1) The watchdog is an important component of the Sepam monitoring system that notifies operators if the protection functions are working properly. If a failure is detected, the Sepam is put in standby position and the watchdog is activated.
2) The watchdog can also be used as a backup protection by connecting it to other relays, so that if the primary Sepam fails another relay can trigger the circuit breaker.
3) Choosing the appropriate type of watchdog, whether it uses undervoltage or shunt trip coils, depends on balancing the needs for safety versus availability in the plant. The watchdog must be considered along with the overall protection scheme design.
A result oriented individual with over 10 years Hands on Experience in the field of Mechanical Maintenance in Oil & Gas, Petrochemicals and Power plants in OFFSHORE and ONSHORE. Responsible for Overhauling, Repairing, Troubleshooting, Preventive, Predictive and Corrective Mechanical Maintenance activities of Rotary.
An Overview Of Agbami Fpso Electrical Power Systemvkmalik
The document provides an overview of the electrical power system protection on the AGBAMI FPSO. It describes the main, essential, and emergency power systems on board including generator capacity and configuration. It also discusses the various studies conducted on the power system model to determine protection requirements, including load flow analysis, short circuit study, and protective device coordination study. The document outlines the zoning of protection on the power system and the types of protection relays used. It provides examples of protection functions for generators, transformers, switchgear, feeders, and motors.
Rashid Minhas has over 4 years of experience as a Mechanical Technician at Engro Fertilizers in Pakistan where he has performed maintenance on gas turbines, compressors, pumps, steam turbines, and other equipment. He has a diploma in Mechanical Technology and skills in troubleshooting, maintenance, and overhauling of rotating equipment. He is seeking a position as a Field Machinist where he can apply his technical and problem-solving abilities.
The document discusses generator protection systems. It introduces the basic electrical quantities used for protection like current, voltage, phase angle and frequency. Protective relays use one or more of these quantities to detect faults. The document then discusses different types of relays and circuit breakers used for protection. It describes various protection zones like generator, transformer, bus, line and utilization equipment zones. The rest of the document elaborates on different protection schemes for generators including stator protection, rotor protection, loss of excitation protection and reverse power protection.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on medium voltage switchgear. It discusses safety features, standards, ratings, construction details, components like buses and breakers, and auxiliary devices of metal-clad switchgear. The presentation provides an overview of medium voltage switchgear design and specifications.
This document provides an overview of hydroelectric power plants and their components. It discusses:
1) The basic process of how hydroelectricity is generated using falling or flowing water.
2) The main types of hydro power plants.
3) Key terminology used in hydro plants such as reservoirs, dams, turbines, and generators.
4) The main equipment used in hydro plants including turbines, generators, valves, and control systems.
5) Details on specific turbine components and auxiliary equipment like oil pressure systems.
Historically, chemical fuses have been used to disable the battery in the event that the secondary safety becomes active. Many of these fuse manufactures do not support medical applications or their fuses are too small to use in very high-current applications.
This webinar will discuss using FETs in secondary protection applications, which have many advantages over using chemical fuses from multi sourcing to full medical application support, and potential to lower cost depending on the application.
Additionally exploring latching and non-latching applications and how to implement them and integrate them with popular safety circuits in wide use today.
For more information on our custom battery pack solutions visit http://www.epectec.com/ batteries/.
Maintenance of Substation Equipment | Operation And Maintenance Of SubstationSystem Protection
We work with the latest tools and equipment’s ensuring the delivery of highest quality of Services. We have served over 200 major industrial clients, in Oil & Gas, Cement, Government, Fertilizers and various other core and non-core Sectors. We are headquartered in Vadodara (Gujarat), India, but our exposure is not limited to National Industries. We are leaving a global footprint with clients in various nations like Tanzania, Paraguay, UAE, Kuwait, Nepal, Bangladesh, etc.
A result oriented individual with over 10 years Hands on Experience in the field of Mechanical Maintenance in Oil & Gas, Petrochemicals and Power plants in OFFSHORE and ONSHORE. Responsible for Overhauling, Repairing, Troubleshooting, Preventive, Predictive and Corrective Mechanical Maintenance activities of Rotary.
An Overview Of Agbami Fpso Electrical Power Systemvkmalik
The document provides an overview of the electrical power system protection on the AGBAMI FPSO. It describes the main, essential, and emergency power systems on board including generator capacity and configuration. It also discusses the various studies conducted on the power system model to determine protection requirements, including load flow analysis, short circuit study, and protective device coordination study. The document outlines the zoning of protection on the power system and the types of protection relays used. It provides examples of protection functions for generators, transformers, switchgear, feeders, and motors.
Rashid Minhas has over 4 years of experience as a Mechanical Technician at Engro Fertilizers in Pakistan where he has performed maintenance on gas turbines, compressors, pumps, steam turbines, and other equipment. He has a diploma in Mechanical Technology and skills in troubleshooting, maintenance, and overhauling of rotating equipment. He is seeking a position as a Field Machinist where he can apply his technical and problem-solving abilities.
The document discusses generator protection systems. It introduces the basic electrical quantities used for protection like current, voltage, phase angle and frequency. Protective relays use one or more of these quantities to detect faults. The document then discusses different types of relays and circuit breakers used for protection. It describes various protection zones like generator, transformer, bus, line and utilization equipment zones. The rest of the document elaborates on different protection schemes for generators including stator protection, rotor protection, loss of excitation protection and reverse power protection.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on medium voltage switchgear. It discusses safety features, standards, ratings, construction details, components like buses and breakers, and auxiliary devices of metal-clad switchgear. The presentation provides an overview of medium voltage switchgear design and specifications.
This document provides an overview of hydroelectric power plants and their components. It discusses:
1) The basic process of how hydroelectricity is generated using falling or flowing water.
2) The main types of hydro power plants.
3) Key terminology used in hydro plants such as reservoirs, dams, turbines, and generators.
4) The main equipment used in hydro plants including turbines, generators, valves, and control systems.
5) Details on specific turbine components and auxiliary equipment like oil pressure systems.
Historically, chemical fuses have been used to disable the battery in the event that the secondary safety becomes active. Many of these fuse manufactures do not support medical applications or their fuses are too small to use in very high-current applications.
This webinar will discuss using FETs in secondary protection applications, which have many advantages over using chemical fuses from multi sourcing to full medical application support, and potential to lower cost depending on the application.
Additionally exploring latching and non-latching applications and how to implement them and integrate them with popular safety circuits in wide use today.
For more information on our custom battery pack solutions visit http://www.epectec.com/ batteries/.
Maintenance of Substation Equipment | Operation And Maintenance Of SubstationSystem Protection
We work with the latest tools and equipment’s ensuring the delivery of highest quality of Services. We have served over 200 major industrial clients, in Oil & Gas, Cement, Government, Fertilizers and various other core and non-core Sectors. We are headquartered in Vadodara (Gujarat), India, but our exposure is not limited to National Industries. We are leaving a global footprint with clients in various nations like Tanzania, Paraguay, UAE, Kuwait, Nepal, Bangladesh, etc.
This document discusses procedures for operation and maintenance of electrical equipment. It outlines steps to monitor voltages, check breaker trip circuits, observe battery performance, ensure communication equipment is working, monitor transformer loading and temperatures, check diesel generators, inspect the substation yard, test gas pressures in SF6 breakers, and check additional equipment. Precautions are provided for testing procedures and limits are given for acceptable pole discrepancies when measuring circuit breaker operation times.
This document discusses the mountings and accessories of boilers. It defines mountings as items used for safety and accessories as items used to increase efficiency. It then lists and describes the common mountings, which include water level indicators, pressure gauges, safety valves, fusible plugs, blow-off cocks, steam stop valves, and feed check valves. Accessories are described as economizers, preheaters, superheaters, steam separators, injectors, and feed pumps. The purpose and function of each accessory is explained.
Guidelines for electrical wiring in residential buildings Vijay Kumar
This document provides guidelines for electrical wiring in residential buildings. It covers topics such as the electricity supply specifications, planning wiring work, features of electrical wiring including examples of lighting and socket outlet circuits, selection of cables and accessories, control and protection systems, earthing, and inspection and testing requirements. Safety is an important focus of the guidelines to avoid electrical accidents. Planning work includes determining load requirements, calculating maximum demand, and submitting plans. Wiring examples shown include single phase and three phase systems.
The document contains answers to interview questions about steam boilers, steam engines, pumps, internal combustion engines, and their components. It discusses the functions of boilers, mounts, valves, pistons, cylinders, crankshafts, packings, and more. It also covers operational procedures for starting pumps and reasons for reduced performance or breakdowns in different machine types.
This document provides testing and commissioning procedures for electrical installations in government buildings in Hong Kong. It outlines the objectives, scope, and specific procedures for testing and commissioning works. The objectives are to verify proper functioning of equipment/systems and that performance meets design intent. Scope includes preliminary steps, testing during construction, statutory testing and inspection, functional performance testing, and documentation. Specific procedures are provided for tests of low voltage and high voltage installations, as well as functional tests of various systems. Contractors must follow these procedures and submit documentation and certificates of testing and commissioning.
The document provides an overview of pressure vessel design and components. It discusses key terms like pressure vessel and stresses. The main types of equipment discussed are pressure vessels, storage vessels, distillation columns, heat exchangers, and reactors. Pressure vessels are usually spherical or cylindrical and must be properly designed to avoid failure under stresses from internal pressure, external forces, corrosion and more. Design involves selecting materials and calculating thicknesses for parts like shells, heads, nozzles and supports.
This document summarizes the summer training report submitted by four students from Amritsar College of Engineering & Technology at the Punjab State Power Corporation Limited Transformer Repair Workshop in Amritsar. The workshop repairs damaged transformers to save costs compared to the private sector. It has two main circles and aims to repair 120 units per month. The report describes the workshop organization and sections for washing, repairing, drying, assembling, testing and storing transformers. It also explains transformer components, types, workings, efficiency tests and applications.
This document discusses the different types of transformers used in power generating stations. It describes 7 main types: generator transformer, station transformer, distribution transformer, unit auxiliary transformer, auxiliary transformer, instrument transformer, and rectifier transformer. It provides details on the functions and purpose of each transformer type. The generator transformer steps up voltage from the generator, while station and auxiliary transformers provide power for starting units and station equipment. Instrument transformers are used for metering and protection.
Manvendra Kumar is a mechanical engineer with over 10 years of experience in engineering static equipment for oil and gas projects. He currently works as an Assistant Manager for DAELIM Industrial Company in South Korea, where he is responsible for engineering equipment for various refinery projects. Previously, he worked for L&T Chiyoda and Reliance Engineering Associates on projects in India, Vietnam, and the Middle East. He has expertise in pressure vessels, heat exchangers, and other process equipment.
This document provides information about substations and maintenance. It discusses indoor and outdoor substations, the various units within a substation, testing methods for circuit breakers, CTs, and PTs, as well as maintenance procedures. Neutral earthing and different neutral earthing methods like solid grounding, resistance grounding, and reactance grounding are also covered.
Professional Electrical Engineer Syed Salman has over 10 years of experience in power plants, substations, transmission lines, fertilizer plants, petrochemical plants, oil and gas facilities. He has expertise in design, estimation, tendering, detailed engineering, construction, pre-commissioning, installation, testing, troubleshooting, plant maintenance using condition monitoring systems, overhauling equipment, maintenance planning, electrical protection, instrumentation, DCS, SCADA, PLCs and more.
The document describes various subsea structures and test equipment created in Inventor by Thomas Capps, including a deepwater production line end termination with installation yoke, flanged deepwater PLET, 2 hub PLET with isolation, flanged 3 hub PLEM with isolation, piggable in-line structure with folding mudmat and isolation valve, integrated template architecture with installation yoke and mudmat, 2nd end PLET, dual hub 2nd end PLET, generic pile, 8” pigging loop, steel pipe jumpers, riser base, 4 well piggable manifold, BOP control POD IO and PWR can, curved installation frame for HDPE pipe, topside umbilical distribution unit
Prem Kumar is a mechanical engineer seeking a challenging position. He has over 5 years of experience in designing rotating equipment like pumps, compressors, and turbines. He is proficient in preparing technical specifications, evaluating bids, reviewing documents, and coordinating with vendors. Some of his project experience includes designing drill rigs for offshore oil rigs in Norway and working on thermal power plants in India. He has a Master's degree in Energy Engineering and is computer literate in CAD and office software.
The report details the proposed 10 MW Sagana-III run-of-river hydroelectric project on the Sagana River in Kenya. Key aspects include a diversion weir at 1274m elevation, 4.8 km water conductor system consisting of tunnels and channels, a forebay, 175m penstock bifurcating to two 1.9m pipes, and a 1210m elevation powerhouse with two 5MW turbines. The project will utilize a 58.46m head and 21.26 cumecs flow to generate an estimated 54 million kWh annually, connecting to the grid via a 7km transmission line. Financial analysis shows an equity IRR of 16.12% and average DSCR of 1.54x,
The document discusses a regenerative air preheater (GAH) used at a power plant. It contains specifications for the GAH such as its size, heating surface areas, temperatures, and pressure drops. The GAH uses a rotating cylinder filled with heating elements to transfer heat from flue gases to combustion air. It helps increase boiler efficiency. However, leakage of air through the seals is an inherent issue. The document examines various paths and causes of leakage, including thermal expansion differences between the hot and cold ends of the rotor. It notes the importance of properly setting seals to account for this "turn down" and minimizing gaps between sealing surfaces. Excessive leakage reduces efficiency and increases heat rate and power consumption.
The document discusses dry type transformers, which are air-cooled rather than liquid-cooled. It describes how dry type transformers do not require maintenance-intensive liquid cooling systems or fireproof vaults. The main types of dry type transformers are cast resin dry type transformers and vacuum pressure impregnated transformers. Dry type transformers provide reliable power in a safe and environmentally-friendly way, making them well-suited for applications such as buildings, tunnels, and industrial facilities where fire safety is important.
Difference between grounding and earthingDr.Raja R
This document discusses the differences between grounding and earthing of electrical systems. Grounding refers to connecting the current-carrying parts of a system to ground and provides a return path for leakage currents. Earthing connects the non-current carrying metal parts of equipment to ground to prevent electric shocks by discharging any leakage currents. The key differences are explained through definitions, diagrams, and specifications for proper grounding rods and earthing electrodes.
This document contains a presentation given by G Ravindra Kumar about his full semester internship training at GMR Kamalanga Energy Limited. The presentation discusses different types of switchgear including low voltage, medium voltage, and high voltage switchgear. It describes components of switchgear like circuit breakers, relays, current transformers, and details the operating principles and advantages of vacuum and air circuit breakers. Load details of various units of 6.6kV switchgear are also presented.
Global KTech is a technology firm with offices in the US and India that provides application development, staffing, and quality assurance services. It has over 75 employees and has delivered over 50 projects totaling over 7,200 person-months of development experience. The company differentiates itself by committing to clients' success, showing flexibility, providing expert resources at low costs, and having a highly motivated technical team.
This document provides an overview of an activity to familiarize students with the format of the Cambridge English: First (FCE) Speaking exam. The activity involves students completing a questionnaire about the exam structure in 30 minutes. It is designed to check students' knowledge of the four parts of the exam: an interview, a long turn, a collaborative task, and a discussion. The teacher then reviews the answers and leads a discussion to address any difficulties.
This document discusses procedures for operation and maintenance of electrical equipment. It outlines steps to monitor voltages, check breaker trip circuits, observe battery performance, ensure communication equipment is working, monitor transformer loading and temperatures, check diesel generators, inspect the substation yard, test gas pressures in SF6 breakers, and check additional equipment. Precautions are provided for testing procedures and limits are given for acceptable pole discrepancies when measuring circuit breaker operation times.
This document discusses the mountings and accessories of boilers. It defines mountings as items used for safety and accessories as items used to increase efficiency. It then lists and describes the common mountings, which include water level indicators, pressure gauges, safety valves, fusible plugs, blow-off cocks, steam stop valves, and feed check valves. Accessories are described as economizers, preheaters, superheaters, steam separators, injectors, and feed pumps. The purpose and function of each accessory is explained.
Guidelines for electrical wiring in residential buildings Vijay Kumar
This document provides guidelines for electrical wiring in residential buildings. It covers topics such as the electricity supply specifications, planning wiring work, features of electrical wiring including examples of lighting and socket outlet circuits, selection of cables and accessories, control and protection systems, earthing, and inspection and testing requirements. Safety is an important focus of the guidelines to avoid electrical accidents. Planning work includes determining load requirements, calculating maximum demand, and submitting plans. Wiring examples shown include single phase and three phase systems.
The document contains answers to interview questions about steam boilers, steam engines, pumps, internal combustion engines, and their components. It discusses the functions of boilers, mounts, valves, pistons, cylinders, crankshafts, packings, and more. It also covers operational procedures for starting pumps and reasons for reduced performance or breakdowns in different machine types.
This document provides testing and commissioning procedures for electrical installations in government buildings in Hong Kong. It outlines the objectives, scope, and specific procedures for testing and commissioning works. The objectives are to verify proper functioning of equipment/systems and that performance meets design intent. Scope includes preliminary steps, testing during construction, statutory testing and inspection, functional performance testing, and documentation. Specific procedures are provided for tests of low voltage and high voltage installations, as well as functional tests of various systems. Contractors must follow these procedures and submit documentation and certificates of testing and commissioning.
The document provides an overview of pressure vessel design and components. It discusses key terms like pressure vessel and stresses. The main types of equipment discussed are pressure vessels, storage vessels, distillation columns, heat exchangers, and reactors. Pressure vessels are usually spherical or cylindrical and must be properly designed to avoid failure under stresses from internal pressure, external forces, corrosion and more. Design involves selecting materials and calculating thicknesses for parts like shells, heads, nozzles and supports.
This document summarizes the summer training report submitted by four students from Amritsar College of Engineering & Technology at the Punjab State Power Corporation Limited Transformer Repair Workshop in Amritsar. The workshop repairs damaged transformers to save costs compared to the private sector. It has two main circles and aims to repair 120 units per month. The report describes the workshop organization and sections for washing, repairing, drying, assembling, testing and storing transformers. It also explains transformer components, types, workings, efficiency tests and applications.
This document discusses the different types of transformers used in power generating stations. It describes 7 main types: generator transformer, station transformer, distribution transformer, unit auxiliary transformer, auxiliary transformer, instrument transformer, and rectifier transformer. It provides details on the functions and purpose of each transformer type. The generator transformer steps up voltage from the generator, while station and auxiliary transformers provide power for starting units and station equipment. Instrument transformers are used for metering and protection.
Manvendra Kumar is a mechanical engineer with over 10 years of experience in engineering static equipment for oil and gas projects. He currently works as an Assistant Manager for DAELIM Industrial Company in South Korea, where he is responsible for engineering equipment for various refinery projects. Previously, he worked for L&T Chiyoda and Reliance Engineering Associates on projects in India, Vietnam, and the Middle East. He has expertise in pressure vessels, heat exchangers, and other process equipment.
This document provides information about substations and maintenance. It discusses indoor and outdoor substations, the various units within a substation, testing methods for circuit breakers, CTs, and PTs, as well as maintenance procedures. Neutral earthing and different neutral earthing methods like solid grounding, resistance grounding, and reactance grounding are also covered.
Professional Electrical Engineer Syed Salman has over 10 years of experience in power plants, substations, transmission lines, fertilizer plants, petrochemical plants, oil and gas facilities. He has expertise in design, estimation, tendering, detailed engineering, construction, pre-commissioning, installation, testing, troubleshooting, plant maintenance using condition monitoring systems, overhauling equipment, maintenance planning, electrical protection, instrumentation, DCS, SCADA, PLCs and more.
The document describes various subsea structures and test equipment created in Inventor by Thomas Capps, including a deepwater production line end termination with installation yoke, flanged deepwater PLET, 2 hub PLET with isolation, flanged 3 hub PLEM with isolation, piggable in-line structure with folding mudmat and isolation valve, integrated template architecture with installation yoke and mudmat, 2nd end PLET, dual hub 2nd end PLET, generic pile, 8” pigging loop, steel pipe jumpers, riser base, 4 well piggable manifold, BOP control POD IO and PWR can, curved installation frame for HDPE pipe, topside umbilical distribution unit
Prem Kumar is a mechanical engineer seeking a challenging position. He has over 5 years of experience in designing rotating equipment like pumps, compressors, and turbines. He is proficient in preparing technical specifications, evaluating bids, reviewing documents, and coordinating with vendors. Some of his project experience includes designing drill rigs for offshore oil rigs in Norway and working on thermal power plants in India. He has a Master's degree in Energy Engineering and is computer literate in CAD and office software.
The report details the proposed 10 MW Sagana-III run-of-river hydroelectric project on the Sagana River in Kenya. Key aspects include a diversion weir at 1274m elevation, 4.8 km water conductor system consisting of tunnels and channels, a forebay, 175m penstock bifurcating to two 1.9m pipes, and a 1210m elevation powerhouse with two 5MW turbines. The project will utilize a 58.46m head and 21.26 cumecs flow to generate an estimated 54 million kWh annually, connecting to the grid via a 7km transmission line. Financial analysis shows an equity IRR of 16.12% and average DSCR of 1.54x,
The document discusses a regenerative air preheater (GAH) used at a power plant. It contains specifications for the GAH such as its size, heating surface areas, temperatures, and pressure drops. The GAH uses a rotating cylinder filled with heating elements to transfer heat from flue gases to combustion air. It helps increase boiler efficiency. However, leakage of air through the seals is an inherent issue. The document examines various paths and causes of leakage, including thermal expansion differences between the hot and cold ends of the rotor. It notes the importance of properly setting seals to account for this "turn down" and minimizing gaps between sealing surfaces. Excessive leakage reduces efficiency and increases heat rate and power consumption.
The document discusses dry type transformers, which are air-cooled rather than liquid-cooled. It describes how dry type transformers do not require maintenance-intensive liquid cooling systems or fireproof vaults. The main types of dry type transformers are cast resin dry type transformers and vacuum pressure impregnated transformers. Dry type transformers provide reliable power in a safe and environmentally-friendly way, making them well-suited for applications such as buildings, tunnels, and industrial facilities where fire safety is important.
Difference between grounding and earthingDr.Raja R
This document discusses the differences between grounding and earthing of electrical systems. Grounding refers to connecting the current-carrying parts of a system to ground and provides a return path for leakage currents. Earthing connects the non-current carrying metal parts of equipment to ground to prevent electric shocks by discharging any leakage currents. The key differences are explained through definitions, diagrams, and specifications for proper grounding rods and earthing electrodes.
This document contains a presentation given by G Ravindra Kumar about his full semester internship training at GMR Kamalanga Energy Limited. The presentation discusses different types of switchgear including low voltage, medium voltage, and high voltage switchgear. It describes components of switchgear like circuit breakers, relays, current transformers, and details the operating principles and advantages of vacuum and air circuit breakers. Load details of various units of 6.6kV switchgear are also presented.
Global KTech is a technology firm with offices in the US and India that provides application development, staffing, and quality assurance services. It has over 75 employees and has delivered over 50 projects totaling over 7,200 person-months of development experience. The company differentiates itself by committing to clients' success, showing flexibility, providing expert resources at low costs, and having a highly motivated technical team.
This document provides an overview of an activity to familiarize students with the format of the Cambridge English: First (FCE) Speaking exam. The activity involves students completing a questionnaire about the exam structure in 30 minutes. It is designed to check students' knowledge of the four parts of the exam: an interview, a long turn, a collaborative task, and a discussion. The teacher then reviews the answers and leads a discussion to address any difficulties.
Derecho de familia. inseminacion artifici al. sentencia 1456. enviarLUIS HERNANDEZ
La sentencia declara parcialmente con lugar la acción de amparo constitucional de una viuda para que se le permita realizar la inseminación artificial con el material genético de su esposo fallecido. El documento discute varios temas relacionados con la reproducción asistida como el derecho a procrear, la maternidad y la capacidad de suceder de los hijos concebidos por estas técnicas. También señala que la legislación venezolana no regula a profundidad estos asuntos.
legalizacion de la marihuana en mexico Alee Vazquez
El documento argumenta que la legalización de la marihuana en México tendría beneficios para la seguridad al reducir las actividades del crimen organizado. Al permitir el consumo legal, el narcotráfico perdería su principal fuente de ingresos y se debilitaría, lo que disminuiría la violencia relacionada con las drogas. También señala que la legalización podría usarse con fines terapéuticos y que en otros países no ha llevado a un aumento en el consumo.
El documento define el Poder Ciudadano en Venezuela como un poder público nacional integrado por el Defensor del Pueblo, el Fiscal General y el Contralor General. Estos órganos gozan de autonomía funcional, financiera y administrativa y son independientes de otros poderes. El Consejo Moral Republicano es el órgano que expresa el Poder Ciudadano y tiene competencias como prevenir faltas a la ética pública y promover la educación y valores ciudadanos.
The document discusses how organizations can use social media platforms like YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook to market continuing education programs. It provides tips on establishing an authentic social media voice, creating effective videos for YouTube, using hashtags and mentions on Twitter, and engaging conversations on Facebook. The document encourages organizations to move away from traditional brochure-heavy marketing toward directing interested students to information online through these new media channels.
Guadalajara is a city and municipality located in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha in Spain. It is situated in the natural region of La Alcarria. The document provides brief information about the location of Guadalajara within Spain.
Closing the Loop - Technology ImplementationsCASRAI
Thorsten Hoellrigl, Thomas Vestam. Targeted at representatives of IT departments and software suppliers. Hearing from early technology adopters of CASRAI standards on progress and lessons learned.
Hypofractionation in early breast cancer is no more a research scholars topic. Multiple studies with robust data have proven its utility. It may hold an important role in many countries with constrained resources. This is a short presentation incorporating important completed and ongoing trials. Feel free to use this.
Amity University | Government RecognitionsAmity New York
Amity University, Government Recognitions, Amity University is established through the state legislature, with powers to award degrees under the UGC Act.
FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
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1) The document discusses fault detection, consequence prevention, and control of defeat for critical systems. It provides information on designing redundancy, diagnostics, and fault tolerance to ensure systems can still function even if a component fails.
2) When taking a critical safety device out of service for maintenance, a formal Control of Defeat process is required to provide alternate protection and notify all relevant parties of the change.
3) Failure to follow proper Control of Defeat procedures when disabling a critical safety device, such as switching off a collision warning system without plans for alternate protection, can have severe consequences like loss of life if an incident occurs.
This document provides a user guide for an IP66/Nema 4X rated variable speed drive for controlling AC motors. It discusses safety information and warnings, describes the drive's environmental and electrical characteristics, and lists its optional components. The guide contains information to help ensure the drive is properly installed and commissioned according to regulations.
This document discusses safety concepts and practices in railway signalling. It covers fail-safe principles, redundancy techniques, and self-check methods used to ensure safety in signalling systems. The key points are:
1) Signalling systems are designed to be fail-safe, meaning any failure will result in a safe reaction by defaulting to the lowest energy state. This is achieved through mechanical and electrical designs.
2) Microprocessors are not inherently fail-safe, so redundancy and self-checks are used to monitor for faults and ensure safe operation. Techniques include dual hardware, triple modular redundancy, and watchdog timers.
3) Railway interlocking systems are designed so that running signals cannot be lowered unless routes are set
The document provides instructions for installing and configuring a Zipato security expansion module. Key details include:
- The module has 6 wired zones, an optically isolated input, a wired bell/siren output, a programmable output, an auxiliary power supply, a USB port, and a serial port.
- Zones can be wired as normally closed loops with single or double end-of-line resistors for maximum protection. The bell/siren output and auxiliary power output are supervised.
- The programmable output can be configured to switch to ground or the auxiliary voltage. Additional modules can expand zones to 24 total.
- A lead acid battery provides backup power and connects to battery terminals, observing
Tracer1210rn Tracer1215rn manual from Ultisolar New Energy
Available at http://shop.ultisolar.com
About Ultisolar: Ultisolar is focus on MPPT Controller, PWM Controller, SWH Controller, SWH Station, Hall Flow Sensor
A protective relay is a device that detects faults in electrical systems and operates circuit breakers to isolate faulty sections. It distinguishes normal and abnormal conditions by measuring electrical quantities like voltage, current, and frequency that change during faults. The relay components include inputs that receive measurements, settings to program decision thresholds, processing to compare inputs to settings, and outputs to operate switches. Relays ensure the safety of equipment and continuity of supply by rapidly detecting faults and automatically disconnecting the faulty section from the healthy system.
1. The document provides safety instructions for working on the Perfect Harmony medium voltage AC converter, noting hazards from high voltages, hot surfaces, and electromagnetic fields.
2. Operators must read and understand all product documentation before working on the converter and follow safety rules like disconnecting power and locking out tag out procedures.
3. Only qualified electricians should work on the converter and certain areas inside remain hazardous even after the emergency stop button is pressed due to capacitors that require 10 minutes to discharge high voltages.
The document discusses power system protection and introduces some key concepts:
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The watchdog is a main component in the protection scheme
1. Schneider-Electric
Edouard Murat : edouard.murat@schneider-electric.com
Décembre 2005
Version 1.0
The watchdog : a main component in the protection scheme
Abstract
The watchdog is one of the most important part of the Sepam monitoring system for it notifies the
operator whether the protection functions of the Sepam are in working order. This monitoring system is
based on self-tests. If an internal failure is detected the Sepam is put in standby position. The
watchdog should also be used as a back-up protection in order to maintain primary safety when the
Sepam is in standby position. This shows that the protection relay is useless without a global
protection scheme which takes into account the possibility of a failure of the Sepam. A compromise
has to be found between safety and availability of the electric network regarding the needs of the
plant. As the behavior of the Sepam in standby position is linked with the type of the watchdog, the
choice of this component is crucial.
Index terms – watchdog, monitoring system, standby position, back-up protection, protection scheme,
safety and availability, undervoltage coil, shunt trip coil.
Introduction
The aim of the Sepam relay is to manage electric installation by providing safety and availability of the
installation and the equipment. The protection scheme can be improved with the use of the watchdog.
This simple component is really an important part of the protection plan and can easily provide higher
protection.
Definition of a watchdog
The watchdog contact is a change over contact : the contacts normally closed of the relays are
connected in daisy-chain
m ic r o p r o c e s s o r
r e la y F n
w a t c h d o g
c o n t a c t
a n n u n c ia t o r
p a n e l
r e la y F n
f a u lt
Figure 1 – Watchdog contact
1
2. Schneider-Electric
Edouard Murat : edouard.murat@schneider-electric.com
Décembre 2005
Version 1.0
The watchdog should be used..
..As a notifying device of the monitoring system
The Sepam relay is equipped with a self monitoring system which is able to detect most internal
failures in protection circuits of the Sepam. This monitoring system is based on self-tests. The
purposes of the self-tests is to detect internal failures that may cause unexpected tripping or non-
tripping. If such a failure is detected by the self-tests, the Sepam is put in standby position. In this
position, all protections functions are turned off in order to avoid any unwanted operation, logic outputs
of the Sepam are open and the watchdog is activated. Please note that some internal failures has no
consequence on protection functions of the Sepam1
.
State of the Relay Watchdog Causes
In standby position activated Internal failure detected
OR
Relay not energized
In working order not activated Relay energized
AND
no internal failure
Fig. 2 – the standby position
The watchdog is an important part of this monitoring system because it indicates if the protections
functions of the Sepam are in working order . If an internal fault is detected by the Sepam, a light of
the Sepam front panel automatically flickers even if the watchdog is not connected to the system. The
fact is that in case of an internal fault of the digital relay, if the watchdog is not properly connected to
the control system, the only way to notice that the relay has failed is to control the front panel of the
relay. The watchdog contact should therefore be connected to the higher level system in order to
generate an efficient alarm and give the state of the relay. For example, a hooter in a plant or a bigger
flickering light can be activated in order to inform the operator.
State of the
Watchdog
contact
No failure
detected
Internal failure detected
Watchdog
properly
connected to the
control system
Protections
functions are in
working order
- Protection functions are out of order
- Sepam in standby position
- The alarm light of the Sepam front panel flickers
- Watchdog contact activates an alarm system operator is
notified that a maintenance operation is required thanks to
the connection to the control system
Watchdog not
connected
Protection
functions are in
working order
- Protection functions are out of order
- Sepam in standby position
- The alarm light of the Sepam front panel flickers
- The need of maintenance is detected only if an operator
controls the front panel of the digital relay
Fig. 3 – the watchdog, a warning system
1
In this case, the Sepam is said to be in downgraded working order : some internal failure has been detected but no protection
function of the Sepam has been affected
2
3. Schneider-Electric
Edouard Murat : edouard.murat@schneider-electric.com
Décembre 2005
Version 1.0
The first step of maintenance operations is to be kept informed of the state of the device. Thanks to
the watchdog, the maintenance staff is warned of the state of the protection relay and could repair the
faulty device without delay. The use of the watchdog is the main solution because this is often enough
to prevent damage to equipment and to avoid loss of production.
Although the self monitoring system of the Sepam will find most internal failures, some may not be
detected. Those are mainly linked with the different modules of the Sepam such as disconnected
sensitive earth fault current transformers, failure of input / output modules or also faulty analog output
module. Those failures do not concern the relay its self but may have important impacts on the
protection functions. For example, if a core balance current transformer used in order to measure the
sense of the current is linked with the Sepam in the wrong way, it will have impact on all directional
protections. For this reason we recommend periodic testing even when self monitoring is provided.
Considering the frequency of those faults, 5 years between each maintenance operation should
prevent the plant from such problems.
Functions Type of self-test Execution period Fail-safe position
Power supply Detection of processor power supply
outside tolerance range
At time of energizing
and continually
YES
Acquisition of
currents or voltages
Detection of analog channel saturation
Filtering by data signal processing
Test of presence and recognition of
connector
Continually
Continually
At time of energizing
and continually
YES
YES
YES
Processing unit Memory test
Software watchdog
At time of energizing
and continually
YES
YES
UMI Memory test
Software watchdog
At time of energizing
Continually
NO
NO
Logical I/O Test of presence and recognition of
module
At time of energizing
and continually
YES
(1)
RTD inputs Memory test
Software watchdog
Analog conversion test
At time of energizing
Continually
Continually
NO
NO
NO
Analog output Memory test
Software watchdog
At time of energizing
Continually
NO
NO
(1) only when the module is missing or if there are not enough logical inputs
Fig. 4 – The self-tests of the Sepam
3
4. Schneider-Electric
Edouard Murat : edouard.murat@schneider-electric.com
Décembre 2005
Version 1.0
..As a back-up protection
The watchdog contacts can also be used to provide back-up protection by other relays. The back-up
protection is a brilliant solution in order not to depend only on one Sepam that might be faulty but also
on other Sepam that protect the upstream electric network.
If the protection system is built according to the sate of the art, each fault should be detected by at
least two different protection relays. This can be achieved either by installing 2 different protection
relays on one circuit-breaker (commonly used on transmission systems) or by relying on the upstream
breaker and its protection relay (very common in distribution systems). This basic principle can be
improved by using the following back-up protection system
The back-up protection system is really simple and uses the fact that a protection scheme is
composed of upstream protection relays and downstream protection relays. If the downstream Sepam
relay is in standby position, the protection functions are not in working order. An electric network failure
may happen and damage the power system that should have been protected by the Sepam. The
answer to this problem is to wire the watchdog contact of the downstream Sepam relay with the
protection of the upstream Sepam relay.
An example is described below (Fig. 4.)
Fig. 5 - Example of the use of watchdog contact in a back-up protection
The relay F2 is in working order whereas the relay F1 is in standby position as the watchdog is closed.
Therefore relay F1 does not provide any protection anymore. If a short-circuit occurs in the network
which was protected by F1, the back-up protection F4 will trip the circuit-breaker controlled by
F1thanks to the back-up trip circuit.
Furthermore, any back-up scheme which uses the watchdog contacts of microprocessor relays must
still provide the minimum back-up protection in the case of undetected failures in the relay or circuit-
breaker failure. The protection of a power system using Sepam protection relays is secured, but the
4
5. Schneider-Electric
Edouard Murat : edouard.murat@schneider-electric.com
Décembre 2005
Version 1.0
power system has to be protected even if the protection function fails. Using the watchdog as a back-
up protection increase the availability and the safety.
Protection scheme
Since many protection functions are included in one device, a reliable protection scheme is very
important in order to protect capital equipment, to protect operating personnel, and to reduce down
time by selectively clearing faults.
Correct operation of the protection circuit including back-up protection may ensure optimal clearance
of the fault but will not in itself prevent a loss of production. In other words good back-up protection
will not fix a bad design.
The reason for extensive damage in installations is not often a faulty protection equipment itself but
how the protection scheme has been designed and implemented.
The protection plan should be designed in order to obtain the best combination of protection and
continuous operation. Any analysis of back-up protection must take into account the complete
protection circuit that consist of the circuit-breaker, the instrument transformers, the auxiliary power
supply, and the relay. Even the most advanced protection relay is useless without a well-designed
protection scheme : if the protection equipment is incorrectly wired and the relays incorrectly set, the
availability and the safety of the power system can not be ensured.
Safety and availability
A protection system has to ensure two main functions :
- To protect the electric installation/components against overloads, and short circuits due to
component failures and therefore to avoid accidents (fires, explosion) that may follow. This
function is linked with safety.
- To provide power so that electrical equipment can run properly. This function is linked with
availability.
As explained before, a good protection scheme takes into account the possibility of a failure of the
protection relay. Furthermore, it is established that some failures caused more damage to safety than
to availability and vice versa :
- A failure to trip of the protection relay may lead to the destruction of components. This can
start fires which may turn into explosion. This is, of course, always associated with human
risks.
- False trip of a protection relay may trouble the production availability of the installation. This
may lead to a partial or a complete loss (blackout) of the production. This often implies an
important financial loss.
5
Safety of the
system
Availability of
the system
False trip of the
protection relay
Failure to trip of the
protection relay
Fair balance between Safety and
availability
6. Schneider-Electric
Edouard Murat : edouard.murat@schneider-electric.com
Décembre 2005
Version 1.0
Fig. 6 - Balance between safety and availability
Safety and availability are conflicting requirements: improving the one decreases the other one and
reciprocally. Therefore designing a protection scheme has to be a good compromise between safety
and availability.
The appropriate watchdog
Failures have different impact on the electric network depending on their type, their location, the need
of the plant. It is possible to distinguish two main types : the “safe failures” and “unsafe failures”. It is
really important to note that those two types depend on the need of the plant. It is no sense to talk
about a “safe failure” in a universal point of view.
The protection relay has to ensure availability when “safe failures” occurs and must prevent the power
system from “unsafe states”. As a consequence, the standby position is a main issue and has to be
carefully tackled.
The so-called "safety state" actually depends on the kind of MV application. In most applications the
de-energizing of the system will be the safe state. For instance it is often requested to stop a motor in
case of over-current. But in some specific cases, it will be safer to keep the system energized. For
instance, some safety pumps need to be kept running even in case of MV failure.
This is a problem for manufacturers to address properly requirements of safety and availability. This
issue can be solved by using a temporary "standby" position. In this state, the protection relay is
stopped, and alerts the system for curative maintenance within limited time (24 hours) as showed
below (Fig. 4).
6
7. Schneider-Electric
Edouard Murat : edouard.murat@schneider-electric.com
Décembre 2005
Version 1.0
Fig. 7 – Example of the use of the temporary "standby" position
In applications where safety is crucial, the system designer will choose a safety-oriented architecture.
In case of a failure detected by self-testing, the system will go in the Safety state, resulting in circuit
tripping. If the safe state of a system is to de-energize it, the use of "under-voltage" coils mode will
ensure safety. In applications where safety and availability have to be balanced, using "shunt trip coils"
may ensure both safety and availability. When self-testing detects a protection relay failure, or when
the power supply is faulty, the watchdog relay is activated, and an upstream protection relay replaces
the downstream faulty protection relay during the fault condition period. Using "shunt trip" coils when
the safe state of a system is to de-energize it will ensure a compromise between safety and
availability.
7
8. Schneider-Electric
Edouard Murat : edouard.murat@schneider-electric.com
Décembre 2005
Version 1.0
8
PROTECTION IS RUNNUNG
Watchdog linked with the
protection relay
No watchdog linked with
the protection relay
STANDBY POSITION
- a failure was detected by self-
tests
- WD activated
- protection function are turned
off
HAZARDOUS STATE
- protection functions seem to be
working
- protection functions are
actually inoperant
ELECTRIC
NETWOR
K
FAILURE
Watchdog
fulfilled with
undervoltage
coil
Watchdog
fulfilled with
shunt trip coil
SAFE STATE 1
- Circuit breaker is
open
- MV energy is not
more available
SAFE STATE 2
- Circuit breaker is open
- MV energy is not more
available
- Watchdog is activated BACK-UP PROTECTION
- External back-up protection device
activated by watchdog contact
- Without maintenance within 24h,
protection system must be set in safe
state
ACCIDENT
FAILURE OF
PROTECTION RELAY
SAFE STATE 1
- Circuit breaker is
open
- MV energy is not
more available
Watchdog contact
used for back-up
protection
9. Schneider-Electric
Edouard Murat : edouard.murat@schneider-electric.com
Décembre 2005
Version 1.0
Fig. 8 – The consequences of an electric network failure depend on the state of the relay, the
connection of the watchdog to the control system, the type of the watchdog and the back-up protection
Conclusion
The Sepam relay provides safety and availability of the electric network thanks to its monitoring
system. But the use of the watchdog -carefully chosen before- and the back-up protection increase the
safety and the availability. The protection of an installation or equipment should be considered as a
global system –the protection scheme- and not reduced to the protection relay itself.
9