127 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics | HandMadeWriting.com Blog. How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay | Literacy Ideas. Compare Contrast Essay Graphic Organizer | Printable Calendar Template .... Free Compare And Contrast Essay Examples - slide share. Writing Compare Contrast Essay - Expert Guide for Writing a Compare and .... Compare and Contrast Essay Example: ENG111 - YouTube. How to Write a Compare & Contrast Essay | Structure | Example | Topics. How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay – Simple Guides on .... Writing a Compare/Contrast Essay:. Compare And Contrast Essay Outline Mla. Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for High School Students | Essay ....
1
Running head: REVIEW PAPER
Alisebeth Nelson
Argosy University Twin Cities
Advanced General Psychology
PSY492
Review Paper – Draft of Literature Findings
M2A3
June 2016
Abstract
This paper discusses the similarities, differences, and content of 10 articles and other resources the report and discuss the findings of research that has been done on the Psychology of Evil. The idea of a person being completely “evil” is still a new idea in psychology and all of the main research on this has been done within the past 70 years, so as of right now there is now hard proof that someone can really truly be “evil.” Most of the research done has been done based on the idea of an authority figure being the main reason why someone may do an evil task, not one on single person doing an evil thing on their own recognizance. This paper focuses on experiments performed by Milgram and Zimbardo and their findings, but also includes discussions from other sources.
The Psychology of Evil
There have been many discussions based on the research done to prove that humans can be and are instinctively evil beings. However, most of the research that has been presented to us has been performed with some type of authority that wills the participants to perform the “evil” acts. Becker states in his article “little effort has been made in psychology and psychiatry to study pathologies that afflict, not the aberrant neurotic or psychotic individual or social group, but the greater population of the psychologically normal” (2008). I would have to say that based on my schooling and the personal research that I have done that I would agree with this statement. All too often, any research performed to test the psychology behind good and evil only includes what we would call a “normal” individual; someone who has no type of psychotic diagnosis. Now if these experiments were tested on individual who was diagnosed with Antisocial or Borderline Personality Disorder, would the outcomes have been different? Becker states in this article that he believes that to be so. In this article he mainly focuses on Nazi leaders during the holocaust.
Chirico writes an article that is 22 chapters long that is divided in 5 sections to study this concept: “Basic issues and Controversies,” “Motivation and Cognitive Processes,” “Developmental, Personality and Clinical Aspects,” “Good and Evil,” and “Synthesis” (2011). Chirico starts his analysis with the main question that so many of us ask; “Why is there evil?” Chirico studies focus mainly on whether or not evil is a normal human condition or simply a side effect of mental illness. He also looks into the schemas of cognitions and morality.
Kadar’s article discusses a very interesting theory that the central goal of ecological psychology is for humans to create coping mechanisms to deal with everyday tasks, and sometime that these coping mechanisms can include evil behaviors. He states that sometimes an evil act ...
The document summarizes several sources that discuss what triggers evil actions in people. Source 3 describes a psychology experiment conducted at Stanford University where participants took on roles as prisoners or guards and the guards gradually became crueler as they embraced their roles. Source 6 discusses how American society has become desensitized to violence through media portrayals and how this normalizes violence. The sources presented various perspectives on what triggers evil, including genetic factors, brain biology, mental illness, media influence, public policy, and the glorification of violence.
This document provides a summary of a research paper that analyzes two memoirs about men's experiences with anxiety disorders and how they relate to concepts of masculinity. The paper explores how the authors, Scott Stossel and Daniel Smith, discuss their anxiety in relation to pressures to succeed, sexuality, substance abuse, and expectations to appear mentally strong. While the memoirs aim to destigmatize anxiety for men, the analysis notes they also sometimes indirectly correlate anxiety with femininity. The research utilizes theories of gender and masculinity to examine instances where the authors conform to or challenge stereotypes about mental illness and masculinity.
Against “The Myth of Independence” – For a More Convivial and Interdependent...Université de Montréal
Psychiatric Times
Column: Second Thoughts
Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/against-the-myth-of-independence-for-a-more-convivial-and-interdependent-society
Against “The Myth of Independence” – For a More Convivial and Interdependent Society
March 27, 2024
Vincenzo Di Nicola, MPhil, MD, PhD, FCAHS, DLFAPA, DFCPA
No more fiendish punishment could be devised … than that one should be turned loose in society and remain absolutely unnoticed by the members thereof. – William James
Lead: Some of the most divisive notions in the Western world and the Global North: individualism and independence. Are they a myth?
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32192.14086
The biopsychosocial model views health and illness as influenced by multiple interacting factors including biological, psychological, and social factors. It posits that biological events have psychological and social impacts, and vice versa. The model was first proposed by psychiatrist George Engel in the 1970s as an alternative to the biomedical model. While widely adopted, some critics argue it lacks clarity and promotes an artificial distinction between biological and psychological factors.
This document provides an overview of the anthropological study of mental illness. It discusses madness as a disorder of social ties that poses problems for all societies. The anthropology of madness examines local treatments of mental illness on three levels: as a social problem, an ailment with a therapeutic system, and moral treatment of people experiencing madness. Notable studies in the field include work on conceptions of personhood in American psychiatry and treatment of schizophrenia and in prisons. The goal of the anthropology of madness is a cultural analysis of concepts of personhood and ethics. Key methods include genealogical analysis of concepts over time and examining the "social life" of cultural objects in psychiatry.
“The Trouble with Normal”: Reading 2 Canadian Bestsellers - Gabor Maté’s "The...Université de Montréal
This column in my series, "Second Thoughts" in Psychiatric Times reviews the books and careers of 2 Canadian bestselling public intelectuals - Jordan Peterson and Gabor Maté
127 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics | HandMadeWriting.com Blog. How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay | Literacy Ideas. Compare Contrast Essay Graphic Organizer | Printable Calendar Template .... Free Compare And Contrast Essay Examples - slide share. Writing Compare Contrast Essay - Expert Guide for Writing a Compare and .... Compare and Contrast Essay Example: ENG111 - YouTube. How to Write a Compare & Contrast Essay | Structure | Example | Topics. How to Write a Compare and Contrast Essay – Simple Guides on .... Writing a Compare/Contrast Essay:. Compare And Contrast Essay Outline Mla. Compare and Contrast Essay Topics for High School Students | Essay ....
1
Running head: REVIEW PAPER
Alisebeth Nelson
Argosy University Twin Cities
Advanced General Psychology
PSY492
Review Paper – Draft of Literature Findings
M2A3
June 2016
Abstract
This paper discusses the similarities, differences, and content of 10 articles and other resources the report and discuss the findings of research that has been done on the Psychology of Evil. The idea of a person being completely “evil” is still a new idea in psychology and all of the main research on this has been done within the past 70 years, so as of right now there is now hard proof that someone can really truly be “evil.” Most of the research done has been done based on the idea of an authority figure being the main reason why someone may do an evil task, not one on single person doing an evil thing on their own recognizance. This paper focuses on experiments performed by Milgram and Zimbardo and their findings, but also includes discussions from other sources.
The Psychology of Evil
There have been many discussions based on the research done to prove that humans can be and are instinctively evil beings. However, most of the research that has been presented to us has been performed with some type of authority that wills the participants to perform the “evil” acts. Becker states in his article “little effort has been made in psychology and psychiatry to study pathologies that afflict, not the aberrant neurotic or psychotic individual or social group, but the greater population of the psychologically normal” (2008). I would have to say that based on my schooling and the personal research that I have done that I would agree with this statement. All too often, any research performed to test the psychology behind good and evil only includes what we would call a “normal” individual; someone who has no type of psychotic diagnosis. Now if these experiments were tested on individual who was diagnosed with Antisocial or Borderline Personality Disorder, would the outcomes have been different? Becker states in this article that he believes that to be so. In this article he mainly focuses on Nazi leaders during the holocaust.
Chirico writes an article that is 22 chapters long that is divided in 5 sections to study this concept: “Basic issues and Controversies,” “Motivation and Cognitive Processes,” “Developmental, Personality and Clinical Aspects,” “Good and Evil,” and “Synthesis” (2011). Chirico starts his analysis with the main question that so many of us ask; “Why is there evil?” Chirico studies focus mainly on whether or not evil is a normal human condition or simply a side effect of mental illness. He also looks into the schemas of cognitions and morality.
Kadar’s article discusses a very interesting theory that the central goal of ecological psychology is for humans to create coping mechanisms to deal with everyday tasks, and sometime that these coping mechanisms can include evil behaviors. He states that sometimes an evil act ...
The document summarizes several sources that discuss what triggers evil actions in people. Source 3 describes a psychology experiment conducted at Stanford University where participants took on roles as prisoners or guards and the guards gradually became crueler as they embraced their roles. Source 6 discusses how American society has become desensitized to violence through media portrayals and how this normalizes violence. The sources presented various perspectives on what triggers evil, including genetic factors, brain biology, mental illness, media influence, public policy, and the glorification of violence.
This document provides a summary of a research paper that analyzes two memoirs about men's experiences with anxiety disorders and how they relate to concepts of masculinity. The paper explores how the authors, Scott Stossel and Daniel Smith, discuss their anxiety in relation to pressures to succeed, sexuality, substance abuse, and expectations to appear mentally strong. While the memoirs aim to destigmatize anxiety for men, the analysis notes they also sometimes indirectly correlate anxiety with femininity. The research utilizes theories of gender and masculinity to examine instances where the authors conform to or challenge stereotypes about mental illness and masculinity.
Against “The Myth of Independence” – For a More Convivial and Interdependent...Université de Montréal
Psychiatric Times
Column: Second Thoughts
Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/against-the-myth-of-independence-for-a-more-convivial-and-interdependent-society
Against “The Myth of Independence” – For a More Convivial and Interdependent Society
March 27, 2024
Vincenzo Di Nicola, MPhil, MD, PhD, FCAHS, DLFAPA, DFCPA
No more fiendish punishment could be devised … than that one should be turned loose in society and remain absolutely unnoticed by the members thereof. – William James
Lead: Some of the most divisive notions in the Western world and the Global North: individualism and independence. Are they a myth?
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32192.14086
The biopsychosocial model views health and illness as influenced by multiple interacting factors including biological, psychological, and social factors. It posits that biological events have psychological and social impacts, and vice versa. The model was first proposed by psychiatrist George Engel in the 1970s as an alternative to the biomedical model. While widely adopted, some critics argue it lacks clarity and promotes an artificial distinction between biological and psychological factors.
This document provides an overview of the anthropological study of mental illness. It discusses madness as a disorder of social ties that poses problems for all societies. The anthropology of madness examines local treatments of mental illness on three levels: as a social problem, an ailment with a therapeutic system, and moral treatment of people experiencing madness. Notable studies in the field include work on conceptions of personhood in American psychiatry and treatment of schizophrenia and in prisons. The goal of the anthropology of madness is a cultural analysis of concepts of personhood and ethics. Key methods include genealogical analysis of concepts over time and examining the "social life" of cultural objects in psychiatry.
“The Trouble with Normal”: Reading 2 Canadian Bestsellers - Gabor Maté’s "The...Université de Montréal
This column in my series, "Second Thoughts" in Psychiatric Times reviews the books and careers of 2 Canadian bestselling public intelectuals - Jordan Peterson and Gabor Maté
Type theories personality theories (4 Temperament theory, 5 Temperament the...Manu Melwin Joy
Personality type refers to the psychological classification of different types of people. Personality trait refers to psychological classification of different levels or degrees
4 Temperament theory
5 Temperament theory
Type A and Type B theory
Type D theory
Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Enneagram of Personality
Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus
ArticleThe Role of Self-Esteem in SuicidesAmong Young .docxfestockton
Article
The Role of Self-
Esteem in Suicides
Among Young Men
Mette Lyberg Rasmussen
1
, Kari Dyregrov
1,2
,
Hanne Haavind
3
, Antoon A. Leenaars
1
, and
Gudrun Dieserud
1
Abstract
This study explores self-esteem in suicide among young males with no earlier
history of suicide attempt(s) or treatment in mental health services. The data
come from an ongoing psychological autopsy study; 10 cases of young men aged
18 to 30, were selected to generate a phenomenologically based understanding of
the psychological mechanisms and processes involved in the suicidal process. The
analyses are based on in-depth interviews with 61 closely connected individuals,
as well as suicide notes. We used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. For
these young men, the transition to young adulthood, a period of major life chal-
lenges, seemed to be associated with personal defeats. According to their signifi-
cant others, the deceased seemed to have experienced intolerable discrepancies
between their actual performances and their ideal self standards. Four themes
emerged from the analysis: (a) striving to find a viable path to life as an adult man;
(b) experiencing a sense of failure according to own standards; (c) emotional self-
restriction in relationships; and (d) strong feelings of loneliness and rejection of
self. Improved understanding of suicides outside the mental illness paradigm may
have important implications for preventive strategies.
OMEGA—Journal of Death and
Dying
2018, Vol. 77(3) 217–239
! The Author(s) 2015
Reprints and permissions:
sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/0030222815601514
journals.sagepub.com/home/ome
1
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Mental Health, Oslo, Norway
2
Center for Crisis Psychology, Bergen, Norway
3
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
Corresponding Author:
Mette Lyberg Rasmussen, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Mental Health,
P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, Norway.
Email: [email protected]
https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/journals-permissions
https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222815601514
journals.sagepub.com/home/ome
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1177%2F0030222815601514&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2015-08-19
Keywords
suicide, young men, self-esteem, shame, psychological autopsy, qualitative analysis,
suicide prevention
Our knowledge base for suicide prevention is largely based on studies of clinical
populations, often indicating a causal relationship between suicide and mental
disorder (e.g., Cavanagh, Carson, Sharpe, & Lawrie, 2003). However, several
studies have not supported this causal link, and there is growing evidence that
not all suicides are preceded by symptoms of serious mental disorder (Judd,
Jackson, Komiti, Bell, & Fraser, 2012; O’Connor, Sheehy, & O’Connor, 1999;
Owens, Booth, Briscoe, Lawrence, & Lloyd, 2003). From a preventive standpoint,
due to high suicide rates among young men, there is a need to understa ...
Eysenck developed one of the earliest and most influential trait theories of personality. He proposed three core personality dimensions: extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Eysenck believed these traits had biological and genetic bases. His theory emphasized measurable traits over internal states. While criticized for oversimplifying personality, Eysenck's work established trait theory as a major paradigm and influenced the development of the Five Factor Model. His dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism are still widely used in personality research today.
Running head RESEARCH PROPOSAL10RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 10
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8
Research Proposal
Jamie Bass
Argosy University
March 3, 2016
ABSTRACT
Suicide is experienced in all parts of parts of the world. Even though it has been argued that suicide is common amongst the elderly in the society, it is worth noting that even children as young as 13 years old have committed suicide. The myths and misconceptions surrounding suicidal individuals are inherently different from one culture to another. For instance, in some cultures it is believed that suicidal individuals are possessed by demons. Other cultures attribute suicide to generational curses whereas other cultures attribute suicide to such factors as depression and other mental disorders. The purpose of the proposed research is to establish the risk factors of suicide and realize possible strategies which if undertaken can help to counteract suicide and hence its adverse effects in the society. In this proposal are the points to be addressed in the course of the research. It is anticipated that there will be objections to the factors to be established and hence part of this proposal are possible objections and how each of the possible objections will be addressed. The research will use secondary sources of information and hence part of this proposal is an annotated bibliography of the sources that will be utilized in course of the research. Comment by Spencer Ellsworth: This is good, but could you state it more as a piece of argumentation? Like “This paper argues that early intervention can prevent suicide if done correctly.”
WORKING THESIS
Suicide has negatively affected the society, and unless there are mitigation strategies to curb this menace, it will continue to take the lives of many people in the society.
EXPLANATION
Suicide is the act of human beings voluntarily taking their lives. Research has shown that it has always been caused by a sense of despair or hopelessness. All these issues may be induced by mental illness which may include Bipolar disorder or even depression. Suicide has been traumatizing and shameful to the bereaved families and many people in the society have always viewed it as a cowardice way of taking one’s life. Many suicidal persons have been haunted by their thoughts in many cases this is depicted as a very personal process (Goldsmith, Pellmar, Kleinman & Bunney, 2002).
In this paper, it is very much possible to look at what suicide is and the risk factors associated with suicide. A study conducted in Sweden consisting of 271 men aged 15 years and above revealed that mental disorder is a major suicide risk factor. It is thus recommended that the research paper will dwell on mental disorder and substance abuse as risk factors that contribute to suicide as well as medical conditions and psychosocial states. Harris & Barraclough (2009) also established a causal relationship between mental disorder and suicide a factor that further makes the proposed research ...
A Psychobiographical Study Of Intuition In A Writer S Life Paulo Coelho Revi...Sandra Long
This document summarizes a research study on the life of famous writer Paulo Coelho and his use of intuition. The study uses a psychobiographical approach to explore how Coelho used intuition throughout his life to make decisions and develop as a person. Key findings were that Coelho relied heavily on his intuitions for guidance, decision-making, and self-development. His intuitive decision-making is described in his life experiences and reflected in some of his creative works. The study aims to provide new insights into Coelho's uniqueness by focusing on his intuitive processes and how they influenced his life, health, faith, and success as a writer.
The document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory. It discusses key concepts in his theory including the id, ego, and superego; psychosexual stages of development; drives and defenses. Freud believed unconscious drives and conflicts explained human behavior and psychopathology. His theory was influential but also controversial and has been revised by subsequent psychodynamic thinkers.
Durkheim's 1897 book "Suicide" is considered a classic of sociological research. Durkheim studied suicide rates across societies, times, and groups to show there are social patterns to suicide even though it is a personal act. He found regular social causes for suicide rates and argued this proved sociology was a science that human behavior is influenced by social forces in society. Positivists believe society can and should be studied scientifically using observable data and identifying laws of cause and effect. Durkheim sought to validate sociology and positivist methods through demonstrating predictable social patterns in suicide rates.
The Interpersonal Basis of Self-Esteem: Death, Devaluation, or Deference?suzi smith
I wish to thank Catherine Cottrell, Jennifer Saltzman, Richard Bednarski, and Misha Phillips for their work on the unpublished research that is described in this chapter.
The Interpersonal Basis of Self-Esteem: Death, Devaluation, or Deference?
Theorists have recognized for many years that self-esteem is strongly affected by how people believe they are perceived and evaluated by others (Cooley, 1902; James, 1890), but the reasons for this link between interpersonal appraisals and self-esteem has been a matter of debate. In part, the controversy stems from the fact that self-esteem has traditionally been conceptualized a personal self-evaluation, making it difficult to explain precisely why people’s private self-views should be heavily influenced by what other people think.
Essay about Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism
Evaluation of The Psychoanalytic Approach Essay
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Psychoanalysis
Essay on Psychoanalysis
Five Key Concepts Of Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis : What Is Psychoanalysis?
Psychoanalysis And Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Metamorphosis Psychoanalysis
Reflection Of The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Objective Psychology and Psychoanalysis Essay
Psychoanalysis And Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein
Psychoanalysis In English Literature
A Look Into Psychoanalysis Essay
Outline Of Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis Of Psychoanalysis
This document provides an overview of cognitive therapy. It discusses Aaron Beck, the founder of cognitive therapy, and his background and influences. Beck developed cognitive therapy in the 1960s as an alternative to psychoanalysis, focusing on how a person's thinking affects their feelings and behaviors. Cognitive therapy views psychological disorders as stemming from dysfunctional thought patterns and cognitive distortions, rather than underlying unconscious desires. The document outlines seven common cognitive distortions identified by Beck and discusses how cognitive therapy aims to identify and change faulty assumptions and core beliefs through restructuring distorted thinking.
Khurram Zafar Awan presented on interpretivism theory and its differences from positivism. Interpretivism developed among researchers dissatisfied with positivism's inability to reflect nuances in human interaction. Interpretivists believe research values influence findings and seek meaning in individuals' subjective experiences rather than objective perspectives. Examples provided include Paul Willis's study of working class "lads" using ethnography and Emile Durkheim's positivist study of suicide rates across demographics.
PLEASE READ THE ASSIGNMENT BEFORE TAKING IT ON. WIILLING TO PAY FOR.docxsarantatersall
This document provides instructions for students to complete multiple assignments. It requests that students read assignments fully before taking them on and offers to pay for entire classes completed, not just individual assignments. It emphasizes following the rubric, including citations in papers, and using proper APA format. Students are to analyze television characters using Horney's coping strategies and complete two case assignments analyzing Freud/Jung's theories and Erikson's stages of development. They are also to discuss environmental factors using Skinner's perspective and complete a Myers-Briggs personality test with analysis.
Journal of Psychology and Theology2011, Vol. 39, No. 4, 29.docxtawnyataylor528
Journal of Psychology and Theology
2011, Vol. 39, No. 4, 295-303
Copyright 2011 by Rosemead School of Psychology
Biola University, 0091-6471/410-730
295
Jewish theology has long acknowledged twoimpulses at work in the human heart: the evilimpulse (yetzer hara) and the good impulse
(yetzer hatov). Many rabbis believe that the Torah
was given for the express purpose of teaching people
how to combat and overcome the desire for evil
(Amsel, 1996). Some scholars have suggested that
Paul had these two impulses in mind when he reflect-
ed on the intense internal struggles described in
Romans 7 (Davies, 1980). Among Christian theolo-
gians, Reinhold Niebuhr (1941) argued that a key
distinguishing mark of the Christian view of human
nature is its paradoxical claim for both “a higher
stature for man” and “a more serious view of his evil”
than other anthropological outlooks (p. 18). A.W.
Tozer (2010) memorably quipped that “we are the
glory and the rubbish of the universe” (p. 48). In
short, the Judeo-Christian view of persons has long
recognized that, as those who are made in the image
of God yet also sinners, people are capable of great
good and profound evil. It is fairly commonplace,
however, to emphasize one dimension of the human
condition to the neglect of the other.
The thesis of this article, succinctly stated, is that
the integration of psychology and theology has been
out of balance, focusing so much on what is wrong
with human beings that it has often neglected what is
right about human beings. Before corrective mea-
sures can be suggested, however, the historical
antecedents that gave rise to the current situation
need to be elucidated, and the nature of the present
imbalance described. Only then can a more com-
plete view be attained, one that rightly celebrates the
positive features of human beings while also address-
ing the pervasiveness of sin and its effects. The start-
ing point is to understand the historical precursors
that gave rise to the current one-sided focus on the
dark side of human nature and functioning.
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN
MAINSTREAM PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology, in its 140-year history, has predomi-
nantly focused on what goes wrong with human
beings. To a large extent, this situation reflects the
emphasis of clinical psychology on treating mental
illness. The early pioneers of clinical psychology
focused on treating patients who had discrete types
of psychopathology, including schizophrenia, bipo-
lar disorder, and dementia (e.g., Kraepelin, 1883);
hysteria (e.g., Breuer & Freud, 1895); and mental
retardation and learning disorders (e.g., Witmer,
1907, 1909; Binet, Simon, & Town, 1912).
The desire to treat mental illness was—and
remains—a noble aspiration. The goal of treating psy-
chological disorders led to funding for the National
INTEGRATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN
FLOURISHING: THE IMAGO DEI AND
POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
The field of psychology in general, and clinical
psychology in particular, has historically ...
This column approaches trauma from three perspectives-child and family psychiatry, trauma-informed care, and social psychiatry and philosophy. The tragedy of King Lear is briefly introduced as the framework for understanding tragedy and trauma. In closing, I argue for a nuanced approach to trauma that is selective but responsive to the ruptures that create trauma and tragedy in our lives.
"You do me wrong to take me out o' the grave. Thou art a soul in bliss; but I am bound Upon a wheel of fire, that mine own tears Do scald like molten lead."
- King Lear, Act IV, sc 7
Archetype Essay Odyssey Around The World In Eighty Days. Archetype essay. Archetypes Essay. 2022-11-01. Archetypes in Literature EN10. This interactive digital resource for Google Drive will help students .... Archetype Essay Exemplar. Pinocchio and the 4 archetypes, essay by pjan. Archetypes Essay English Extension 1 - Year 11 HSC Thinkswap. Setting and Plot Archetypes Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... Archetypes vs. Stereotypes Custom writing, Essay writing, Archetypes. Archetype essay examples - technicalcollege.web.fc2.com. Archetypes in the odyssey essay hook. Archetype essay examples - homeworkzoneedit.x.fc2.com. Inside Modern Archetypes: Dissecting the Advocate - Owlcation. Archetypes essay example 400 Words - PHDessay.com. Allusion/Archetype Essay. Essay on Cinderella Archetypes Year 11 HSC - English Extension 1 .... The Things They Carried Water Archetype Analysis Essay Example .... PDF Archetypes, complexes and selforganization. Jungs Archetypes: Unraveling the Depths of the Collective Unconscious .... Amory Blaines Archetypal Journey and Self-Discovery Free Essay Example. Writing the Archetypes Essay. Hero Character Archetype Essay - Free Essay, Term Paper Example .... Usage of Archetypes In Hamlet Examples Free Essay Example. Do you need a presentation that introduces students to archetypes? This .... Cinderella Archetype Essay English Extension 1 - Year 11 HSC .... Exploring the Archetypal Hero: A Study of Tarzan Free Essay Example. Archetypes to Help With Literary Analysis Hero Archetype. Using an archetypal approach in your critical essay. Archetype essay examples - sludgeport919.web.fc2.com. Archetype essay assignment - writingquizzes.web.fc2.com. Archetypal analysis essay. Writing Inspiration Prompts, Book Writing Tips, Writing Resources ... Archetype Essay Archetype Essay. Writing Inspiration Prompts, Book Writing Tips, Writing Resources ...
Psychoanalysis presentation in Counseling Theories, Tools, and Techniques.
If you like it and if you find it useful, just like it.
You can also suggest to update the slide. <3 Thanks!
As described in Lecture Note 1, geography is a part of everyday life.docxssusera34210
As described in Lecture Note 1, geography is a part of everyday life and the study of which ranges from how we design our cities to what lies on the ocean floor. One of the more important kinds of geography is political geography, which can involve everything from the creation of local zoning areas to borders between nations. In your opinion, which level of political geography is more important, that at the local level that impacts people’s everyday lives such as the ability to build an addition onto their house or a national one, which may involve disputed territory and result in armed conflict? Be sure to use examples to support your key points.
.
As an extra credit, Must discuss at least one (1) o.docxssusera34210
As an extra credit,
:
Must discuss at least one (1) other student's topic
Student discussion:
Since its emergence in the 1960's, plate tectonic theory has gained wide-spread acceptance as the model of how Earth's land masses shift over time. Plate tectonics developed historically in 1915 when Alfred Wegener proposed his theory of "continental drift." He stated that the continents plowed through crust of ocean basins, which would explain why the outlines of many coastlines, such as South America and Africa, appeared to fit like missing pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
There are various types of plate boundaries such as: convergent plate boundaries, when two collide; divergent plate boundaries, when they spread apart; and transform boundaries, when they slide past each other.
http://scecinfo.usc.edu/education/k12/learn/plate2.htm
.
As an institution, Walden has long supported days of service and.docxssusera34210
As an institution, Walden has long supported days of service and encouraged students, faculty, and staff to give back to their communities. In the companion Assignment for this module, you are developing a plan for a proposed Global Day of Service project. For this Discussion, you will explain the Global Day of Service project you are proposing for your Assignment and offer feedback and support for your colleagues’ projects.
Important Note:
You will share your ideas regarding your Module 5 Assignment in this Discussion. Be sure to read through the instructions for this Discussion and the Module 5 Assignment prior to beginning work this week.
To prepare:
Review the instructions for the Module 5 Course Project assignment.
Review the Walden University sites regarding social change and Walden’s Global Days of Service. Consider the many meaningful opportunities found in early childhood programs, K–12 schools, and communities for enacting social change. How will the Walden Global Day of Service project you are proposing in this module’s Assignment support social change in your program and field?
Review the Callahan et al. (2012) paper in the Learning Resources. Which of the eight features of social change will be reflected the most in your Day of Service project?
An explanation of the following:
The Day of Service project you are proposing for this module’s Assignment
How your proposed project would support social change in your program and field
Which of the eight features of social change are integrated the most in your Day of Service project
For this Discussion, and all scholarly writing in this course and throughout your program, you will be required to use APA style and provide reference citations.
Learning Resources
Note:
To access this module’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the
Course Materials
section of your Syllabus.
Required Readings
Fullan, M. (2016).
The new meaning of educational change
(5th ed.). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Chapter 13, “The Future of Educational Change” (pp. 258–265)
Callahan, D., Wilson, E., Birdsall, I., Estabrook-Fishinghawk, B., Carson, G., Ford, S., . . . Yob, I. (2012).
Expanding our understanding of social change: A report from the definition task force of the HLC Special Emphasis Project
[White paper]. Minneapolis, MN: Walden University.
Social Change Web Maps
[Diagrams]. Adapted from Expanding our understanding of social change, by Callahan, D., Wilson, E., Birdsall, I., Estabrook-Fishinghawk, B., Carson, G., Ford, S., Ouzts, K., & Yob, I., 2008. Baltimore, MD: Walden University. Adapted with permission of Walden University.
Cooper, K. S., Stanulis, R. N., Brondyk, S. K. Hamilton, E. R., Macaluso, M., & Meier, J. A. (2016). The teacher leadership process: Attempting change within embedded systems. Journal of Educational Change, 17(1), 85–113. .
As computer and internet technologies have advanced and become m.docxssusera34210
As computer and internet technologies have advanced and become more easily accessible across the world, we are seeing an explosion of social activists, government agencies and terrorists using these technologies to further their efforts. Government and non-government entities use the internet to spread propaganda and information, recruit support and demonize opponents. The efforts of some radical groups, like ISIS, to shut down US infrastructure and thwart military activity can clearly be labeled as cyberterrorism. However, some groups, such as the loosely associated international network of self-proclaimed “hacktivists” identified as Anonymous, are blurring the lines between what constitutes terrorism and what is simply social activism. As technology continues to advance and further our capabilities, we are continuously presented with new and intriguing moral questions.
After reading the module notes and all of the supplemental materials, respond to the following:
Briefly define cyberterrorism. Define hacktivism. Illustrate examples of each in current events within the last decade.
What is the fundamental difference between these two?
How has technology helped to advance these groups?
How do you think our government’s response to such groups has changed our attitudes towards our own freedoms?
In your opinion, do you think Hacktivism is justified or is it just a subset of cyberterrorism? Give some examples to support your stance.
Support your position using appropriate sources that are properly cited.
.
As cultural and literary scholar Louis Henry Gates claims, Repetit.docxssusera34210
As cultural and literary scholar Louis Henry Gates claims, "Repetition and revision are fundamental to black artistic forms, from painting and sculpture to music and language use." This "Signifyin(g)" is a dynamic noted throughout hip-hop music because its foundation is rooted in "sampling" music that came before. But the content of rap also expresses a Black experience. Therefore, in your final response this week, discuss three significant subjects or themes that hip-hop artists Signify on in the African American literary tradition as they express their own notions of Blackness in lyrical rap music.
.
More Related Content
Similar to THE TRAGIC-IRONIC SELFA Qualitative Case Study of Suicide.docx
Type theories personality theories (4 Temperament theory, 5 Temperament the...Manu Melwin Joy
Personality type refers to the psychological classification of different types of people. Personality trait refers to psychological classification of different levels or degrees
4 Temperament theory
5 Temperament theory
Type A and Type B theory
Type D theory
Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Enneagram of Personality
Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus
ArticleThe Role of Self-Esteem in SuicidesAmong Young .docxfestockton
Article
The Role of Self-
Esteem in Suicides
Among Young Men
Mette Lyberg Rasmussen
1
, Kari Dyregrov
1,2
,
Hanne Haavind
3
, Antoon A. Leenaars
1
, and
Gudrun Dieserud
1
Abstract
This study explores self-esteem in suicide among young males with no earlier
history of suicide attempt(s) or treatment in mental health services. The data
come from an ongoing psychological autopsy study; 10 cases of young men aged
18 to 30, were selected to generate a phenomenologically based understanding of
the psychological mechanisms and processes involved in the suicidal process. The
analyses are based on in-depth interviews with 61 closely connected individuals,
as well as suicide notes. We used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. For
these young men, the transition to young adulthood, a period of major life chal-
lenges, seemed to be associated with personal defeats. According to their signifi-
cant others, the deceased seemed to have experienced intolerable discrepancies
between their actual performances and their ideal self standards. Four themes
emerged from the analysis: (a) striving to find a viable path to life as an adult man;
(b) experiencing a sense of failure according to own standards; (c) emotional self-
restriction in relationships; and (d) strong feelings of loneliness and rejection of
self. Improved understanding of suicides outside the mental illness paradigm may
have important implications for preventive strategies.
OMEGA—Journal of Death and
Dying
2018, Vol. 77(3) 217–239
! The Author(s) 2015
Reprints and permissions:
sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/0030222815601514
journals.sagepub.com/home/ome
1
Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Mental Health, Oslo, Norway
2
Center for Crisis Psychology, Bergen, Norway
3
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway
Corresponding Author:
Mette Lyberg Rasmussen, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Mental Health,
P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, Norway.
Email: [email protected]
https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/journals-permissions
https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222815601514
journals.sagepub.com/home/ome
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1177%2F0030222815601514&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2015-08-19
Keywords
suicide, young men, self-esteem, shame, psychological autopsy, qualitative analysis,
suicide prevention
Our knowledge base for suicide prevention is largely based on studies of clinical
populations, often indicating a causal relationship between suicide and mental
disorder (e.g., Cavanagh, Carson, Sharpe, & Lawrie, 2003). However, several
studies have not supported this causal link, and there is growing evidence that
not all suicides are preceded by symptoms of serious mental disorder (Judd,
Jackson, Komiti, Bell, & Fraser, 2012; O’Connor, Sheehy, & O’Connor, 1999;
Owens, Booth, Briscoe, Lawrence, & Lloyd, 2003). From a preventive standpoint,
due to high suicide rates among young men, there is a need to understa ...
Eysenck developed one of the earliest and most influential trait theories of personality. He proposed three core personality dimensions: extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Eysenck believed these traits had biological and genetic bases. His theory emphasized measurable traits over internal states. While criticized for oversimplifying personality, Eysenck's work established trait theory as a major paradigm and influenced the development of the Five Factor Model. His dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism are still widely used in personality research today.
Running head RESEARCH PROPOSAL10RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 10
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 8
Research Proposal
Jamie Bass
Argosy University
March 3, 2016
ABSTRACT
Suicide is experienced in all parts of parts of the world. Even though it has been argued that suicide is common amongst the elderly in the society, it is worth noting that even children as young as 13 years old have committed suicide. The myths and misconceptions surrounding suicidal individuals are inherently different from one culture to another. For instance, in some cultures it is believed that suicidal individuals are possessed by demons. Other cultures attribute suicide to generational curses whereas other cultures attribute suicide to such factors as depression and other mental disorders. The purpose of the proposed research is to establish the risk factors of suicide and realize possible strategies which if undertaken can help to counteract suicide and hence its adverse effects in the society. In this proposal are the points to be addressed in the course of the research. It is anticipated that there will be objections to the factors to be established and hence part of this proposal are possible objections and how each of the possible objections will be addressed. The research will use secondary sources of information and hence part of this proposal is an annotated bibliography of the sources that will be utilized in course of the research. Comment by Spencer Ellsworth: This is good, but could you state it more as a piece of argumentation? Like “This paper argues that early intervention can prevent suicide if done correctly.”
WORKING THESIS
Suicide has negatively affected the society, and unless there are mitigation strategies to curb this menace, it will continue to take the lives of many people in the society.
EXPLANATION
Suicide is the act of human beings voluntarily taking their lives. Research has shown that it has always been caused by a sense of despair or hopelessness. All these issues may be induced by mental illness which may include Bipolar disorder or even depression. Suicide has been traumatizing and shameful to the bereaved families and many people in the society have always viewed it as a cowardice way of taking one’s life. Many suicidal persons have been haunted by their thoughts in many cases this is depicted as a very personal process (Goldsmith, Pellmar, Kleinman & Bunney, 2002).
In this paper, it is very much possible to look at what suicide is and the risk factors associated with suicide. A study conducted in Sweden consisting of 271 men aged 15 years and above revealed that mental disorder is a major suicide risk factor. It is thus recommended that the research paper will dwell on mental disorder and substance abuse as risk factors that contribute to suicide as well as medical conditions and psychosocial states. Harris & Barraclough (2009) also established a causal relationship between mental disorder and suicide a factor that further makes the proposed research ...
A Psychobiographical Study Of Intuition In A Writer S Life Paulo Coelho Revi...Sandra Long
This document summarizes a research study on the life of famous writer Paulo Coelho and his use of intuition. The study uses a psychobiographical approach to explore how Coelho used intuition throughout his life to make decisions and develop as a person. Key findings were that Coelho relied heavily on his intuitions for guidance, decision-making, and self-development. His intuitive decision-making is described in his life experiences and reflected in some of his creative works. The study aims to provide new insights into Coelho's uniqueness by focusing on his intuitive processes and how they influenced his life, health, faith, and success as a writer.
The document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory. It discusses key concepts in his theory including the id, ego, and superego; psychosexual stages of development; drives and defenses. Freud believed unconscious drives and conflicts explained human behavior and psychopathology. His theory was influential but also controversial and has been revised by subsequent psychodynamic thinkers.
Durkheim's 1897 book "Suicide" is considered a classic of sociological research. Durkheim studied suicide rates across societies, times, and groups to show there are social patterns to suicide even though it is a personal act. He found regular social causes for suicide rates and argued this proved sociology was a science that human behavior is influenced by social forces in society. Positivists believe society can and should be studied scientifically using observable data and identifying laws of cause and effect. Durkheim sought to validate sociology and positivist methods through demonstrating predictable social patterns in suicide rates.
The Interpersonal Basis of Self-Esteem: Death, Devaluation, or Deference?suzi smith
I wish to thank Catherine Cottrell, Jennifer Saltzman, Richard Bednarski, and Misha Phillips for their work on the unpublished research that is described in this chapter.
The Interpersonal Basis of Self-Esteem: Death, Devaluation, or Deference?
Theorists have recognized for many years that self-esteem is strongly affected by how people believe they are perceived and evaluated by others (Cooley, 1902; James, 1890), but the reasons for this link between interpersonal appraisals and self-esteem has been a matter of debate. In part, the controversy stems from the fact that self-esteem has traditionally been conceptualized a personal self-evaluation, making it difficult to explain precisely why people’s private self-views should be heavily influenced by what other people think.
Essay about Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism
Evaluation of The Psychoanalytic Approach Essay
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Psychoanalysis
Essay on Psychoanalysis
Five Key Concepts Of Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis : What Is Psychoanalysis?
Psychoanalysis And Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Metamorphosis Psychoanalysis
Reflection Of The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Objective Psychology and Psychoanalysis Essay
Psychoanalysis And Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein
Psychoanalysis In English Literature
A Look Into Psychoanalysis Essay
Outline Of Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis Of Psychoanalysis
This document provides an overview of cognitive therapy. It discusses Aaron Beck, the founder of cognitive therapy, and his background and influences. Beck developed cognitive therapy in the 1960s as an alternative to psychoanalysis, focusing on how a person's thinking affects their feelings and behaviors. Cognitive therapy views psychological disorders as stemming from dysfunctional thought patterns and cognitive distortions, rather than underlying unconscious desires. The document outlines seven common cognitive distortions identified by Beck and discusses how cognitive therapy aims to identify and change faulty assumptions and core beliefs through restructuring distorted thinking.
Khurram Zafar Awan presented on interpretivism theory and its differences from positivism. Interpretivism developed among researchers dissatisfied with positivism's inability to reflect nuances in human interaction. Interpretivists believe research values influence findings and seek meaning in individuals' subjective experiences rather than objective perspectives. Examples provided include Paul Willis's study of working class "lads" using ethnography and Emile Durkheim's positivist study of suicide rates across demographics.
PLEASE READ THE ASSIGNMENT BEFORE TAKING IT ON. WIILLING TO PAY FOR.docxsarantatersall
This document provides instructions for students to complete multiple assignments. It requests that students read assignments fully before taking them on and offers to pay for entire classes completed, not just individual assignments. It emphasizes following the rubric, including citations in papers, and using proper APA format. Students are to analyze television characters using Horney's coping strategies and complete two case assignments analyzing Freud/Jung's theories and Erikson's stages of development. They are also to discuss environmental factors using Skinner's perspective and complete a Myers-Briggs personality test with analysis.
Journal of Psychology and Theology2011, Vol. 39, No. 4, 29.docxtawnyataylor528
Journal of Psychology and Theology
2011, Vol. 39, No. 4, 295-303
Copyright 2011 by Rosemead School of Psychology
Biola University, 0091-6471/410-730
295
Jewish theology has long acknowledged twoimpulses at work in the human heart: the evilimpulse (yetzer hara) and the good impulse
(yetzer hatov). Many rabbis believe that the Torah
was given for the express purpose of teaching people
how to combat and overcome the desire for evil
(Amsel, 1996). Some scholars have suggested that
Paul had these two impulses in mind when he reflect-
ed on the intense internal struggles described in
Romans 7 (Davies, 1980). Among Christian theolo-
gians, Reinhold Niebuhr (1941) argued that a key
distinguishing mark of the Christian view of human
nature is its paradoxical claim for both “a higher
stature for man” and “a more serious view of his evil”
than other anthropological outlooks (p. 18). A.W.
Tozer (2010) memorably quipped that “we are the
glory and the rubbish of the universe” (p. 48). In
short, the Judeo-Christian view of persons has long
recognized that, as those who are made in the image
of God yet also sinners, people are capable of great
good and profound evil. It is fairly commonplace,
however, to emphasize one dimension of the human
condition to the neglect of the other.
The thesis of this article, succinctly stated, is that
the integration of psychology and theology has been
out of balance, focusing so much on what is wrong
with human beings that it has often neglected what is
right about human beings. Before corrective mea-
sures can be suggested, however, the historical
antecedents that gave rise to the current situation
need to be elucidated, and the nature of the present
imbalance described. Only then can a more com-
plete view be attained, one that rightly celebrates the
positive features of human beings while also address-
ing the pervasiveness of sin and its effects. The start-
ing point is to understand the historical precursors
that gave rise to the current one-sided focus on the
dark side of human nature and functioning.
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN
MAINSTREAM PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology, in its 140-year history, has predomi-
nantly focused on what goes wrong with human
beings. To a large extent, this situation reflects the
emphasis of clinical psychology on treating mental
illness. The early pioneers of clinical psychology
focused on treating patients who had discrete types
of psychopathology, including schizophrenia, bipo-
lar disorder, and dementia (e.g., Kraepelin, 1883);
hysteria (e.g., Breuer & Freud, 1895); and mental
retardation and learning disorders (e.g., Witmer,
1907, 1909; Binet, Simon, & Town, 1912).
The desire to treat mental illness was—and
remains—a noble aspiration. The goal of treating psy-
chological disorders led to funding for the National
INTEGRATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN
FLOURISHING: THE IMAGO DEI AND
POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
The field of psychology in general, and clinical
psychology in particular, has historically ...
This column approaches trauma from three perspectives-child and family psychiatry, trauma-informed care, and social psychiatry and philosophy. The tragedy of King Lear is briefly introduced as the framework for understanding tragedy and trauma. In closing, I argue for a nuanced approach to trauma that is selective but responsive to the ruptures that create trauma and tragedy in our lives.
"You do me wrong to take me out o' the grave. Thou art a soul in bliss; but I am bound Upon a wheel of fire, that mine own tears Do scald like molten lead."
- King Lear, Act IV, sc 7
Archetype Essay Odyssey Around The World In Eighty Days. Archetype essay. Archetypes Essay. 2022-11-01. Archetypes in Literature EN10. This interactive digital resource for Google Drive will help students .... Archetype Essay Exemplar. Pinocchio and the 4 archetypes, essay by pjan. Archetypes Essay English Extension 1 - Year 11 HSC Thinkswap. Setting and Plot Archetypes Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... Archetypes vs. Stereotypes Custom writing, Essay writing, Archetypes. Archetype essay examples - technicalcollege.web.fc2.com. Archetypes in the odyssey essay hook. Archetype essay examples - homeworkzoneedit.x.fc2.com. Inside Modern Archetypes: Dissecting the Advocate - Owlcation. Archetypes essay example 400 Words - PHDessay.com. Allusion/Archetype Essay. Essay on Cinderella Archetypes Year 11 HSC - English Extension 1 .... The Things They Carried Water Archetype Analysis Essay Example .... PDF Archetypes, complexes and selforganization. Jungs Archetypes: Unraveling the Depths of the Collective Unconscious .... Amory Blaines Archetypal Journey and Self-Discovery Free Essay Example. Writing the Archetypes Essay. Hero Character Archetype Essay - Free Essay, Term Paper Example .... Usage of Archetypes In Hamlet Examples Free Essay Example. Do you need a presentation that introduces students to archetypes? This .... Cinderella Archetype Essay English Extension 1 - Year 11 HSC .... Exploring the Archetypal Hero: A Study of Tarzan Free Essay Example. Archetypes to Help With Literary Analysis Hero Archetype. Using an archetypal approach in your critical essay. Archetype essay examples - sludgeport919.web.fc2.com. Archetype essay assignment - writingquizzes.web.fc2.com. Archetypal analysis essay. Writing Inspiration Prompts, Book Writing Tips, Writing Resources ... Archetype Essay Archetype Essay. Writing Inspiration Prompts, Book Writing Tips, Writing Resources ...
Psychoanalysis presentation in Counseling Theories, Tools, and Techniques.
If you like it and if you find it useful, just like it.
You can also suggest to update the slide. <3 Thanks!
Similar to THE TRAGIC-IRONIC SELFA Qualitative Case Study of Suicide.docx (17)
As described in Lecture Note 1, geography is a part of everyday life.docxssusera34210
As described in Lecture Note 1, geography is a part of everyday life and the study of which ranges from how we design our cities to what lies on the ocean floor. One of the more important kinds of geography is political geography, which can involve everything from the creation of local zoning areas to borders between nations. In your opinion, which level of political geography is more important, that at the local level that impacts people’s everyday lives such as the ability to build an addition onto their house or a national one, which may involve disputed territory and result in armed conflict? Be sure to use examples to support your key points.
.
As an extra credit, Must discuss at least one (1) o.docxssusera34210
As an extra credit,
:
Must discuss at least one (1) other student's topic
Student discussion:
Since its emergence in the 1960's, plate tectonic theory has gained wide-spread acceptance as the model of how Earth's land masses shift over time. Plate tectonics developed historically in 1915 when Alfred Wegener proposed his theory of "continental drift." He stated that the continents plowed through crust of ocean basins, which would explain why the outlines of many coastlines, such as South America and Africa, appeared to fit like missing pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
There are various types of plate boundaries such as: convergent plate boundaries, when two collide; divergent plate boundaries, when they spread apart; and transform boundaries, when they slide past each other.
http://scecinfo.usc.edu/education/k12/learn/plate2.htm
.
As an institution, Walden has long supported days of service and.docxssusera34210
As an institution, Walden has long supported days of service and encouraged students, faculty, and staff to give back to their communities. In the companion Assignment for this module, you are developing a plan for a proposed Global Day of Service project. For this Discussion, you will explain the Global Day of Service project you are proposing for your Assignment and offer feedback and support for your colleagues’ projects.
Important Note:
You will share your ideas regarding your Module 5 Assignment in this Discussion. Be sure to read through the instructions for this Discussion and the Module 5 Assignment prior to beginning work this week.
To prepare:
Review the instructions for the Module 5 Course Project assignment.
Review the Walden University sites regarding social change and Walden’s Global Days of Service. Consider the many meaningful opportunities found in early childhood programs, K–12 schools, and communities for enacting social change. How will the Walden Global Day of Service project you are proposing in this module’s Assignment support social change in your program and field?
Review the Callahan et al. (2012) paper in the Learning Resources. Which of the eight features of social change will be reflected the most in your Day of Service project?
An explanation of the following:
The Day of Service project you are proposing for this module’s Assignment
How your proposed project would support social change in your program and field
Which of the eight features of social change are integrated the most in your Day of Service project
For this Discussion, and all scholarly writing in this course and throughout your program, you will be required to use APA style and provide reference citations.
Learning Resources
Note:
To access this module’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the
Course Materials
section of your Syllabus.
Required Readings
Fullan, M. (2016).
The new meaning of educational change
(5th ed.). New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Chapter 13, “The Future of Educational Change” (pp. 258–265)
Callahan, D., Wilson, E., Birdsall, I., Estabrook-Fishinghawk, B., Carson, G., Ford, S., . . . Yob, I. (2012).
Expanding our understanding of social change: A report from the definition task force of the HLC Special Emphasis Project
[White paper]. Minneapolis, MN: Walden University.
Social Change Web Maps
[Diagrams]. Adapted from Expanding our understanding of social change, by Callahan, D., Wilson, E., Birdsall, I., Estabrook-Fishinghawk, B., Carson, G., Ford, S., Ouzts, K., & Yob, I., 2008. Baltimore, MD: Walden University. Adapted with permission of Walden University.
Cooper, K. S., Stanulis, R. N., Brondyk, S. K. Hamilton, E. R., Macaluso, M., & Meier, J. A. (2016). The teacher leadership process: Attempting change within embedded systems. Journal of Educational Change, 17(1), 85–113. .
As computer and internet technologies have advanced and become m.docxssusera34210
As computer and internet technologies have advanced and become more easily accessible across the world, we are seeing an explosion of social activists, government agencies and terrorists using these technologies to further their efforts. Government and non-government entities use the internet to spread propaganda and information, recruit support and demonize opponents. The efforts of some radical groups, like ISIS, to shut down US infrastructure and thwart military activity can clearly be labeled as cyberterrorism. However, some groups, such as the loosely associated international network of self-proclaimed “hacktivists” identified as Anonymous, are blurring the lines between what constitutes terrorism and what is simply social activism. As technology continues to advance and further our capabilities, we are continuously presented with new and intriguing moral questions.
After reading the module notes and all of the supplemental materials, respond to the following:
Briefly define cyberterrorism. Define hacktivism. Illustrate examples of each in current events within the last decade.
What is the fundamental difference between these two?
How has technology helped to advance these groups?
How do you think our government’s response to such groups has changed our attitudes towards our own freedoms?
In your opinion, do you think Hacktivism is justified or is it just a subset of cyberterrorism? Give some examples to support your stance.
Support your position using appropriate sources that are properly cited.
.
As cultural and literary scholar Louis Henry Gates claims, Repetit.docxssusera34210
As cultural and literary scholar Louis Henry Gates claims, "Repetition and revision are fundamental to black artistic forms, from painting and sculpture to music and language use." This "Signifyin(g)" is a dynamic noted throughout hip-hop music because its foundation is rooted in "sampling" music that came before. But the content of rap also expresses a Black experience. Therefore, in your final response this week, discuss three significant subjects or themes that hip-hop artists Signify on in the African American literary tradition as they express their own notions of Blackness in lyrical rap music.
.
As an African American male, social issues are some that seem to.docxssusera34210
As an African American male, social issues are some that seem to be a part of our everyday life at the time of birth. Whether it’s our skin being threatening towards other groups of society, police brutality, not receiving the same education, jobs, or housing as those of other cultures; it’s something that burned into our part of growing up and learning how to maneuver the world around us. Being that this is something that is thrown in our face time and time again, I would like to talk about the trust or lack thereof, between “professional helpers” and African American males. You must first stop and take a look at the deep roots of past and current events that lead to African Americans not trusting the help that’s provided by doctors, lawyers, therapists, etc. For example, historical adversity, which includes slavery, sharecropping, and race-based exclusion from health, educational, social, and economic resources, translates into socioeconomic disparities experienced by Black and African American people today. Socioeconomic status, in turn, is linked to mental health: People who are impoverished, homeless, incarcerated, or have substance use problems are at higher risk for poor mental health.
Despite progress made over the years, racism continues to have an impact on the mental health of Black and African American people. Negative stereotypes and attitudes of rejection have decreased, but continue to occur with measurable, adverse consequences. Historical and contemporary instances of negative treatment have led to a mistrust of authorities, many of whom are not seen as having the best interests of Black and African Americans in mind. The culture from which many African Americans are raised, has a greater distrust of the medical helpers and medical offices alike, from the belief of racial bias. A great example is that of the Tuskegee experiment, where the abuses of slaves by white doctors, simply for the use of medical experimentation. There was no sense of consent or refusal from the African American participants to participate, just because of their lower level in society and the mass discrimination during that time. It’s those issues of the past, that resist black males from seeking the help they truly need, in order to bring them back to the feeling of self and self-worth; and to add a more recent impact, just look at the COVID vaccine, many are skeptical of receiving it, just because of what happens at Tuskegee. Despite progress made over the years, racism continues to have an impact on the mental health of Black and African American people. Negative stereotypes and attitudes of rejection have decreased, but continue to occur with measurable, adverse consequences. Historical and contemporary instances of negative treatment have led to a mistrust of authorities, many of whom are not seen as having the best interests of Black and African Americans in mind.
Most importantly, one must be willing to understand how having a multicultu.
As a work teamDecide on the proto personas each team member .docxssusera34210
As a work team
Decide on the proto personas each team member will create.
● Begin with your user assumptions worksheet
● Individually, create a list of audience attributes/characteristics (your own views on the user) on sticky notes
● cluster these into 3 - 8 profiles (Take a photo)
● discuss your clusters and move around notes as needed.
● decide as a team, which clusters will be turned into your proto personas.
Each team of three should have at least 3 different user types that you think will use your site. (4 if you are in a team of 4).
Individually
● Create two personas
o PROTO-PERSONA
The first should be one of the proto-personas agreed by your team members in the process above
▪ Use the information from the Lean UX reading and learning materials to help you create your persona
▪ This can be hand drawn and included in your final document as a photograph.
o TRADITIONAL PERSONA
The second is a traditional persona (NOT related to your project website). Use the student data & template provided:
▪ The persona needs to represent the statistical data provided
▪ Use the given ppt template to create the traditional persona or find your own and use that.
.
As an astute social worker and professional policy advocate, on.docxssusera34210
As an astute social worker and professional policy advocate, once you have selected a social problem, you begin the process of creating and implementing a policy that addresses that social problem.
Address the following items within your group's Wiki page for Part 2:
Topic is Immigration
Is the policy identified by your group dictated by local, state, or federal statute—or a combination thereof?
APA FORMAT
2 REFERENCES
.
As a special education professional, it is important to be aware of .docxssusera34210
As a special education professional, it is important to be aware of how social and cultural influences can impact the assessment process. Lack of awareness can lead to charges of discrimination and possible litigation.
Using support from the required readings, the Instructor Guidance, supplemental information derived from outside sources and your discussion, and information from the scenario below, you will (a) use information you have learned about Manuel to complete the
Child Study Team Referral Form
found in the
Week Three Instructor Guidance
, and (b) write a 3 page report with your recommendations for Tier Two RTI interventions that take Manuel's social and cultural background into account.
Scenario:
Manuel is becoming more and more listless in class and is still not doing well with his assignments. You have noticed though, that he seems to be making friends, as outside of class each morning you notice him joking and talking with a group of boys. They talk about BMX bikes and an online computer game that they all play. You are aware that some of the boys in that group are involved in the school robotics team and you begin to wonder how you could use his newly formed friendships and your insights into his interests to support his language arts skills.
You and Mr. Franklin are also excited about a workshop you just attended with Dr. Janette Klingner who talked about
how to realize the potential of RTI (Links to an external site.)
(Klingner, J, 2011) with culturally and linguistically diverse learners. The Child Study Team has been doing diagnostic work to see if there are other variables within the classroom and/or school environment that may be affecting Manuel's performance. What the Child Study Team discovers is that Manuel feels embarrassed by his slow reading compared to his classmates and does not see the relevance of classes that are not related to his intended career goal, engineering. The team also notes that Manuel is able to write well, but he often does not finish in-class assignments and tests, and his homework written assignments are very short. The lack of length in his assignments consistently costs him points.
When you talk to Manuel he shows pride when you compliment him on his bilingual ability and ask for his help in translating for a new student from Guatemala. Finally, the team becomes aware that Manuel does not want to be labeled "dumb" and is worried that he will be made fun of if he is pulled out of his regular classes for more intensive support. Manuel’s vision and hearing test were both are normal and his medical exam does not reveal any medical issues.
As a member of the Child Study Team (CST) and taking into account Manuel's interests and the social and cultural influences that may be affecting Manuel's school performance, you and the CST are planning your next steps. You and Mr. Franklin discuss what interventions would take into account Manuel’s cultural and linguistic background. .
As an incoming CEO, how would you have approached the senior leaders.docxssusera34210
As an incoming CEO, how would you have approached the senior leadership team that neglected to stop the bleeding and encouraged the toxicity? Where would you say your organization lands on Deloitte's Six Personas of Change? Which of the six signature traits are you most comfortable with? And which requires more of a stretch for you?
.
As a prison administrator (wardensuperintendent), what would your r.docxssusera34210
As a prison administrator (warden/superintendent), what would your recommendation be for HIV testing within the prison system? Why or why not? If so, when should it take place (e.g. during admission, anytime during incarceration, just prior to release)? Should the offenders who are HIV/AIDS positive be segregated? Would it be a violation of the offender’s rights to be segregated from the general population? reaponse must be 400- 500 words
.
As a helpful tool for schools, organizations, and agencies working w.docxssusera34210
As a helpful tool for schools, organizations, and agencies working with families to have on hand to refer families to services that might be needed to assist the child and/or family.
Create a resource guide for your community (Mississippi) on services available that might help children and or families. This does not have to be an extensive list, but a representation of what should be included in an in-depth guide.
.
This document summarizes a study that tested the ability of various types of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to contribute to chimera formation in two ungulate species, pigs and cattle. The study found that naive hPSCs robustly engrafted in pre-implantation blastocysts of both species but showed limited contribution to post-implantation pig embryos. An intermediate type of hPSC exhibited higher chimerism and was able to generate differentiated progeny in post-implantation pig embryos. The study also established a CRISPR-Cas9 mediated system for interspecies blastocyst complementation using gene-edited organogenesis-disabled mice hosts.
As a future leader in the field of health care administration, you m.docxssusera34210
As a future leader in the field of health care administration, you may face many chronic health threats to various systems. As you work to combat these threats and ensure community wellness, you are likely to become an agent of social change. This objective may be more challenging and critical to achieve in matters such as health emergencies and outbreaks. For leaders, outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics elicit critical and timely attention to situations in health care administration.
In this week’s article by Gostin, Lucey, & Phelan (2014), the authors highlight the challenges present with an Ebola epidemic on a global scale. Using this Learning Resource from this week as well as 2–4 additional resources you may find from the Walden Library, current events, etc., consider your leadership perspective during an outbreak, epidemic, or pandemic.
As you collaborate with your group, individually select one of the following leadership roles that would respond during this outbreak:
Director, FEMA
Director, CDC
Governor of an afflicted state
Incident Response Commander
Response Leader, American Red Cross (or other nongovernmental organization)
***Health Care Administrator for a large medical center (
I HAVE SELECTED THIS ROLE
)****
After selecting your leadership role, use a systems approach to work with your group to establish an immediate response in preventing another pandemic.
The Assignment—Part 1:Individual Case Analysis (1–2 pages):
Based on the leadership role you selected for the Assignment, include the following:
A summary of the leadership challenges this leader would face in assuring the system changes necessary to be prepared for the next outbreak, epidemic, or pandemic
An explanation of how your leadership challenges as this leader relate to challenges of the other leaders listed above
Note:
The leadership challenges that you describe should be those you would face as an individual in the role of your selected leader, rather than the functional challenges of the agency this individual leads.
The Assignment—Part 2:Group Case Study Analysis (2–3 pages):
Then, using your leadership Assignment for the Case Study, collaborate with your colleagues to create a Group Case Study Analysis that includes:
An explanation of how the challenges identified in the individual case analyses collectively affect crisis response by the system and the individuals within it
An explanation of how transformational and transactional leaders might influence outcomes within this case
A summary of how poor leadership might affect the outcome of the case
.
Article Title and Date of the Article .docxssusera34210
Article
Title
and
Date
of
the
Article
The
Economist
“Insider
dealing:
euro
outs
fear
that
euro
ins
might
do
them
down”
October
17,
2015
Summary
This
article
posted
as
a
special
news
report
by
The
Economist,
is
focused
on
the
Eurozone
and
European
Union,
and
how
they
are
experiencing
some
problems
that
might
hurt
both
the
euro
currency
and
relations
with
non-‐-‐-‐euro
zone
countries.
At
the
moment,
in
Europe
there
are
two
types
of
observers:
the
Europhiles
and
Euroskeptics.
The
Europhiles
are
those
who
admire
Europe
and
favor
the
participation
of
the
European
Union,
while
on
the
other
side
of
the
spectrum
are
the
Euroskeptics,
who
are
those
who
are
opposed
to
increasing
the
powers
of
the
European
Union.
Currently,
the
alarming
political
issue
that
has
been
growing
in
Europe
is
the
negative
relationship
between
those
countries
that
belong
to
the
European
Union
and
Eurozone,
against
those
who
are
members
of
the
European
Union
but
not
the
Eurozone.
The
argument
here
is
that
those
members
belonging
to
the
Eurozone
have
been
meeting
together,
while
excluding
non-‐-‐-‐Eurozone
members
and
making
decisions
such
as
bails,
which
affect
all
countries
within
the
European
Union.
The
Eurozone
countries
believe
that
that
only
those
countries
that
are
members
of
the
Eurozone
should
be
allowed
to
voice
their
opinions
and
make
decisions
on
everything
regarding
the
euro,
since
they
are
the
ones
directly
affected
by
it.
On
the
other
hand,
the
non-‐-‐-‐Eurozone
countries
feel
like
the
euro
members
are
“ganging
up”
on
them,
meaning
that
they
feel
like
those
countries
in
the
Eurozone
are
making
decisions
regarding
their
own
interests,
and
not
the
collective
interests
of
all
members
of
the
European
Union.
Association
to
specific
chapter
material
and
concepts
2.4
A
Single
Currency
for
Europe:
The
Euro
(40)
Chapter
2
discusses
the
global
financial
environment
including
the
European
Union,
the
Euro.
Article The Effects of Color on the Moods of College .docxssusera34210
Article
The Effects of Color on the Moods
of College Students
Sevinc Kurt1 and Kelechi Kingsley Osueke2
Abstract
This research aims to discover the psychological effects of colors on individuals, using the students’ union complex in a
university campus. This building was chosen due to its richness in color variances. The research method is survey, and
questionnaires were drawn up and distributed to an even range of students, comprising both international and local
students; undergraduate and graduate. Questionnaires have been collected and analyzed to find out the effects different
colors had on students’ moods in different spaces of the students’ union complex. This research would contribute to
understand more about colors and how they affect our feelings and therefore to make better decisions and increase the
use of spaces when choosing colors for different spaces to suit the purpose for which they are designed.
Keywords
color, mood, architectural space
Introduction
We live in a world of color (Huchendorf, 2007, p. 1).
According to the various researches, the color that
surrounds us in our daily lives has a profound effect on our
mood and on our behavior (e.g., Babin, Hardesty, & Suter,
2003; Kwallek, Lewis, & Robbins, 1988; Kwallek,
Woodson, Lewis, & Sales, 1997; Rosenstein, 1985). In
clothing, interiors, landscape, and even natural light, a color
can change our mood from sad to happy, from confusion to
intelligence, from fear to confidence. It can actually be used
to “level out” emotions or to create different moods (Aves
& Aves, 1994, p. 120). The design of an environment
through a variety of means such as temperature, sounds,
layout, lighting, and colors can stimulate perceptual and
emotional responses in consumers and affect their behavior
(Kotler, 1973 in Yildirim, Akalinbaskaya, & Hidayetoglu,
2007, p. 3233). Therefore, it may follow that if we could
measure it, we may get a clue as to how our mood varies
when in any enclosed space. The ambiance of the interior
space affects the users’ behaviors and perception of that
place by influencing their emotional situation. In this
context, it is believed that the various physical components
including light and color have a great importance on the
environmental characteristics of space, especially in public
use like students’ union centers.
Hence, using the appropriate color in design is important
in such buildings. It is also significant to draw cognitive
map and way finding in interiors. Environmental
interventions that promote way finding can be implemented
on two levels: the design of the floor plan typology and
environmental cues, which comprise signage, furnishings,
lighting, colors, and so on. Vivid color coding may enhance
short-term memory and improve functional ability (Cernin,
Keller, & Stoner, 2003). So the use of color is one of the
crucial elements in designing the appropriate circulation of
public interiors. Furtherm.
Art museums and art galleries are two different types of entitie.docxssusera34210
Art museums and art galleries are two different types of entities.
The primary difference is that while one goes to an art museum to view art and learn about art from an educational or cultural experience; one goes to an art gallery to view art, discover new artists, possibly from the perspective of purchasing the art.
Most museums are funded by governments, foundations, and corporate and private donors, and they are operated on a non-for-profit basis. Galleries seek to make profit and gain exposure for themselves and the artists they represent.Art galleries, are usually small businesses or centers that exhibit art for the purposes of promoting and selling art. One would typically visit an art gallery to discover an artist, possibly with an interest in buying the art. Art museums, on the other hand, are larger and are intended for education and cultural experiences. One would typically visit an art museum to view and study its permanent collection or to visit a touring exhibit of works on loan from another museum or institution.
There are 2 parts
to your Museum Critical Review assignment to be completed after visiting one or more of the following museum websites*
:
Dallas Museum of Art
https://dma.org/
Nasher Sculpture Center
https://www.nashersculpturecenter.org/
Meadows Museum of Art
www.meadowsmuseumdallas.org/
Crow Collection
www.crowcollection.org
Kimbell Art Museum
www.kimbellart.org
Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth
www.themodern.org
Amon Carter Museum of American Art
www.cartermuseum.org
Google Arts and Culture Collections
https://artsandculture.google.com/partner
*Not all of the museums will have the diversity of time periods that you will need to complete the assignment. You may have to visit more than one of the listed museum websites if you choose one of the more time or region specific museums.
ARTS 1301 NLC Art Appreciation Museum Critical Review Assignment and Worksheet
I hope you are inspired by your visit to the museum websites.
This assignment is designed to meet both
Communication and Social Responsibility Student Learning Objectives.
There are 2 parts
to your Museum Critical Review assignment to be completed after visiting one or more of the following museum websites*
:
· Dallas Museum of Art
www.dma.org
· Nasher Sculpture Center
www.nashersculpturecenter.org
· Meadows Museum of Art
www.meadowsmuseumdallas.org/
· Crow Collection
www.crowcollection.org
· Kimbell Art Museum
www.kimbellart.org
· Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth
www.themodern.org
· Amon Carter Museum of American Art
www.cartermuseum.org
· Google Arts and Culture Collections
https://artsandculture.google.com/partner
*Not all of the museums will have the diversity of time periods that you will need to complete the assignment. You may have to visit more than one of the listed museum websites if you choose to go to one of the more time or region specific museums. Your instructor may choose to.
As a clinical social worker it is important to understand group .docxssusera34210
As a clinical social worker it is important to understand group typology in order to choose the appropriate group method for a specific population or problem. Each type of group has its own approach and purpose. Two of the more frequently used types of groups are task groups and intervention groups.
For this Assignment, review the “Cortez Multimedia” case study, and identify a target behavior or issue that needs to be ameliorated, decreased, or increased. In a 2- to 4-page report, complete the following:
Choose either a treatment group or task group as your intervention for Paula Cortez.
Identify the model of treatment group (i.e., support, education, teams, or treatment conferences).
Using the typologies described in the Toseland & Rivas (2017) piece, describe the characteristics of your group. For instance, if you choose a treatment group that is a support group, what would be the purpose, leadership, focus, bond, composition, and communication?
Include the advantages and disadvantages of using this type of group as an intervention.
REQUIRED resource for assignment
A Meeting of an Interdisciplinary Team
Paula has just been involuntarily hospitalized and placed on the psychiatric unit, for a minimum of 72 hours, for observation. Paula was deemed a suicidal risk after an assessment was completed by the social worker. The social worker observed that Paula appeared to be rapidly decompensating, potentially placing herself and her pregnancy at risk.
Paula just recently announced to the social worker that she is pregnant. She has been unsure whether she wanted to continue the pregnancy or terminate. Paula also told the social worker she is fearful of the father of the baby, and she is convinced he will try to hurt her. He has started to harass, stalk, and threaten her at all hours of the day. Paula began to exhibit increased paranoia and reported she started smoking again to calm her nerves. She also stated she stopped taking her psychiatric medications and has been skipping some of her
HIV
medications.
The following is an interdisciplinary team meeting being held in a conference room at the hospital. Several members of Paula’s team (HIV doctor, psychiatrist, social worker, and OB nurse) have gathered to discuss the precipitating factors to this hospitalization. The intent is to craft a plan of action to address Paula's noncompliance with her medications, increased paranoia, and the pregnancy.
Click one the above images to begin the conversation.
Physician
Dialogue 1
Paula is a complicated patient, and she presents with a complicated situation. She is HIV positive, has Hepatitis C, and multiple foot ulcers that can be debilitating at times. Paula has always been inconsistent with her HIV meds—no matter how often I explain the need for consistent compliance in order to maintain her health. Paula has exhibited a lack of insight into her medical conditions and the need to follow instructions. Frankly, I was astonished an.
artsArticleCircling Round Vitruvius, Linear Perspectiv.docxssusera34210
arts
Article
Circling Round Vitruvius, Linear Perspective, and the
Design of Roman Wall Painting
Jocelyn Penny Small †
Department of Art History, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; [email protected]
† Mail: 890 West End Avenue, Apartment 4C, New York, NY 10025-3520, USA.
Received: 1 April 2019; Accepted: 2 September 2019; Published: 14 September 2019
����������
�������
Abstract: Many scholars believe that linear perspective existed in classical antiquity, but a fresh
examination of two key texts in Vitruvius shows that 1.2.2 is about modularity and symmetria,
while 7.Pr.11 describes shading (skiagraphia). Moreover, these new interpretations are firmly based on
the classical understanding of optics and the history of painting (e.g., Pliny the Elder). A third text
(Philostratus, Imagines 1.4.2) suggests that the design of Roman wall painting depends on concentric
circles. Philostratus’ system is then used to successfully make facsimiles of five walls, representing
Styles II, III, and IV of Roman wall painting. Hence, linear perspective and its relatives, such as
Panofsky’s vanishing vertical axis, should not be imposed retrospectively where they never existed.
Keywords: linear perspective; skenographia; skiagraphia; Greek and Roman painting; Roman fresco;
Vitruvius; Philostratus
Two systems for designing Pompeian wall paintings have dominated modern scholarship: a
one- or center-point perspective and a vanishing vertical axis.1 Neither method works for all the
variations seen on the walls of Styles II–IV. The vanishing vertical axis is considered a precursor of
linear perspective, whereas center-point construction is a form of linear perspective. Many scholars
believe that linear perspective was invented by the Greeks, only to be forgotten during the Middle
Ages and “reinvented” in the Renaissance.2 In contrast, I propose that linear perspective was not
known in any form in antiquity but, rather, was an invention of the Renaissance, which also created its
putative ancient pedigree.
1. Background
1.1. Definitions
First, it is important to define four key terms.
“Perspective” applies loosely to a wide range of systems that convert a three-dimensional scene
to two dimensions. Most scholars, however, mean “linear perspective” when they use the unqualified
term “perspective”. No standard definition exists for linear perspective, but only linear perspective
obeys the rules of projective geometry. Formal definitions refer to “station points” (the point or
place for the “eye” of the “viewer” and/or “artist”), vanishing points, horizon lines, and picture
planes, among other aspects. Horizontal lines converge to the “center point” or, in the case of
1 This topic is remarkably complex with a massive bibliography. Small (2013) provides a reasonable summary of the
scholarship to its date of publication. Since then, I have realized that the standard interpretations of key texts and objects
needs to be totally rethought. This artic.
Artists are often involved in national social movements that result .docxssusera34210
Artists are often involved in national social movements that result in the transformation not only of the art world, but also of society at large. Discuss the transformations that occurred as a result of any of the following civil rights movements (African American, Chicano/a, Native American, gay/lesbian) or the feminist movement. Use a specific example of a work of art in your discussion.
.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
THE TRAGIC-IRONIC SELFA Qualitative Case Study of Suicide.docx
1. THE TRAGIC-IRONIC SELF
A Qualitative Case Study of Suicide
Steven J. Sandage, PhD
Bethel University
A qualitative case study is described of a man who died from
suicide after
incarceration, which is part of a larger multimethod family case
study. Herme-
neutical phenomenological analyses in this study were based on
personal
archival documents he collected during his incarceration and
interpreted theo-
retically using Kohutian self psychology and McAdams’
narrative theory of
personality. Based on procedures from prior research, texts
were coded for
narrative themes of tragedy and irony, as well as expressions of
selfobject needs
(i.e., mirroring, idealization, twinship). Results depicted
prominent themes of
(a) tragedy, (b) irony, (c) twinship hunger, and (d)
idealization/twinship avoid-
ance. Exploratory analyses suggested some preliminary support
for tragedy
themes being associated with avoidance of idealization and
twinship needs and
irony themes being associated with hunger for mirroring and
twinship. Impli-
cations are considered for psychoanalytic theory and future
empirical research
2. on both suicide and narrative selfhood.
Keywords: psychoanalysis, suicide, personality, narrative, self
psychology
It is precisely the function of tragic myth to convince us that
even the Ugly and Discordant
is an artistic game. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy
(1872/2006, p. 104).
Suicide is a major public health problem and a leading cause of
death worldwide.
Globally, nearly one million people die by suicide each year, or
one person every 40
seconds (Joiner, 2005). People die by suicide nearly as often as
by traffic accidents.
Freud’s (1917) theory of suicide as aggression turned against
the self has been followed
by numerous other psychoanalytic theorists who have offered
conceptualizations of
suicide, often based on clinical case studies (Maltsberger &
Weinberg, 2006). Joiner
(2005) has called for in-depth research-based case studies of
those who have died by
suicide that include family and relational interviews to better
understand lives in context.
The present study is a qualitative case study of a Euro-
American man who died by suicide
in late middle-age. A unique and critical feature of this case is
that the man had been
This article was published Online First August 8, 2011.
I appreciate helpful consultation on this project from Dr.
Barbann Hanson and Dr. Brad Strawn.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Steven J. Sandage, PhD, 3949
7. to
b
e
di
ss
em
in
at
ed
b
ro
ad
ly
.
incarcerated for a homicide conviction several years before his
release from prison and
eventual death by suicide, and he kept an archive of personal
documents, including family
letters, personal writings, and legal documents, and other
materials he collected during his
incarceration. This archive offers considerable textual data for
understanding the premor-
bid personality development and relational dynamics of a person
who subsequently died
by suicide. This study is also part of a larger family case study
investigating the family and
relational dynamics involved in intergenerational suicide
8. because this man’s adult daugh-
ter died by suicide approximately a decade after he did
(Sandage, 2010). The present
individual case study focuses on the tragic personality
development of the father in this
family case study using the self psychology tradition of
psychoanalytic theory and
narrative personality research methods.
Kohut on Tragedy and Suicide
Kohut’s self psychology was chosen as the primary
psychoanalytic model for interpreting
the data in this study because the individual subject under
investigation in this study: (a)
appeared to exemplify Kohut’s (1977) description of “Tragic
Man” [sic] (p. 132) and (b)
provided data from the general time period of Kohut’s writings.
Kohut (1985) wrote,
“Analysts, beginning with Freud, have felt strongly attracted by
the mystery of tragedy”
(p. 37). Kohut (1977) distinguished two different but
complementary interpretations of
psychological development: (a) “Guilty Man,” who “lives
within the pleasure principle”
(p. 132), and (b) Tragic Man, who “seeks to express the pattern
of his [sic] nuclear self”
beyond the pleasure principle. Obviously, Kohut used
noninclusive gender language, and
when not quoting or directly referring to Kohut’s ideas I will
use the more inclusive term
tragic self (see Greif, 2000). For Kohut, Guilty Man represents
an interpretation of human
development grounded in Oedipal-related inner conflict over
biological drives and the
structural model of the mind (Id, Ego, Superego). In contrast,
9. Tragic Man is a self
psychology construct for the interpretation of human
development focused on the tension
between the nuclear ambitions and ideals of the self and the
inevitable limitations and
failures in life. Kohut chose the term “tragic” because “man’s
[sic] failures overshadow
his successes” in the quest for self-fulfillment (p. 133). For
Kohut, Tragic Man could
represent a range of psychological health from those who
despair and die by suicide under
self-fragmentation to those who authentically face the limits of
human success and find
mature ways to integrate self-cohesion in spite of these
limitations.
In Kohut’s (1977) view, classical Freudian theory was helpful
for understanding
conflictual neuroses but did not adequately address the
emptiness, enfeeblement, frag-
mentation, and “guiltless despair” (p. 238; also see Strozier,
2001) that led to disorders of
the self, particularly narcissistic personality disorder. Tragic
Man represents this narcis-
sistically injured guiltless despair, and Kohut suggested that
late middle age was a time of
particular developmental vulnerability to shame-based despair
and even suicide if a person
realizes that the nuclear ambitions and ideals of their
personality have not been adequately
achieved. In this lengthy quote, Kohut articulates his view of
the midlife risk of suicide
for those who experience their self development as shamefully
tragic.
But while I am thus reluctant to dramatize the establishment of
10. the self by specifying a definite
point at which it is said to be born, I believe that there is, later
in life, a specific point that can
be seen as crucially significant—a point in the life curve of the
self at which a final crucial test
determines whether the previous development had failed or
succeeded. Is young adulthood the
crisis that faces the self with its most severe test? The incidence
of the most destructive
disorders in this realm, the schizophrenias soon after the age of
20, would support this view.
18 SANDAGE
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t i
s
co
py
ri
gh
te
d
14. is
n
ot
to
b
e
di
ss
em
in
at
ed
b
ro
ad
ly
.
But I am inclined to put the pivotal point even later—to late
middle age when, nearing the
ultimate decline, we ask ourselves whether we have been true to
our innermost design. This
is the time of utmost hopelessness for some, of utter lethargy,
of that depression without guilt
and self-directed aggression, which overtakes those who feel
that they have failed and cannot
15. remedy the failure in the time and with the energies still at their
disposal. The suicides of this
period are not the expression of a punitive superego, but a
remedial act—the wish to wipe out
the unbearable sense of mortification and nameless shame
imposed by the ultimate recognition
of a failure of all-encompassing magnitude. (p. 241)
Despite Kohut’s substantial contributions to psychological
theory and research on
narcissism, I could find no previous qualitative studies of
suicide directly using self
psychology.
Narrative Psychology, Tragedy, and Irony
McAdams’ (1988, 1993, 2006) psychoanalytically informed
narrative theory of person-
ality is based on research methods that are useful for this study.
McAdams draws on Kohut
and other theorists in constructing a narrative model of the
development of the self.
Whereas Kohut and other psychoanalysts have theorized about
the tragic self, McAdams
developed an empirical strategy for reliably coding tragic and
other narrative themes in
qualitative data. McAdams used Frye’s (1957) often-cited
taxonomy of mythic forms or
narrative plotlines— comedy, romance, tragedy, and irony—in
his empirical studies of the
narrative construction of self-identity. According to McAdams
(1993), tragedy and irony
are the two narrative plots that are pessimistic in tone and most
likely to be correlated with
psychopathology. Tragic plots involve “gods and heroes dying,
sacrificing themselves,
16. and accepting isolation,” and the protagonist is “separated in
some fundamental way from
the natural order of things” (p. 51). There is a sense that the
tragic hero must fall because
of a character flaw or as an extraordinary victim pursued by a
vengeful nemesis. In fact,
Revenge Tragedies represent a subgroup of the tragic genre, and
the tragic protagonist is
often motivated by bitterness and a desire for vengeance
(Lansky, 2005). The basic
message of a tragic plot form is the following: “We are
confronted by inescapable
absurdities in which we find that pain and pleasure, sadness and
happiness, are always
mixed. Beware. The world is not to be trusted. The best
intentions lead to ruin” (p. 52).
Ironic plots involve “shifting ambiguities and complexities in
human existence” with
protagonists who are satirical “fools,” “rogues,” or “antiheroes”
(p. 52). Satirical irony
uses humor focused upon the grotesque or absurd or as a way of
attacking conventional
norms or recording failed attempts to solve the mysteries of
life. The basic message of an
ironic plot form is as follows: “We encounter ambiguities in life
that are larger than we
are and that are, for the most part, beyond our comprehension”
(p. 52). Frye (1957)
indicates that some narratives are an admixture of tragic and
ironic plots and mentions
prisons as a recurring symbolic context of inevitable bondage in
tragic and ironic stories.
McAdams (1988) studied life stories in a nonclinical sample of
midlife adults and
17. found that quantitative codings for tragic and ironic plots were
both negatively correlated
with overall life satisfaction. Tragic plots were negatively
correlated with career satisfac-
tion, and participants scoring low in ego development had
higher ironic plot scores than
those scoring high in ego development. Although these effects
were modest, they do
suggest some vulnerabilities for those whose personal identity
is shaped primarily by
tragic and ironic plots. Tragic and ironic plots are not always
pathological dimensions of
narrative self-identity (McAdams, 2006), and yet the pessimism
of tragic and ironic
19TRAGIC-IRONIC SELF
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t i
s
co
py
ri
gh
21. r a
nd
is
n
ot
to
b
e
di
ss
em
in
at
ed
b
ro
ad
ly
.
narrative themes could represent dysphoric vulnerabilities of the
self in coping with life
stressors. Moreover, Kohut’s (1977) depiction of the “guiltless
despair” and elevated
suicide risk at midlife for “Tragic Man” (stated above)
22. emphasizes a tragic narrative
reading of the self in cases of suicide risk.
The present case study does not seek to identify premorbid
causal factors in the
suicide of the individual subject under investigation, which
would be an inappropriate
positivistic goal for qualitative research. Rather, the research
questions in this study
involve seeking to identify and understand the following: (a)
tragic and ironic narrative
themes in the subject’s writing, documents, and personal life,
and (b) descriptions of the
subject’s experiences in managing needs for mirroring,
idealization, and twinship. Her-
meneutical qualitative studies work from theory-driven
hypotheses that serve as educated
“guesses” and are used and revised in an iterative process of
interpretation (Cohen, Kahn,
& Steeves, 2000). The present study investigates the following
hypotheses: (a) tragic and
ironic themes will be present in the subject’s personal
documents and biographical data,
(b) there will be evidence of the subject’s difficulties in
managing needs for mirroring,
idealization, and twinship in personal documents and
biographical data, and (c) tragic
themes will be associated with idealization needs and ironic
themes with mirroring needs.
Case Description
[Note: Identifying information has been masked.] Jim was a
Euro-American male who
grew up in a metropolitan area of the Southeast region of the
United States. He was the
23. fifth of six children in a lower middle-class Irish-Catholic
family. He was an average
student, a pretty good musician, and worked in the family
business. Jim got married by
eloping in his early twenties and accepted a sales job that
required moving to the midwest
part of the country, and he was eager to gain distance from his
hometown. He and his wife
had three children—Ann, Laura, and Deb—while they tried to
cope with financial
struggles resulting from instability in Jim’s company.
Jim started drinking heavily early in his marriage and developed
alcohol dependence.
He and his wife argued frequently, reportedly about almost
anything and at verbally
abusive levels. His wife, Mary, struggled with severe depression
and anxiety, for which
she received psychiatric care emphasizing medication. They
divorced after 17 years of
marriage, and Jim had inconsistent contact with his daughters
over the next decade as he
moved around the country pursuing jobs that sounded lucrative
but always turned out
disappointing. In some cases, Jim’s alcoholism led to him being
fired. In other cases, the
jobs were simply not as good as advertised.
In his late 40s, Jim was charged with a robbery-related
homicide to which he pled “not
guilty.” He was convicted and spent several years in prison
before his conviction was
overturned on appeal. As mentioned above, Jim and Ann (the
oldest daughter, in her
midtwenties at the time) corresponded extensively during his
incarceration and she visited
24. him once. Deb had minimal contact with Jim during this time,
exchanging a couple of
letters, and Laura chose to have no contact. Jim did have regular
contact with his family
of origin during and after his incarceration. He also
corresponded with and was visited by
a girlfriend he developed while in prison.
After Jim was released from prison, he continued to live at a
considerable distance
from his children and had minimal contact with them. He had
difficulty establishing
consistent employment, relapsed into alcohol dependence, and
became depressed. In his
midfifties, he died by suicide via exsanguination (i.e., cutting
his wrists with a knife) while
20 SANDAGE
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t i
s
co
py
ri
29. Jim’s suicide was not the only extreme tragedy in this family
system. Within a decade
of Jim’s death, Deb had died of a chronic illness and Ann had
gone through a divorce after
approximately 15 years of marriage. Ann’s life seemed to be
headed in a positive direction
as she completed a graduate degree and explored new
relationships while living with her
mother. However, in her midforties she was involved in an
accident that resulted in her
mother’s death and then died by suicide by poisoning shortly
thereafter. The legal
determination was that Ann probably accidentally killed her
mother during a night terror
episode with the same method of homicide (strangulation) for
which Jim was convicted.
Family interviews suggested Ann’s cat died shortly before this
night terror homicide, and
her mother had “guilted” her mercilessly for her failure to keep
the cat alive (Sandage,
2010). Obviously, the level of tragedy and loss experienced by
this family is hard to
comprehend. At the time of this study, Laura, a key informant,
had managed to maintain
a stable marriage and work history with no history of substance
abuse or mental illness
into her fifties. Laura’s journey of resilience became an
unexpected positive discovery in
this story.
Related Family Case Study Findings
Prior qualitative analyses within this overall family case study
focused on (a) relational
dynamics revealed in 103 letters from Ann to Jim and associated
30. enclosures she had sent
while he was incarcerated which he had saved in his personal
archives (see method section
below), and (b) interviews with Laura and her husband about
their coping processes
related to these family losses. This initial set of analyses
suggested that Ann was often in
a parentified caretaking role with both Jim and her mother, and
her role with Jim during
his incarceration involved substantial levels of mirroring or
validation of his needs for
admiration and emotional support. Ann and Jim both described
symptoms of depression
in their letters to one another. The letters from Ann to Jim also
included themes of death
and suicide with considerable mutual engagement of a mix of
dark humor and tragedy. In
fact, Ann made a seemingly humorous comment in one letter
that Jim should slit his wrists
if he wanted to die quickly, which turned out to be the
extremely uncommon method Jim
used for suicide several years later. They frequently shared
newspaper clippings about
stories of death and suicide. While clinicians have identified (a)
talk about death and
suicide and (b) attraction to prosuicide materials or websites as
risk factors for suicide
(Joiner, Van Orden, Witte, & Rudd, 2009), there has been little
previous evidence of
family members actually communicating about suicide or
sharing documents. Ann’s
description of these death and suicide stories as “funny in a sad
way” also seemed to
describe a combination of ironic and tragic perspectives. She
repeatedly used the words
“weird” and “strange” in her letters to Jim, which suggest a
31. personal pull toward an ironic
focus on confusing ambiguities. A narrative psychology
interpretation of these themes is
that Jim and Ann may have tried to connect through a mutual
attraction to the narrative
forms of irony and tragedy. Ann’s letters to Jim also showed
she tried unsuccessfully to
set a boundary by asking him to limit the death articles he sent,
which raises questions
about Jim’s own personality dynamics. While Kohutian theory
was not used in that initial
study, the theme of mirroring and emphasis on the tragic
suggested this would be a useful
theoretical framework for analysis of Jim’s own writings and
documents from his
archives.
21TRAGIC-IRONIC SELF
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t i
s
co
py
ri
36. The author became aware of archival documents of
correspondence between Jim and Ann
and negotiated legal access to these archives to study a case of
intergenerational suicide.
This represents an instrumental or critical case sampling
approach to qualitative research
in which participants are chosen “whose experiences are
particularly significant because
of their intensity or irregularity” (Polkinghorne, 2005, p. 141).
Recognizing the sensitivity
of recruiting surviving family participants in this case, local
Institutional Review Board
ethical approval was obtained for this study, including
procedures for contacting family
members through a letter that included informed consent
information.
Document Data Analysis
Documents for the study were drawn from Jim’s personal
archives, and he had designated
that these archives could not be used for publication for a
specific number of years after
his death. That time period had passed. The documents included
papers, personal writings,
and correspondence Jim had saved during his incarceration. The
primary archival sources
of document analysis for this portion of the case study were
copies of 36 letters Jim sent
to relatives and friends and other personal writings, documents,
and articles Jim had saved
while incarcerated.
Hermeneutic phenomenology was the method chosen for
analyzing and interpreting
37. the data in this study following the five-stage process outlined
by Cohen et al. (2000).
Hermeneutic phenomenology differs from the essentialist
phenomenology of Husserl in
viewing the research process as inherently interpretive and
involves “a process of
contextualization and amplification rather than structural
essentialization” (Hein & Austin,
2001, p. 9; Sandage, Cook, Hill, Strawn, & Reimer, 2008).
Using the research of
McAdams (1988, 1993) and his appropriation of Frye (1957),
texts were coded for themes
of tragedy and irony. Texts were coded for tragedy if (a) the
words “tragic” or “tragedy”
were used, (b) a clear example of tragic literature was used
(e.g., Hamlet), or (c) the text
represented one of the following tragic themes based on
McAdams and Frye: (c1)
fatalism, (c2) the inescapability of death or a fall, (c3)
bitterness and vengeance, and (c4)
victimization. Portions of text could receive codings for more
than one theme. Texts were
coded for irony if (a) the words “ironic,” “sarcastic,” “absurd,”
or “satire” were used, or
(b) if reference was made to Jim using wit or humor to cope
with suffering.
Data analysis started with reading and rereading the documents
several times to
become immersed in the data to allow patterns or themes to
emerge (Cohen et al., 2000;
Dahl & Boss, 2005). Initial coding was done by hand by the
author on photocopies of the
original documents. Next, data reduction was conducted to
differentiate texts that were
relevant to the study from texts that were not. Texts associated
38. with themes that were not
directly relevant to the questions of the study were removed
from the analysis. For
example, Jim made many references to his “mood” struggles,
but texts were only retained
if there were other references to themes in this study.
Documents with text relevant to the
themes of the study were identified and entered into Word
software and grouped using
tentative descriptive labels. Word software was chosen because
(a) specific content coding
procedures were set by prior research and (b) it facilitated ease
of peer debriefing review
by expert raters (see below). Then, like categories were merged
within overarching
themes, and texts within each theme were compared and
differentiated for internal
consistency, which represents the phenomenological method of
tacking back and forth
22 SANDAGE
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t i
s
co
43. between part and whole. Finally, exemplar passages were
identified to illustrate the
themes.
For exploratory purposes, texts were also coded for expressions
of selfobject needs for
mirroring, idealization, and twinship. Research on the
Selfobject Needs Inventory (SONI;
Banai, Mikulincer, & Shaver, 2005) was used as a
hermeneutical grid for coding
categories. The developers of the SONI sought to differentiate
hunger and avoidance
dimensions of each selfobject need, although their factor
analysis yielded five dimensions
and could not differentiate avoidance of idealization and
twinship. Therefore, we coded
data for the expression of the same five dimensions of
selfobject needs from the SONI: (a)
mirroring hunger (need to be admired or recognized for
accomplishments), (b) mirroring
avoidance (not caring about admiration or recognition), (c)
idealization hunger (need to
admire certain idealized figures, goals, or values), (d)
idealization/twinship avoidance
(disappointment in authority figures, ideals and values or lack
of interest in similarity to
others), and (e) twinship hunger (need to feel similar to and
connected to others). To
enhance the trustworthiness of the selfobject need coding
procedure, peer debriefing was
used by consulting with two selected researchers who reviewed
the data and correspond-
ing codings. Both were licensed psychologists with a PhD in
clinical psychology from an
APA-approved program and had received psychoanalytic
training in self psychology. The
44. Kappa coefficient was calculated as an index of interrater
reliability across categories, and
the Kappa for selfobject need codings of .87 reflects
“substantial agreement” (Viera &
Garrett, 2005). Differences in coding were discussed, which led
to several changes in
coding of particular texts.
Results
Narrative Themes of Tragedy: I’m More of a Fatalist
A total of 20 texts were coded for tragedy, including 17 of Jim’s
own letters or writings
and three literary texts he saved during his incarceration. Texts
were coded in each of the
tragedy themes described in the Method section: (a) fatalism,
(b) the inescapability of
death or a fall, (c) bitterness or vengeance, (d) victimization.
Exemplar passages are
provided below. It is worth noting that Jim frequently used
pause punctuation (i.e., “. . .”)
in his letters between thoughts he was expressing. In
representing quotations from his
writings, pause marks will be original unless bracketed.
Misspellings from the original
documents are retained.
Fatalism
According to Frye (1957), tragic narratives often include the
“existential projection of
fatalism” (p. 222), and “all tragedy exhibits the omnipotence of
an external fate” (p. 209).
Jim described himself as a “fatalist” and repeatedly expressed
his limited control over his
45. life and the negative future events he expected to experience. In
a letter to a brother, he
mentioned receiving a single letter from his daughter Deb:
but like so many things in our lives, her writing to me is just
one of the many that I have no
control over. We’ll just have to wait and see what she decides to
do . . . Which is why I didn’t
mention it to you or Mother or Dad in the first place. Mother
especially gets her hopes up
about “things” over which she has no control, and when “they”
don’t turn out the way she’d
wish they would . . . well, as you know, she’ll sit and worry
herself about it . . . unless she’s
changed a great deal in recent years. That’s just not the way I
am though; I’m more of a
23TRAGIC-IRONIC SELF
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t i
s
co
py
ri
50. In other letters to siblings, he also expressed the following
fatalist sentiments:
There are a lot of unpleasant things in life that we all know are
coming and have to be dealt
with, but that still doesn’t mean that we’re going to like it.
But one day is pretty much the same as any other here, so it’s
not likely that my mood or
outlook are going to be improved upon with additional time . . .
abandonment is very
unpleasant.
The latter text mentioning “abandonment” also expresses the
victimization theme
consistent with the tragic sense of the protagonist excluded
from society (Frye, 1957).
Inescapability of Death or a Fall
Jim’s writings and collected literature showed he was
preoccupied with death and the
tragic theme of the need for the protagonist to fall (Frye, 1957).
As mentioned above,
findings from the family case study indicated Jim regularly sent
Ann newspaper clippings
of stories of people dying through tragic accidents, which Ann
called “The Death and
Dying Department.” Among the newspaper clippings he saved
was an article about a
couple who jointly died by suicide while in the courtroom to
receive sentencing for drug
charges. Their lawyer described them as “acquiescent, maybe
almost resigned to carry out
this tragic act.” A page torn out of a novel depicts a tragically
51. romantic interpretation of
the hero’s fall into suicide, “One tear, one kiss, outweighs his
ruin. He believes she has
sold him to his enemy, yet he kills himself because he hears she
is dead.” Jim also saved
an article titled “Gods and Heroes of Ancient Europe,” which
included the classic tragic
statement “a violent death is the necessary crowning of the
hero’s career.” Two other less
serious writings by Jim connect tragedy and a fall. In a letter to
his brother he mentions
his sister-in-law falling off a ladder:
Everybodies heard about how misfortunes befall people. Well,
obviously that’s what hap-
pened to poor Sandra while on the ladder [. . .] You painted a
picture of a devotion to duty that
far exceeded the ordinary [. . .] that was needed to prove
conclusively just how this terrible
tragedy occurred.”
Jim also saved a poem we wrote about a man who goes skiing
with his children, starts
going too fast, and breaks his leg. He concludes with the
following:
Three morals emerge from this overlong tale, that might aide
you while traveling lifes weary
trail; Don’t readily break any long held conviction, which could
possibly lead to a long term
restriction. Permit your children mistakes of their own; no need
to instruct them in how to
break a bone. And remember, this adage applys to us all, that
old one, concerning our pride
and our fall.”
52. Bitterness and Vengeance
Unforgiveness or the desire for vengeance is a central theme of
many tragedies, with
revenge-tragedies even forming a subgenre (Frye, 1957; Lansky,
2005). Jim repeatedly
mentioned his “bitterness” and desire to get even in letters to
family and friends. To a
brother, he wrote, “I grow more and more bitter and become
increasingly cranky . . . but
that’s the way life in ‘the slam’ is . . . at least it is for me.” To a
sister, he said, “Try not
24 SANDAGE
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t i
s
co
py
ri
gh
te
56. nd
is
n
ot
to
b
e
di
ss
em
in
at
ed
b
ro
ad
ly
.
to worry, though I know you do, believe me, I’ll make it . . . if
it’s only to get back at some
of these bastards.” In a letter to a friend, he connects his anger
and bitterness to a
self-assessment of his own temperament:
I can’t believe that you want to hear the unending pissing and
57. moaning that comes from me,
and as concentrated as my thoughts have become I’ve little else
to offer. I’m angry and bitter,
as you well know, and realize too that I dwell upon it. Being a
philosopher you know how very
difficult it is at times to remain philosophic. Of the four
temperaments assigned to us by the
‘Ancients’ I’m afraid I tend toward the bilious and melancholic
far moreso than to the
phlegmatic and sanguine. I wish it were otherwise, but it ain’t
so. Tough shit, huh? So much
for the humors.
Victimization
Tragic stories typically depict the protagonist as an
“extraordinary victim” (McAdams,
1988, p. 92), and Kohut described the “guiltless despair” of
Tragic Man. Jim articulated
a recurring sense of victimization and abandonment in his
letters. To his girlfriend in
separate letters, he wrote the following:
I haven’t really learned anything more than I knew when we
talked last. Unless, of course, you
count finding out— once again—that those you’ve depended
upon have let you down, and
have no concept even, of how far. Tough goddamned old life,
ain’t it? Oh well; have a nice
day!
To a nephew, respectively, he wrote the following:
I don’t view these happenings as being MY case at all, but more
along the lines of the
STATES case. I feel pretty much like your everyday, typical,
58. innocent bystander that’s getting
screwed without first being kissed . . .. and doesn’t enjoy it one
damned bit.
Narrative Themes of Irony: I Fancy Myself a Wit
A total of 23 texts were coded for irony, including 21 texts from
Jim’s letters and two from
his own writings. Only three irony codings occurred in the same
paragraph as a tragedy
coding. Jim literally uses the words “irony” and “ironical” to
describe his situation, and
he repeatedly mentions his efforts to use sarcastic humor and
satire to cope with the
absurdity of his incarceration. He explains in letters to a friend:
It would be difficult to pin-point why my sense of humor has
taken the turn that it has (perhaps
it’s the conditions and requirements that have been imposed
upon me, huh?), but anyway I
continue in trying to view what’s happened, and the slowness of
what’s not happening, in the
“brightest” possible light. A small occurrence that would once
have slid past me unnoticed is
now often picked up on instantly, bringing a smile to me that’s
frequently the result of the
irony of my situation.
My innate good humor has bore me along well in this insane
situation so far [. . .]
Satirical comment is rare in here.
To a brother, we wrote the following in separate letters:
Time passes quicker for me if I “act the fool,” “fool around,”
“play the fool” . . . that sort of
59. thing . . . you know . . . do trifling things that verge on being
ridiculous or absurd . . . a general
silliness and nonsense approach to life around me . . . I spend a
lot of time writing nonsense
verse and limericks that I later include in my weekend letters to
[Ann]. It’s a silly thing to do,
25TRAGIC-IRONIC SELF
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t i
s
co
py
ri
gh
te
d
by
th
e
63. to
b
e
di
ss
em
in
at
ed
b
ro
ad
ly
.
I know, but it’s surprising how fast I make the time pass while
concentrating my thoughts
upon something trite and trivial. It has some therapeutic value
as well, in that it blocks out
unpleasant thoughts that are always, always, and ever trying to
sneak in and depress me.
One might have thought I’d have adjusted better by now and
grown more philosophic toward
my situation or, at least, maintained this façade of sarcastic
humor just a bit longer. But I
haven’t.
64. To his girlfriend, he wrote the following:
Most all of us have different opinions about what constitutes
sanity, and whether or not it’s
even desirable. Then once we’ve settled upon what it is and if it
is, the question of how to go
about maintaining it is to approach each day with humor and
keep on trying to look for the
bright side of nuclear devastation.
Selfobject Themes
Table 1 shows overall codings for selfobject needs, as well as
codings for tragedy and
irony themes that occurred in the same paragraph as selfobject
need codings. (Note: Some
codings for tragedy and irony themes were not in the same
paragraph as selfobject need
codings.)
Mirroring – Approach
There were 10 texts coded as representing an approach or
hunger for mirroring. For
example, in a letter to his brother he explains his pattern of
sharing humor in letters with
Ann:
When I write to my daughter each weekend I’m nearly always in
a good mood, and even if
I’m not I often try to cover up the fact. The nonsense beginning
of this letter is pretty much
an example of the type and style of “stuff” that include in her
letters every week. Sometimes,
when I’m struck by creativity, or more likey an excess of the
drivels, compounded by a case
65. of the giggling snickers, this kind of trite “crap” that I spread
about, might go on and on, page
after page, for as many as six, seven, or even eight or nine
pages. Oh, it makes no sense, I
admit, but it does serve to keep me busy and she claims to enjoy
reading it. This, I suspect
is more due to her good breeding than it is to her truthfulness.
Mirroring – Avoidance
Nine texts were coded as avoidance of mirroring, most being
similar to items from the
SONI expressing a lack of concern for what others think of him.
For example, in a letter
to his brother he says the following:
Table 1
Selfobject Need Codings and Tragedy and Irony Narrative
Theme Codings
Selfobject needs Total codings Tragedy Irony
Mirroring – approach 10 1 6
Mirroring – avoid 9 1 1
Twinship – approach 23 3 8
Idealization – approach 6 0 1
Idealization/twinship – avoid 28 6 3
Note. This table only includes tragedy and irony narrative
theme codings that were in the same paragraph as
selfobject need codings.
26 SANDAGE
T
hi
70. ed
b
ro
ad
ly
.
I don’t know what crawled into me yesterday afternoon, in that
last paragraph there, I must
have just felt like preaching for a spell oh well, who cares what
I think anyway? . . .. . . I’m
not all that certain if I care myself or not.
Twinship – Approach
Twenty-three texts were coded for approach or hunger for
twinship. Jim frequently
expressed a desire to be understood and to share a sense of
similarity with family and
friends, particularly his daughter Ann. To a friend he wrote the
following:
Quite often I find myself wishing that I could share “this or
that” experience with some
specific person or other, a person that would perhaps enjoy, or
just simply understand maybe,
what it was that I was wanting to share just then. They would
know, of course, what it was
that had made me-think of them at just that moment . . . and
why. In the long run I suspect
that most of us are more interested in being understood than we
71. let on that we are; I’d imagine.
But then too, a sharing with others is about the only way there
is to actually reach any kind
of an understanding. Sharing in this sense though, requires
communication, and unfortunately
this is the area in which I most severely fall down.
Idealization – Approach
Only six texts were coded for approach or hunger for
idealization, and two of those texts
were Jim’s reminiscence on his idealism in adolescence. In a
letter to his sister he
expressed his frustration over his incarceration and the slow
process of appeal:
I try not to dwell upon the injustice of my own situation, and
constantly keep bolstering myself
with an almost childlike belief that “the system” will eventually
right itself, correct its errors,
and release me. Obviously there’s absolutely nothing else that I
can do . . . .
Idealization/Twinship – Avoidance
Twenty-eight texts were coded for avoidance of idealization or
twinship, making this the
dimension of selfobject needs (based on the SONI) receiving the
highest number of
codings. Many of these texts involved Jim expressing
disappointment and strong negative
views related to political and religious leaders and his own loss
of ideals in those domains.
Qualitative results in the present study also support the factor
analytic findings of Banai
et al. (2005), suggesting that idealization and twinship
72. avoidance are often closely related,
such as when Jim says in a letter, “Political and religious
personalities aim at a constit-
uency that doesn’t include me.” In separate letters to a brother,
he further describes his
religious and political outlook:
Among “those things” that I’m in disagreement with the
majority of people, I suppose, is my
overall attitude about ufo’s. I don’t believe in them for the same
reason that I don’t believe
in any of popular world wide religions. If there were a god, or
two, or three, or however many
. . . . what difference does it make . . .. or any “life form” of
sufficient intellect ‘out there
somewhere in that great beyond’ . . .. whether it be little green
men, gods, Martians, or
what-have-you, . . .. why in this blue-eyed world would they
want to get mixed-up with the
likes of us??? As a group we’re really not a very admirable
bunch, and to go to any bother
sorting through us to find those few that do show some little
promise . . .. well, why bother?
And for what reason? To give us a second chance? To do what
then? To save us maybe? From
what/for what? To steal from us? To conquer us? But I always
come back to the same cynical
question; WHY? To my way of thinking anything with that kind
of power, intelligence,
abilities, and so forth, has nothing to gain from ANYTHING on
this planet. And as far as gods
go, well, that’s pie-in-the-sky for being a good-boy, and I don’t
believe in free-lunches,
27TRAGIC-IRONIC SELF
77. in
at
ed
b
ro
ad
ly
.
regardless of how attractively they happen to be packaged.
Ufo’s and religion both make for
good stories, that’s for sure, and for those zillions of folks that
really get into those forms of
entertainment, or ‘get-off’ on the mysterious, occult, beyond
human understanding sort of
‘things’, well, that’s just fine with me, they can just go right
ahead without ever having to
worry about me interrupting them. All I ask from them is that
same consideration.
As people become ever more suspicious of government,
religion, or for that matter any group
or body that insists upon telling them what’s good or bad for
them, what they should or
shouldn’t be doing, people are also beginning to question all
these “modern advancements”
that have been made in health care as well. But there I go again,
off on one of my, “Let’s give
the establishment hell!” campaigns that you no doubt get weary
of reading.
78. Tragedy, Irony, and Selfobject Needs
As shown in Table 1, tragedy theme codings that occurred in the
same paragraph as
selfobject need codings were typically proximal to
idealization/twinship avoidance. In
contrast, irony theme codings that occurred in the same
paragraph as selfobject need
codings were typically proximal to mirroring approach and
twinship approach.
Discussion
The qualitative findings in this study depict a case study of a
“tragic man,” to use Kohut’s
term. While case study design does not facilitate
generalizability to other cases, these
results do offer some initial support for (a) Kohut’s theorized
connection between tragic
selfhood and suicide risk, and (b) McAdams’ theory of tragic
and ironic narrative plots
and selfhood. The results can also contribute to literatures on
both suicidality and
psychoanalytic understandings of narrative psychology and
selfobject needs.
First, this case study data adds to existing literature on suicide
by offering a description
of some of the personality functioning of Jim several years prior
to his suicide. As a
qualitative study, the purpose is not to interpret causal factors
related to Jim’s suicide.
Nevertheless, this is a case with a confluence of empirically
supported elevated risk factors
for suicide, including alcoholism, prior incarceration, probable
depressive symptoms,
79. prior divorce, and lack of religiosity. In combination with the
findings from the family
case study (Sandage, 2010), these results add to research
suggesting that a long-term
preoccupation with tragic and morbid themes and suicide may
increase the risk of
suicidality (Joiner, 2005). Joiner theorizes such cognitive
preoccupations may represent
forms of mental practice or rehearsal for suicide. The results of
this study interpreted
within the framework of narrative psychology also fit with
Shneidman’s (2001) thesis that
“suicide is a drama of the mind” (p. 202).
Joiner also presents data that assortative (i.e., nonrandom)
relating might contribute to
the clustering of suicides among people who share such
preoccupations. That is, people
who share an interest in suicide might find it reinforcing to
relate with one another and
habituate to the idea of suicide through frequent discussions.
This fits with the frequent
expression of twinship hunger that Jim expresses about his
relationship with Ann in his
letters to family members. The fact that Jim died by suicide
using the rare method Ann
recommended (albeit humorously) and, before her own suicide,
Ann enacted an accidental
homicide in the same method for which Jim was convicted
contributes to elements in this
family story seeming like a tragic drama.
Tragedy emerged as a prominent theme in the data, and Jim’s
writings and personal
documents evidenced multiple texts across all four subthemes of
tragedy coded in this
84. ss
em
in
at
ed
b
ro
ad
ly
.
study: (a) fatalism, (b) inescapability of death or a fall, (c)
bitterness and vengeance, and
(d) victimization. Jim even refers to himself as a “fatalist.”
While prior studies in narrative
psychology have measured tragic themes in life stories, the
results of this study show a
case in which these themes not only emerge in the subject’s
personal writings but in
literary documents and fragments the subject saved while
incarcerated. This suggests Jim
may have been motivated to construct an intersubjective field of
tragedy that served to
validate his experience of a tragic life narrative. From the
perspective of self psychology,
this may have reflected a desire in Jim to overcome feeling
alienated from connection to
others.
The results of this study are also suggestive of a potential
85. connection between tragic
themes in narrative selfhood and deficits in selfobject needs for
idealization and twinship.
The exploratory analyses found codings for tragedy that
emerged in the same paragraph
as coding for selfobject needs were most frequently proximal to
idealization/twinship
avoidance. He mentions a lack of ambition, difficulty making
decisions, and starting
numerous projects he did not expect to finish, all of which
could be interpreted by self
psychologists as symptoms of goal instability and problems
with idealization. Jim also
repeatedly voices a loss of political and religious ideals and
cynicism about political and
religious leaders and followers. And this fits with Frye’s
description of the “existential
projection of fatalism” that is embedded within tragic narratives
(p. 222). In terms of
religiosity, Jim does not just disbelieve but expresses his
cynicism in questioning how
gods or other life forms would gain anything from relating to or
redeeming humanity.
Politically, he is not simply ambivalent but repeatedly expresses
anger and a desire to
“give the establishment hell.” His basic orientation toward
ideals and values is consistent
with McAdams’ (1988) summary of tragedy: “We are
surrounded by inescapable absur-
dities . . . Beware. The world is not to be trusted. The best
intentions lead to ruin” (p. 52).
Jim also repeatedly expresses avoidance of twinship in relation
to ideals, for example
saying “political and religious personalities aim at a
constituency that doesn’t include me.”
86. He writes in another letter, “Sorry, prison hasn’t helped in
strengthening my belief in my
fellow man, much less in any of his [religious beliefs].” The
cultural and religious interests
he does express in his writings involve a fascination with the
history of relatively obscure
ancient pre-Christian European groups with no obvious
constructive integration of that
material in his adult psychological functioning. From the
perspective of self psychology,
traumatic frustrations or disappointments in selfobject needs
contribute to a lack of
self-cohesion and difficulty forming both (a) realistic and
mature ideals and convictions
(Silverstein, 2007) and (b) a sense of social integration (Greif,
2000). Jim states in his
letters that he had strong opinions about politics and felt the
American people were being
“duped” by political leaders and the media, and he indicated a
preference for a lack of
government regulation and for citizen independence. Ann and
Jim appeared to engage in
mutual validation of disappointment in the world at large and a
mistrust of authority
figures, at least during Jim’s incarceration (Sandage, 2010).
Perhaps this lack of confi-
dence in authority figures and generalized others impeded their
capacities to seek mental
health treatment and other sources of social integration. In
Jim’s case, his stigmatized
status as an ex-felon probably added to his difficulties in social
integration at the time of
his suicide.
The data reveal the complexity or ambivalent nature of
selfobject hunger and avoid-
87. ance. At points Jim expresses a hunger for twinship, while at
other times he presents
himself as unlike other people. He both seeks mirroring and
expresses a lack of care about
it. It is noteworthy that his avoidance of twinship is most often
paired with avoidance of
idealization, while his hunger for twinship seems to be a
longing to feel understood.
29TRAGIC-IRONIC SELF
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t i
s
co
py
ri
gh
te
d
by
th
91. ot
to
b
e
di
ss
em
in
at
ed
b
ro
ad
ly
.
Perhaps this reveals a dilemma about twinship needs for those
who are avoiding ideal-
ization needs, that is a desire to not be “like the masses”
(avoidance of twinship) while
also experiencing a need to feel intersubjectively understood
(hunger for twinship).
Irony also emerged as a prominent narrative theme in Jim’s
writings. He refers to his
“situation” of incarceration as ironic and he describes himself
as “a wit.” Frye (1957)
92. notes the movement from tragedy to irony in many narratives
involves the restriction of
freedom for the protagonist who is more a “random victim” (p.
41) than an exceptional
person. Both tragedy and irony focus on fate and the limits of
human agency. Jim
described feeling very limited power as he experienced his first
incarceration at midlife on
a conviction he disavowed.
In his work on tragedy, Nietzsche (1872/2006) spoke of “the
comic as the artistic
delivery from the nausea of the absurd” (p. 27). Jim describes
using humor, nonsense
writings, sarcasm, and cynicism as coping mechanisms for
dealing with the “absurdity” of
his incarceration and slow process of appealing his conviction.
Jim describes his use of
sarcastic humor as a “façade.” From a psychoanalytic
perspective, this suggests he used
irony and humor as defense mechanisms against dysphoric
thoughts and emotions (e.g.,
depression, anger). This is revealed when he explains his
“ridiculous and absurd” behavior
in a letter:
it’s surprising how fast I make the time pass while
concentrating my thoughts upon something
trite and trivial. It has some therapeutic value as well, in that it
blocks out unpleasant thoughts
that are always, always, and ever trying to sneak in and depress
me.
Freud (1905) described humor as “the highest of these defensive
processes,” (p. 233)
and Vaillant’s (1993) research led him to include humor among
93. the most mature defense
mechanisms. However, Vaillant also distinguished humor from
both dissociation (i.e.,
simply distracting from what is painful) and wit (i.e., an
unconscious shift of emotions
from a dangerous toward a safer target). While laughter can be
therapeutic, it can also be
a defense against shame and contempt toward self or others. As
quoted in the introduction
to this study, Kohut (1977) linked some suicides at midlife not
to guilt but to a “sense of
mortification and nameless shame” (p. 241) related to the
failures of the defeated self.
Morrison (1989) has interpreted Kohut as suggesting shame is
“a central affective
experience of Tragic Man” (p. 68), though he also argues that
the conscious experience of
shame requires a certain level of self-cohesion. Jim’s writings
do not offer explicit
evidence that he was conscious of shame, so unconscious shame
may have motivated his
use of irony and humor, but such an interpretation is
speculative.
Kohut (1966) viewed genuine humor (along with empathy,
creativity, and wisdom) as
evidence of transformed narcissism and aids a person “in
achieving ultimate mastery over
the demands of the narcissistic self, that is, to tolerate
recognition of his [sic] finiteness in
principle and even of his impending end” (p. 267). He
considered it a sign of maturity to
hold “a touch of irony toward the achievements of individual
existence” (p. 269) but was
suspicious of the authenticity of the excessive use of humor. For
Kohut, there was also a
94. crucial distinction between humor and sarcasm, with the latter
representing “an archaic
form of self process” and a defensive posture that can mask
anger, envy, and fragility of
selfhood (Strozier, 1987, p. 52). Kohut explains that sarcasm
“occurs in consequence of
the lack of idealized values; it is an attempt to minimize the
significance of narcissistic
limitations through the hypercathesis of a pleasure-seeking
omnipotent self” (p. 269).
Sarcasm may also represent a passive-aggressive motivation of
attack on others. In
contrast, humor is less distorting of reality, more self-reflective,
and indicates an accep-
tance of personal limitations without biting self-contempt.
30 SANDAGE
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t i
s
co
py
ri
99. responses potentially enhance the self. Humor could be a form
of exhibiting the self and
may express a hunger for mirroring. While the present study
should be considered
exploratory, it is interesting that the majority of codings for
irony themes that occurred in
the same paragraphs as codings for selfobject needs were
related to approach motivations
for mirroring and twinship. These results are suggestive for
future research that the use of
irony and humor might be more closely associated with those
desire for confirming or
supportive others, whereas the use of tragedy might relate more
strongly with avoidance
of idealization and twinship.
It would be inappropriate to make diagnostic speculations based
on qualitative and
psychobiographical data. However, based on a self psychology
framework, Jim’s chronic
alcoholism, career instability, and relational problems suggest
that he may have struggled
with a lack of self-cohesion or some form of self disorder, even
outside the context of his
incarceration. On the other hand, Jim’s letters to friends and
family members also show
occasional signs of self-awareness of his own limitations,
interpersonal warmth, and
generosity in mirroring others. For example, he acknowledges
his difficulty in commu-
nicating his feelings to others. In one letter, he is effusive in
telling Ann he is proud of her
career achievement while also acknowledging his past sarcasm
might make it difficult to
know when he is being serious. He also writes reflectively in a
letter to a sibling, “The
100. older that I get, the more that I find myself laughing more and
more at ME, and less and
less at ‘the other guy,’ because I can see things now that I once
couldn’t . . . or wouldn’t.”
These results highlight an advantage of qualitative analysis of
personal documents,
namely that the complexity of human personality and behavior
can be revealed in ways
that transcend simple categories of health and pathology.
The present case study is obviously limited to investigating the
personal documents of
a single Euro-American male from a period of time several
years before his suicide. We
do not have data that are more proximal in time to Jim’s
suicide. Interviews with family
members can provide some triangulation of data but cannot
fully take the place of the
subject’s personal meaning. It would be helpful to have other
qualitative psychological
autopsy studies investigating themes of tragedy and irony in the
documents of multiple
individuals close to the time of their suicides. Moreover,
longitudinal studies of suicide
risk might consider including measures of attraction to tragedy
and irony, as well as the
collection of documents related to suicide.
As a hermeneutic phenomenological study, interpretations were
also based primarily
on the theoretical frameworks of Kohut and McAdams. Future
qualitative studies of
suicide might use other theoretical frameworks, such as Joiner’s
interpersonal theory of
suicide (Joiner et al., 2009). Joiner’s theory has garnered
considerable empirical support
101. and is similar to self psychology in placing a strong emphasis
on the need for belong-
ingness. In Joiner’s model, suicide risk increases as
belongingness is reduced and
burdensomeness and self-harm increase. We do not have clear
evidence in this study that
Jim was troubled by feeling a burden to others during his
incarceration, however family
data (Sandage, 2010) are suggestive that some family members
distanced from him
postincarceration to avoid him becoming a burden.
It is challenging to summarize a psychoanalytic formulation of
this case study given
the staggering levels of tragic and complicated loss. In the prior
family case study
(Sandage, 2010), the data suggested Jim and Ann had an
emotionally fused relationship
in which Ann played a prominent mirroring and caretaking role
for Jim, although it was
reciprocal to some degree. The relational theme of mirroring in
that qualitative study was
31TRAGIC-IRONIC SELF
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t i
106. exemplified in Ann’s statement “it’s strange how we think
alike,” which she voiced in
several different ways in her letters to Jim while he was in
prison. Based on self
psychology, data from the present study also suggests Jim had a
strong hunger for
twinship and that he repeatedly expressed this selfobject need in
relation to Ann. They
explicitly shared a “twin-like” preoccupation with morbid
themes and the topics of death
and suicide. This fused father– daughter mirroring and twinship
between Jim and Ann was
part of a historical triangle with Ann’s mother (Jim former
wife). In the end, Ann failed
in her role of parentified caretaker of her mother and father and
expressed rage at both
(however consciously).
In contrast to Kohut’s normalization of needs for twinship,
Stolorow (2007) regards
such longings as “reactive to emotional trauma, with its
accompanying feelings of
singularity, estrangement, and solitude. When I have been
traumatized, my only hope for
being deeply understood is to form a connection with a brother
or sister who knows the
same darkness” (p. 49). Family case study data suggested Ann
may have been traumatized
by Jim’s trial and her visit of him in prison, and afterward she
had night terrors and dreams
of cats dying which she shared with him in letters. Did the later
death of Ann’s cat and
her mother’s shaming verbal abuse of her failure as a caretaker
107. activate the unconscious
disintegration products of a narcissistic rage and trauma-based
reenactment of violence?
Ironically, this final tragic twinship between Ann and her father
was foreshadowed
decades before in their private intersubjective musings.
Conclusion
This qualitative case study of the personality dynamics of a man
who died by suicide has
used hermeneutic phenomenological methods drawing on
Kohutian self psychology and
McAdams’ narrative psychology of selfhood. The results are
suggestive that themes of
tragedy and irony can be conceptually integrated with selfobject
needs (i.e., mirroring,
idealization, and twinship) in future research on suicide and
narrative selfhood.
References
Banai, E., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2005). Selfobject
needs in Kohut’s self psychology:
Links with attachment, self-cohesion, affect regulation, and
adjustment. Psychoanalytic Psy-
chology, 23, 224 –260. doi:10.1037/0736-9735.22.2.224
Cohen, M. Z., Kahn, D. L., & Steeves, R. H. (2000).
Hermeneutic phenomenological research: A
practical guide for nurse researchers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Dahl, C. M., & Boss, P. (2005). The use of phenomenology for
family therapy research: The search
for meaning. In D. H. Sprenkle & F. P. Piercy (Eds.), Research
methods in family therapy (2nd
108. ed.; pp. 63– 84). New York: Guilford Press.
Freud, S. (1905). Jokes and their relation to the unconscious. In
J. Strachey, Ed. & Trans., The
standard edition of the complete psychological works of
Sigmund Freud (vol. VIII). London:
Hogarth.
Frye, N. (1957). Anatomy of criticism: Four essays. Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press.
Greif, G. F. (2000). The tragedy of the self: Individual and
social disintegration viewed through the
self psychology of Heinz Kohut. Lanham, MD: University Press
of America.
Hein, S. F., & Austin, W. J. (2001). Empirical and hermeneutic
approaches to phenomenological
research in psychology: A comparison. Psychological Methods,
6, 3–17.
Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press.
Joiner, T. E., Jr., Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., & Rudd, M.
D. (2009). The interpersonal theory
of suicide: Guidance for working with suicidal clients.
Washington, DC: American Psycholog-
ical Association.
32 SANDAGE
T
hi
s
do
113. ro
ad
ly
.
Kohut, H. (1966). Forms and transformations of narcissism.
Journal of the American Psychoanalytic
Association, 14, 243–272.
Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. New York:
International Universities Press.
Kohut, H. (1985). Self psychology and the humanities:
Reflections on a new psychoanalytic
approach (C. B. Strozier, Ed.). New York: Norton & Co.
Lansky, M. R. (2005). The impossibility of forgiveness: Shame
fantasies as instigators of venge-
fulness in Euripides’ Medea. Journal of the American
Psychoanalytic Association, 53, 437– 464.
Maltsberger, J. T., & Weinberg, I. (2006). Psychoanalytic
perspectives on the treatment of acute
suicidal crisis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 223–234.
McAdams, D. P. (1988). Power, intimacy, and the life story:
Personological inquiries into identity.
New York: Guilford Press.
McAdams, D. P. (1993). The stories we live by: Personal myths
and the making of the self. New
York: Morrow.
114. McAdams, D. P. (2006). The redemptive self: Stories Americans
live by. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Morrison, A. P. (1989). Shame: The underside of narcissism.
Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press.
Nietzsche, F. (2006). The birth of tragedy (W. A. Haussmann,
Trans.). New York: Barnes & Noble.
(Original work published 1872)
Polkinghorne, D. E. (2005). Language and meaning: Data
collection in qualitative research. Journal
of Counseling Psychology, 52, 137–145. doi:10.1037/0022-
0167.52.2.137
Sandage, S. J. (2010). Intergenerational suicide and family
dynamics: A hermeneutic phenomeno-
logical case study. Contemporary Family Therapy, 32, 209 –
227. doi:10.1007/s-10591-009-
9102-x
Sandage, S. J., Cook, K. V., Hill, P. C., Strawn, B. D., &
Reimer, K. S. (2008). Hermeneutics and
psychology: A review and dialectical model. Review of General
Psychology, 12, 344 –364.
doi:10.1037/1089-2680.12.4.344
Shneidman, E. (2001). Comprehending suicide: Landmarks in
20th century suicidology. Washing-
ton, DC: American Psychological Association.
Silverstein, M. L. (2007). Disorders of the self: A personality-
guided approach. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
115. Stolorow, R. D. (2007). Trauma and human existence:
Autobiographical, psychoanalytic, and
philosophical reflections. New York: The Analytic Press.
Strozier, C. (1987). The soul of wit: Kohut and the psychology
of humor. The Psychohistory
Review, 15, 47– 68.
Strozier, C. B. (2001). Heinz Kohut: The making of a
psychoanalyst. New York: Farrar, Straus &
Giroux.
Vaillant, G. E. (1993). The wisdom of the ego. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
Viera, A. J., & Garrett, J. M. (2005). Understanding
interobserver agreement: The Kappa statistic.
Family Medicine, 37, 360 –363.
33TRAGIC-IRONIC SELF
T
hi
s
do
cu
m
en
t i
s
co