
increase or decrease the behavior. Positive reinforcement is a
direct reward. Negative reinforcement is the removal of an
unpleasant consequence. Punishment is not the same as
reinforcement, but can also be positive or negative. Positive
punishment is the implementation of an unpleasant
consequence. Negative punishment is the removal of something
positive.
A behavior that is not reinforced in any way will stop, a process
14. called extinction. This is a simplified explanation for how
operant conditioning can be applied to child development.
Reward charts are an example of operant conditioning, but so is
punishment. The child’s behavior can be modified by negative
or positive responses; however, opinions differ as to which
response is more effective. Positive reinforcement is usually
preferred. In addition, according to Skinner, intermittent
positive reinforcement is most likely to encourage a behavior to
repeat or continue. Operant conditioning occurs in response to a
voluntary action.
Skinner focused on the external, observable reinforcements,
rather than internal thoughts or feelings. Like other types of
behaviorism, operant conditioning looks at what can be seen,
watched, and explored. Unlike psychoanalytic theories,
behaviorism can be studied in a scientific way.
As you might have already realized, behaviorism is still a
common part of child development theories. Parents still rely
upon praise, rewards, and punishment to shape and modify
children’s behavior.
Social Learning Theory
Social learning theory builds upon behaviorist theories,
including classical and operant conditioning. Developed by
Albert Bandura in the 1970s, social learning theory supports the
idea that:
1.
Mediating processes
occur between stimuli and responses.
2.
15. Behavior is learned from the environment through the process
of observational learning.
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· Children observe the behavior around them, and change their
behavior based on that behavior. This is called
observational learning
. The people performing actions or behaviors around the child
are models and are modeling behavior. Models include parents,
siblings, classmates, and even characters on children’s
television shows. Modeling can teach a variety of different
skills and behaviors, including gender-normative behaviors or
behaviors we typically associate with men or women.
·
When a crisis comes to a positive resolution, the virtue develops
in the individual. If the crisis is not successfully resolved, the
individual may not develop the virtue associated with that stage
of development, causing significant psychological problems
later in life. Individual experience is emphasized in this theory.
Erikson considered his theory a framework of sorts—something
that could be applied, but could not be tested like a theory.
Many people find his theories familiar and can recognize
aspects of their own development in these psychosocial stages.
Erikson does not provide any explanation for specific
transitions between developmental stages, but like Freud
emphasizes the importance of childhood experiences for overall
psychological health and development. Psychoanalytic theory,
in either its traditional Freudian perspective or Erikson’s
psychosocial approach, has a relatively minimal impact on
modern theories of child development. Psychoanalytic theories
16. cannot be tested, and are overly clinical in their approach, with
little real-life application.
For instance, think about table manners. A child raised with
parents modeling good table manners will probably modify
these behaviors to match those of their parents. You likely do
not remember learning to use a spoon. No one punished or
rewarded you for using the spoon, but you saw others use
spoons and began to use your spoon in the same way. When you
used the spoon properly, your parents probably reinforced this
as good behavior. If you used the spoon to fling your food, this
was reinforced as inappropriate behavior.
Reinforcement can be positive or negative—praise is an
example of positive reinforcement and punishment or correction
an example of negative reinforcement. Reinforcement can also
be internal or external. Praise from a parent is an example of
external reinforcement. External reinforcement comes from a
source outside of the child, like a parent or peer. Internal
reinforcement comes from within. If the child enjoys the feeling
of approval when he receives positive reinforcement or enjoys
pleasing those around him, this is a type of internal
reinforcement of behavior.
Children also see how their models’ behavior is reinforced. For
instance, if a sibling’s behavior is praised when she does chores
without complaint, this vicarious reinforcement or
reinforcement of someone else, may encourage the child to do
the same.
When a child looks at a model behaving in a certain way, and
wants to be more like that model, they emulate their behavior
and identify with the model. Identification involves observing
the model’s behavior and emulating that behavior. Identification
typically includes multiple behaviors or traits, rather than just
one trait. Emulating a single trait is typically called imitation,
17. not identification.
Theory Compared to Other Theories
Social learning theory is often considered a bridge between
behaviorism and cognitive learning theories. It expands upon
behaviorism, but still relies upon different types of
reinforcement to control how the child behaves. The
mediational process, in which the child watches someone and
emulates their behavior requires thought and desire. It is not an
automatic process. Over time, the child develops a belief in
their own ability to succeed. Through social learning, they have
developed a range of skills, and have been able to think through
different situations.
Mediational processes are divided into four types or stages.
1.
Attention—the child notices the behavior.
2.
Retention—the child remembers the behavior.
3.
Reproduction—the child implements the behavior.
4.
Motivation—the child continues the behavior.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
BEHAVIORISM AND SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
18. WEAKNESSES
Cognitive and Social Development Theories
Theories of cognitive development and social development can
be continuous or discontinuous, depending on the theorist. Two
theories, both specifically related to cognitive development, are
most significant. These are the work of Jean Piaget and Lev
Vygotsky. While both theorists were primarily interested in how
children learn, they took distinctly different views as to the
importance of others in the child’s development.
Jean Piaget in 1968
COGNITIVE THEORY OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT
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· First associated with psychologist Jean Piaget, the
cognitive theory
of child development suggests that children will experience
four stages of cognitive development. Piaget’s theories
developed after he worked on the creation of intelligence tests
for the children, and spoke with the children about their
answers, both correct and incorrect. Piaget was primarily
interested in the way children comprehended key intellectual
concepts, like numbers, quantity and justice.
Comprehension of
1.
Numbers
19. 2.
Quantity
3.
Justice
Schema, Adaptation and Stages of Development
There are three key parts to Piaget’s theory; the
schema
, adaptation processes and stages of development.
PIAGET’S THEORY
·
Schema
·
Adaptation processes
a.
Assimilation
b.
Accommodation
·
Stages of Development
SCHEMA
20. ADAPTATION PROCESS
ASSIMILATION
ACCOMMODATION
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
EQUILIBRIUM
DISEQUILIBRIUM
Piaget’s Stages of Development
Piaget identified four stages of development that all children
progress through. Some children may move through a
developmental stage faster than others, so the listed ages are
approximate.
·
STAGE 1:Sensorimotor
“
Sitting toddler in Paris
” by
Melanie M
is licensed under
CC BY 2.0
·
STAGE 2:Preoperational Stage
·
STAGE 3:Concrete Operational
·
STAGE 4:Formal Operational
21. STAGES NOT UNIVERSAL
PIAGET’S THEORY APPLIED TO EDUCATIONAL
PRACTICE
CRITICISM
Sociocultural Theory and Lev Vygotsky
· LEV VYGOTSKY’S SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY
·
THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE MERGE
·
PIAGET VERSUS VYGOTSKY
·
ELEMENTARY MENTAL FUNCTIONS
Lev Vygotsky was also a cognitive child development theorist;
however, he focused specifically on the impact of society and
culture on the child’s learning and development. Vygotsky’s
theory is a theory of cognitive development, but is specifically
called social development theory.
According to Vygotsky, "learning is a necessary and universal
aspect of the process of developing culturally organized,
specifically human psychological function."
Key Concepts of Social Development Theory
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22. · Two concepts are key to Vygotsky’s social development
theory: the
More Knowledgeable Other
or MKO and the
Zone of Proximal Development
or ZPD. The More Knowledgeable Other refers to someone who
has a higher knowledge level or better understanding than the
child or learner. The MKO does not have to be a person, or a
parent or adult. For instance, if a parent asks their teen to set up
their smartphone, the teen may be the MKO. For children, peers
may sometimes fill the role of an MKO. A computer-aided
training program could also be an MKO. The More
Knowledgeable Other provides the child with scaffolding to
support their learning. This scaffolding, or assistance, bridges
the child’s development.
o
More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)
o
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
An adult volunteer serves as the More Knowledgeable Other.
Piaget and Vygotsky’s Theories
· CHILDREN AS ACTIVE LEARNERS
·
BOTH IGNORE INTERNAL MENTAL PROCESSES
·
MODERN THEORIES
Both of these cognitive theories believe that children are active
23. learners and emphasize the role of reasoning and learning in the
child’s cognitive development. Both Piaget and Vygotsky
support discovery learning and adult scaffolding or support for
the learning process. Cognitive development theories may
underestimate children’s potential, in the case of Piaget or
disregard the importance of observation, in Vygotsky’s work.
Child Development and Research Methodologies
Naturalistic observations might take place in a classroom.
Research into child development poses some distinct challenges,
including ethical considerations and scientific difficulties.
Theories, including child development theories, must be
scientifically tested and verified to be appropriate and of use
when studying or working with children. To do so there must be
an objective process to collect, analyze, and evaluate data.
TYPES OF RESEARCH METHODS
UNACCEPTABLE METHODS
ACCEPTABLE METHODS
KEY CONSIDERATIONS
Systematic Observation
· SYSTEMATIC OBSERVATION
·
NATURALISTIC OR STRUCTURED OBSERVATION
·
OBSERVATIONS
24. Systematic observation is simply watching children in a well-
ordered manner designed to reduce subjectivity and the
potential for bias on the observer’s part. The researcher can
watch a continuous stream of children’s behavior or observe
children at set intervals.
Self-Reporting
Self-reporting, or in some cases, parental reporting, asks
research subjects to provide information about thoughts,
feelings, perceptions and experiences. The participant offers
direct information; however, they may be inclined to give
inaccurate or incorrect answers if they believe that the
researcher seeks a specific answer. Self-reporting can be used
for data collection, since individuals can be asked to provide the
same information; however, types of self-reporting can vary.
Self-reporting does not rely upon the researcher’s opinions,
thoughts or expressions. It offers more objectivity than some
other research methodologies.
Clinical Interview
The clinical interview is a more flexible alternative to self-
reporting.
ABILITY TO GUIDE INTERVIEW
CONTROL RANGE AND DEPTH OF INFORMATION
USEFUL TO INDIVIDUALIZED RESEARCH
Structured Interviews, Tests, and Questionnaires
Structured interviews, tests, and questionnaires provide more
information than self-reporting alone, but provide a
standardized format for all responses and research subjects.
25. Structured interviews rely upon a single set of questions for all
research subjects. Tests and questionnaires are standardized
over a large group of people, and depending upon the study,
may be answered by parents or children. These are an efficient
way to collect and compare data, but do share some of the
weaknesses of self-reporting and clinical interviews.
·
Standardized
·
Efficient
·
Same Information Collected from All Subjects
Clinical/Case Study
A clinical or case study combines information from a wide
variety of sources, including clinical interviews, self-reporting,
structured interviews, tests, or questionnaires. The clinical or
case study is most effective in the study of an individual. Since
the material, impressions and observations only apply to the
single subject, they cannot easily be compared to others or serve
a significant role in child development research. They may be
presented to provide information about a single child’s
development, or may be used to provide information about
specific issues in childhood development.
Ethnography
· ETHNOGRAPHY
·
MAY NOT BE OBJECTIVE
26. ·
BROAD GENERALIZATIONS DIFFICULT
Ethnography is the process of observing a group by becoming a
part of the daily life of the group or community.
Child Centered Research
Child-centered methodologies rely upon the children’s own
perceptions and experiences in the research context, placing less
importance on the researcher’s perceptions. Experiments may be
task-based, rather than requiring interaction with an observer.
Child-centered methods may integrate a variety of different
research methodologies, but are consistently focused on the
child’s experiences and perceptions, rather than the observers’.
Child-centered research may rely upon different tools to get
information from children; however, the child’s own
experiences are central to this research methodology.
Ethical Considerations
Ethical concerns are always present in research into human
behavior. This is even more the case for children due to their
vulnerability and young age. To ensure children are protected,
ethical guidelines about research with children have been
developed by governments, research funders, and professional
organizations. Research into child development requires that the
researchers work carefully to avoid any potential ethical
dilemmas or harm to their research subjects. Research into child
development and child psychology poses several distinct and
significant issues.
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27. · Children are both more physically and emotionally vulnerable
than adults. They are susceptible to both physical and
psychological harm from poorly conducted research. In
addition, children are not capable of consenting to serve as
research subjects. Parental consent is required, but this still
poses questions about the use of children in research.
Parental Consent
Lesson Overview
Understanding child development and research into child
development requires a thorough understanding of child
development theory.
CATEGORIES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT THEORIES
KEY THEORIES
SCIENTIFIC TESTING
ETHICAL CONCERNS
SUMMARY
Key Terms
ACCOMMODATION
ASSIMILATION
BEHAVIORISM
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY
28. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL
DISEQUILIBRIUM
EQUILIBRIUM
FORMAL OPERATIONAL
MEDIATING PROCESSES
MORE KNOWLEDGEABLE OTHER
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
OPERANT CONDITIONING
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
PREOPERATIONAL
SCHEMA
SENSORIMOTOR
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
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developing-child/.
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skinner.html.
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Lev Vygotsky
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