Presentation by Anna Kiersztyn (University of Warsaw, Institute of Sociology) on the occasion of the EESC LMO conference on "Typical and atypical work contracts - advantages and disadvantages from the labour market perspective" in Warsaw, Poland, on 8/9 April 2013.
Industrial relations - Industrial relations in Europe 2014 - Christian Welz -...Eurofound
Industrial relations developments in the EU in 2014, représentativité des partenaires sociaux européens interprofessionnels, les partenaires patronaux,European social dialogue, European Union, social dialogue, industrial relations, IR, European industrial relations, social policy, Val Duchesse, employers, trade unions, collective bargaining union, European works councils, European framework agreements, European company statute, représentativité, partenaires sociaux européens interprofessionnels, syndicats
industrial relations, industrial relations, european industrial relations, industrial relations in Europe, industrial relations in the EU, labour relations, employment relations, social dialogue, trade, unions, crisis, cross-sector, employers, european company, european framework agreements, european works council, industrial action, industrial action, industrial relations, law, minimum wage, sectoral social dialogue, social dialogue, trade unions, wages, working time, bargaining in the shadow of the law, collective agreements, European commission, EU law, EU treaties, decentralization of collective bargaining, single employer bargaining, multi-employer bargaining, extension of collective agreements, favourability principle, opt-out, opening clause, erga omnes, commodity, ILO, dispute settlement, varieties of capitalism, coordinated market economy, liberal market economy, bi-partite, tri-partite, Val Duchesse, macro-economic dialogue, tri-partite social summit, social dialogue committee, working time, labor productivity, labor cost, trade union density, collective bargaining coverage, pay, autonomous agreements, telework, parental leave, BUSINESSEUROPE, ETUC, CEEP, UEAPME, mega trends, information and consultation, liberal market economy, coordinated market economy
Employee Satisfaction, Labor Market Flexibility, and Stock Returns Around The...Sustainable Brands
Abstract:
We study the relationship between employee satisfaction and abnormal stock returns around the world, using lists of the “Best Companies to Work For” in 14 countries. We show that employee satisfaction is associated with positive abnormal returns in countries with high labor market flexibility, such as the U.S. and U.K., but not in countries with low labor market flexibility, such as Germany. These results are consistent with high employee satisfaction being a valuable tool for recruitment, retention, and motivation in flexible labor markets, where firms face fewer constraints on hiring and firing. In contrast, in regulated labor markets, legislation already provides minimum standards for worker welfare and so additional expenditure may exhibit diminishing returns. The results have implications for the differential profitability of socially responsible investing (“SRI”) strategies around the world. In particular, they emphasize the importance of taking institutional features into account when forming such strategies.
Industrial relations - Industrial relations in Europe 2014 - Christian Welz -...Eurofound
Industrial relations developments in the EU in 2014, représentativité des partenaires sociaux européens interprofessionnels, les partenaires patronaux,European social dialogue, European Union, social dialogue, industrial relations, IR, European industrial relations, social policy, Val Duchesse, employers, trade unions, collective bargaining union, European works councils, European framework agreements, European company statute, représentativité, partenaires sociaux européens interprofessionnels, syndicats
industrial relations, industrial relations, european industrial relations, industrial relations in Europe, industrial relations in the EU, labour relations, employment relations, social dialogue, trade, unions, crisis, cross-sector, employers, european company, european framework agreements, european works council, industrial action, industrial action, industrial relations, law, minimum wage, sectoral social dialogue, social dialogue, trade unions, wages, working time, bargaining in the shadow of the law, collective agreements, European commission, EU law, EU treaties, decentralization of collective bargaining, single employer bargaining, multi-employer bargaining, extension of collective agreements, favourability principle, opt-out, opening clause, erga omnes, commodity, ILO, dispute settlement, varieties of capitalism, coordinated market economy, liberal market economy, bi-partite, tri-partite, Val Duchesse, macro-economic dialogue, tri-partite social summit, social dialogue committee, working time, labor productivity, labor cost, trade union density, collective bargaining coverage, pay, autonomous agreements, telework, parental leave, BUSINESSEUROPE, ETUC, CEEP, UEAPME, mega trends, information and consultation, liberal market economy, coordinated market economy
Employee Satisfaction, Labor Market Flexibility, and Stock Returns Around The...Sustainable Brands
Abstract:
We study the relationship between employee satisfaction and abnormal stock returns around the world, using lists of the “Best Companies to Work For” in 14 countries. We show that employee satisfaction is associated with positive abnormal returns in countries with high labor market flexibility, such as the U.S. and U.K., but not in countries with low labor market flexibility, such as Germany. These results are consistent with high employee satisfaction being a valuable tool for recruitment, retention, and motivation in flexible labor markets, where firms face fewer constraints on hiring and firing. In contrast, in regulated labor markets, legislation already provides minimum standards for worker welfare and so additional expenditure may exhibit diminishing returns. The results have implications for the differential profitability of socially responsible investing (“SRI”) strategies around the world. In particular, they emphasize the importance of taking institutional features into account when forming such strategies.
Causes and Consequences of Rapid Population GrowthUnica Chiara
Well, I'm not used of using too much words in my slides instead I used more pictures for clearer representation and just its title. I just emphasize those important details. And I hope this could help you out! Good luck! :)
Learning targets: This presentation will help you understand:
(1) The scope of human population growth
(2) The effect of population, affluence and technology on the environment
(3) Fundamentals of demography
(4) The demographic transition
(5) Factors that affect population growth
(6) Three Technological Eras
(7) Basic Concepts of Population Growth
(8) Factors Affecting Human Population Size
(9) Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Total Fertility Rates
(10) Population Movements
(11) Population Trend Comparisons
(12) Human Population Issues
Presentation by Klaas Soens (Assistant Adviser, FEB/VBO - Federation of Enterprises in Belgium) on the occasion of the EESC LMO meeting on Labour market shortages in a period of unemployment of 16 November 2011.
The 2014 edition of the OECD Employment Outlook reviews recent labour market trends and short-term prospects in OECD and key emerging economies. It zooms in on how the crisis has affected earnings, provides country comparisons of job quality, examines the causes and consequences of non-regular employment, and estimates the impact of qualifications and skills on labour market outcomes.
Causes and Consequences of Rapid Population GrowthUnica Chiara
Well, I'm not used of using too much words in my slides instead I used more pictures for clearer representation and just its title. I just emphasize those important details. And I hope this could help you out! Good luck! :)
Learning targets: This presentation will help you understand:
(1) The scope of human population growth
(2) The effect of population, affluence and technology on the environment
(3) Fundamentals of demography
(4) The demographic transition
(5) Factors that affect population growth
(6) Three Technological Eras
(7) Basic Concepts of Population Growth
(8) Factors Affecting Human Population Size
(9) Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Total Fertility Rates
(10) Population Movements
(11) Population Trend Comparisons
(12) Human Population Issues
Presentation by Klaas Soens (Assistant Adviser, FEB/VBO - Federation of Enterprises in Belgium) on the occasion of the EESC LMO meeting on Labour market shortages in a period of unemployment of 16 November 2011.
The 2014 edition of the OECD Employment Outlook reviews recent labour market trends and short-term prospects in OECD and key emerging economies. It zooms in on how the crisis has affected earnings, provides country comparisons of job quality, examines the causes and consequences of non-regular employment, and estimates the impact of qualifications and skills on labour market outcomes.
Presentation by Antonio Ranieri (Senior Expert, Cedefop) on the occasion of the EESC LMO conference on 'Excluded or included' in Brussels on 6 November 2012.
Για τρίτη συνεχή χρονιά, ο Κύκλος ιδεών για την Εθνική Ανασυγκρότηση,
σε συνεργασία με τη Συμεών Γ. Τσομώκος Α.Ε., πραγματοποιούν το ετήσιο διήμερο συνέδριο H ΕΛΛΑΔΑ ΜΕΤΑ
στις 19 και 20 Ιουνίου 2019
στο ξενοδοχείο Divani Caravel.
Κεντρικό θέμα στο φετινό συνέδριο είναι: Η ανασύσταση της μεσαίας τάξης
Κύκλος ΙΙ: Οι επιπτώσεις της περιόδου 2009- 2019 στη μεσαία τάξη
https://ekyklos.gr/19-20-iouniou-ellada-meta-iii-i-anasystasi-tis-mesaias-taksis.html
Presentation by Vito Spinelli (Consultant in the ESCO secretariat, DG EMPL) on the occasion of the EESC Seminar on 'Delivering on Skills' organised in Brussels on 17 November 2014.
Presentation Michael HORGAN (Policy officer at DG EAC) on the occasion of the EESC Seminar on 'Delivering on Skills' organised in Brussels on 17 November 2014.
Presentation by Felix Rohn (Policy officer at DG EAC) on the occasion of the EESC Seminar on 'Delivering on Skills' organised in Brussels on 17 November 2014.
Presentation by Barbora Novotna (Policy co-ordinator at DG EMPL) on the occasion of the EESC Seminar on 'Delivering on Skills' organised in Brussels on 17 November 2014.
Presentation by Michael Guet, Council of Europe, on the occasion of the EESC conference on 'Better Roma inclusion through civil society initiatives: focus on education, employment, housing and antidiscrimination' (Brussels, 7 November 2014).
Presentation by Michael Guet, Council of Europe, on the occasion of the EESC conference on 'Better Roma inclusion through civil society initiatives: focus on education, employment, housing and antidiscrimination' (Brussels, 7 November 2014).
Presentation by Michael Guet, Council of Europe, on the occasion of the EESC conference on 'Better Roma inclusion through civil society initiatives: focus on education, employment, housing and antidiscrimination' (Brussels, 7 November 2014).
Presentation by Dan Pavel Doghi, Roma Education Fund, on the occasion of the EESC conference on 'Better Roma inclusion through civil society initiatives: focus on education, employment, housing and antidiscrimination' (Brussels, 7 November 2014).
Presentation by Szilvia Kalman, European Commission, DG EAC, on the occasion of the EESC conference on 'Better Roma inclusion through civil society initiatives: focus on education, employment, housing and antidiscrimination' (Brussels, 7 November 2014).
Presentation by Dominique Bé, European Commission, DG EMPL, on the occasion of the EESC conference on 'Better Roma inclusion through civil society initiatives: focus on education, employment, housing and antidiscrimination' (Brussels, 7 November 2014).
Presentation by Andor Urmos, DG REGIO, on the occasion of the EESC conference on 'Better Roma inclusion through civil society initiatives: focus on education, employment, housing and antidiscrimination' (Brussels, 7 November 2014).
Presentation by Wiet van Meel, volunteer sustainable development advisor to Coöperatieve Esbeek and professional occupation at Pontifax and Coopnet, on the occasion of the EESC conference on "Social economy and social innovation as drivers of competitiveness, growth and social well-being - Perspecitves and priorities for the new Commission and the European Parliament" (Brussels, 1 October 2014)
Presentation by Matthew Brown, Manager of The Wales Council for Voluntary Actions, Communities Investment Fund, on the occasion of the EESC conference on "Social economy and social innovation as drivers of competitiveness, growth and social well-being - Perspecitves and priorities for the new Commission and the European Parliament" (Brussels, 1 October 2014)
Presentation by Julie Savary, Head of Mission, Cabinet of the Presidency - Le mutual Groupe MGEN, France, on the occasion of the EESC conference on "Social economy and social innovation as drivers of competitiveness, growth and social well-being - Perspecitves and priorities for the new Commission and the European Parliament" (Brussels, 1 October 2014)
Presentation by Sarah Cook, Director, United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, United Nations, on the occasion of the EESC conference on "Social economy and social innovation as drivers of competitiveness, growth and social well-being - Perspecitves and priorities for the new Commission and the European Parliament" (Brussels, 1 October 2014)
Presentation by Antonella Noya, Senior Policy Analyst, OECD, on the occasion of the EESC conference on "Social economy and social innovation as drivers of competitiveness, growth and social well-being - Perspecitves and priorities for the new Commission and the European Parliament" (Brussels, 1 October 2014)
Presentation by Xavier Le Mounier, Policy Officer (Innovation Policy for Growth), DG Enterprise and Industry, European Commission, on the occasion of the EESC conference on "Social economy and social innovation as drivers of competitiveness, growth and social well-being - Perspecitves and priorities for the new Commission and the European Parliament" (Brussels, 1 October 2014)
Presentation by Apostolos Ioakimidis, Policy Officer (Entrepreunership 2020 Cooperatives, Mutuals, Social Enterprises, Family Businesses), DG Enterprise and Industry, European Commission, on the occasion of the EESC conference on "Social economy and social innovation as drivers of competitiveness, growth and social well-being - Perspecitves and priorities for the new Commission and the European Parliament" (Brussels, 1 October 2014)
Presentation by Peter Lambreghts, EDF Board member & European Network of Independent Living,on the occasion of the EESC SOC section conference on Civil society perspectives on the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) in Brussels on 2 October 2014.
Presentation by Stefano Palmieri, EESC Europe 2020 Steering Committee, on the occasion of the EESC SOC section conference on Civil society perspectives on the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) in Brussels on 2 October 2014.
More from European Economic and Social Committee - SOC Section (20)
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
2. The main question
What are the consequences of fixed-term
employment (FTE) for employees in Poland?
The answer depends on the specific reasons for FTE
use by employers, especially whether:
FTE is treated mainly as a way of screening
candidates for stable employment on the basis of
open-ended contracts (OEE)?
FTE is used mainly to cut down on labor costs and
facilitate worker dismissal? („Flexibility at the margin”)
3. Premises
It has been found that in countries where regular employment is
highly protected and in periods of higher uncertainty, in increase in
FTE reflects an attempt to achieve flexibility 'at the margin' and
results in a dual labor market. Under such conditions FTE is more
likely to offer lower job security and fewer training opportunities.
In Poland:
Despite relatively low levels of the OECD strictness of EPL
indicator, there is a widespread opinion that in practice, the firing
of employees on open-ended contracts is very difficult and costly.
According to Polish LFS data, the fastest growth in the incidence
of FTE took place in 2001-2004, a period of economic slowdown,
high unemployment and economic uncertainty for companies.
4. Hypothesis
I expect that in the Polish context, fixed-term contracts
are associated with insecure, secondary sector jobs –
rather than jobs which serve as entry-points to high
quality, stable employment.
The analysis:
Correlates of FTE (to what extent is it concentrated among
individuals with the lowest labor market position: women, the
young, low qualified workers, low status occupations)?
Economic consequences of FTE for workers and their
households: wages, the risk of poverty, social / financial
exclusion (access to mortgage loans).
Individual dynamics of FTE: stepping stone or trap?
5. The data
European Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-
SILC), Polish data covering the years 2005-2008; on a
representative sample of 14-16 thous. households. All
household members aged 16 and above were surveyed.
Analysis on a sample of production age respondents in
paid employment (sample sizes in the successive
waves: N=12126; 11787; 11607; 11452).
6. Incidence of FTE
60% Total Male Female
50%
Percent in FTE
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
2005 2006 2007 2008
7. Correlates of FTE: age
2005 2006 2007 2008
80%
70%
Percent in FTE
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
18-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-64
Age category
This relationship cannot be fully explained by the fact that many
young people are still in education, and have lower tenure
Even when both variables are controlled for (logistic regression
models), workers aged under 30 are almost 3 times more likely to
be in FTE, compared to those aged 35-54
8. Correlates of FTE: education
60% 2005 2006 2007 2008
50%
Percent in FTE
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Elementary and Vocational / high College / universi-
below school ty
9. Correlates of FTE: occupation
60% 2005 2006 2007 2008
50%
Percent in FTE
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
ISCO-1,2 ISCO-3 ISCO-4 ISCO-5 ISCO-6,7,8 ISCO-9
Occupational category
ISCO- 1,2 Managers and professionals
ISCO- 3 Technicians and associate professionals
ISCO- 4 Clercs
ISCO- 5 Service and sales workers
ISCO- 6,7,8 Skilled manual workers
ISCO- 9 Elementary occupations
10. FTE means lower wages
Average gross monthly wage of full-time employees in 2008 (zloty)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
2229
All employees 1556
3107
Managers and professionals 2190
2438
Technicians and associate professionals 1768
1964
Clercs 1438
1475
Service and sales workers 1211
1978 OEE
Skilled manual workers 1672
FTE
1379
Elementary occupations 1255
Wages of FTE's are, on average, 30% lower than those of open-
ended employees (OEE's). However, the difference between
FTE and OEE wages is generally smaller in lower status jobs
11. FTE and wages: OLS results
OLS regression models (dependent variable: log monthly
wages) controlling for other determinants of earnings levels
(gender, age, education, occupation, industry branch, work
hours etc.) confirmed the relationship between FTE and
lower wages.
For example, according to the OLS models, employee X
employed on the basis of an open-ended contract, receiving
average wages in 2008, would earn – on average – 411
zloty more than an identical fixed-term employee Y (19%
difference).
If both X and Y were full-time workers, the estimated
difference in their expected wages would be 14%. This
difference can be considered a specific „penalty” suffered by
FTE's, wholly attributable to their employment contract!
12. Working poor among FTE's
At risk of poverty indicator (equivalised household disposable
income after social transfers below 60% of country median)
Material deprivation index – identifies households which declare
they cannot afford to satisfy certain needs (according to the
operationalization adopted in the EU-SILC)
Financial exclusion indicator – identifies households which do not
own a bank account nor have access to credit or loan due to an
actual or anticipated denial on the part of the bank (2008 only)
Individual-level poverty indices by type of employment, 2008
At-risk of poverty
OEE
Material deprivation
FTE
Financial exclusion
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
13. Conditional relationships
Poverty indices by sources of income at the household level, 2008
All households (100%)
Stable employment only (20,5%)
Stable and temporary employment (6,2%)
Temporary employment only (5,8%)
Retirement / disability benefits (31,9%)
No stable sources of income (3,6%)
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Financial exc- Material depriva- At-risk of poverty
lusion tion
The negative consequences of FTE concern mostly households
in which FTE is the only source of fairly stable income. Living
together with someone holding stable employment offsets the
risk of poverty and social exclusion among FTE's
14. Access to mortgage loans
However, despite common assumptions, today FTE does not, by
definition, preclude access to mortgage loans...
(...for banks, it is actually more desirable than other kinds of non-
standard work arrangements: civil agreements, self-employment)
Today, what is most important – for both FTE's and OEE's –
is sufficiently high income, and also:
Tenure with the current employer must be at least 3 months (in
some banks, 6 months or even more), it is better if this is not the
first employment contract with the current employer
The number of months left before the contract expires should
be at least 6 (in some banks, 12). Even when this is not the case,
if the employee obtains a notice confirming the employer's
willingness to prolong the current contract, he / she can still get
the loan...
15. FTE – stepping stone or trap?
Analysis of the panel subsample in the EU-SILC: production
aged respondents, initially in FTE
In the successive waves of the EU-SILC, between 26% and
29% of FTE was in open-ended employment one year later.
(Between 54% and 58% remained in FTE, and an additional
13-16% exited employment.)
However, in the long term the percentage of FTE making the
transition to open-ended employment increases (to almost
40% after 2 years), especially among higher educated workers.
In the case of former FTE's, open-ended contracts do not
always lead to stable employment: 12% of initial FTE, who
became OEE a year later, returned into FTE after an additional
year (for initial OEE, the respective percentage was 3%)
16. Conclusions
The results show that FTE is concentrated in the lower
segments of the Polish labor market: among the least
educated and in low level occupations, and young workers.
The relationship between age and the likelihood of FTE holds
when tenure is controlled for, implying cohort effects
FTE significantly lowers workers' wages, independent of other
factors (14% „penalty” wholly attributable to FTE...)
FTE increases the risk of poverty and material deprivation –
but mostly in households which do not have access to income
from OEE. Living together with OEE's protects against poverty
...however, it does not, by itself, rule out access to mortgage
loans. In practice, lack of access may be more likely among
FTE's, but due to lower wages.
A significant group of workers appear trapped in FTE
FTE exacerbates existing labor market inequalities
18. Correlates of FTE
Modele regresji logistycznej; zmienna wyjaśniana: forma
zatrudnienia
Zmienne wyjaśniające:
płeć, wiek (kategorie), wykształcenie (wg klasyfikacji ISCED:
podstawowe , średnie, wyższe; średnie obejmuje też zasadnicze
zawodowe), status edukacyjny, status emerytalny
miejsce zamieszkania (obszar gęsto, średnio i słabo zaludniony wg
definicji Eurostat), bezrobocie w roku poprzedzającym badanie,
staż pracy (łączny – również poprzednie prace – czy krótszy niż 3
lata)
Cechy aktualnej pracy respondenta: skala statusu zawodu (ISEI –
International Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Status),
stanowisko kierownicze, branża firmy zatrudniającej respondenta
(sezonowe – rolnictwo, budownictwo, hotele; handel; pozostałe
branże); wielkość firmy (do 10 i powyżej 50 pracowników)
19. FTE and poverty / deprivation
Wskaźniki charakteryzujące gospodarstwa domowe
respondentów:
Ubóstwo dochodowe: sytuacja, w której ekwiwalentny dochód do
dyspozycji w gospodarstwie domowym (po transferach socjalnych)
jest niższy od 60% mediany ekwiwalentnych dochodów do
dyspozycji w badanych gospodarstwach.
Deprywacja materialna: występują co najmniej 3 spośród
następujących 9 przejawów trudności materialnych: brak środków
na sfinansowanie tygodniowego wypoczynku rodziny raz w roku,
jedzenie mięsa lub ryb co drugi dzień i ogrzewanie mieszkania
odpowiednio do potrzeb; brak telefonu, telewizora kolorowego,
pralki automatycznej , samochodu; kłopoty z terminowym
uiszczeniem czynszu, opłat za gaz, elektryczność, wodę, itp., bądź
spłatą rat kredytów i pożyczek.
20. Wykluczenie finansowe dotyczy gospodarstw, w których –
zgodnie z deklaracją respondentów – żaden z członków nie
posiada bieżącego rachunku bankowego i nie ma dostępu do
kredytu (w postaci karty kredytowej, pożyczki na dowolny cel
czy możliwości dokonywania zakupów w ratach), ponieważ:
• gospodarstwa nie stać na pokrycie opłat za prowadzenie konta
czy rat kredytu
• bank odmówił założenia rachunku bądź udzielenia pożyczki
członkom gospodarstwa
• w ocenie respondenta, gdyby ktoś z członków gospodarstwa
podjął próbę założenia konta bądź uzyskania kredytu,
spotkałby się z odmową.
Informacje pozwalające obliczyć powyższy wskaźnik dostępne
były jedynie dla roku 2008 – analogiczne pytania nie były