The third way
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The document discusses the Third Way as a political position that attempts to reconcile right and left-wing policies. Historically, Mussolini marketed fascism as a Third Way between socialism and capitalism. In the UK, Tony Blair and New Labour pursued a Third Way by advocating a center ground between Thatcherism and Old Labour, influenced by sociologist Anthony Giddens and advocating pluralism, community initiatives, and welfare to work.
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Dual federalism characterized the early period, with states exercising most power and the federal government focused on money, war, and peace. Cooperative federalism emerged during the New Deal era, as federal and state governments collaborated to address issues like transportation, health, education, and poverty. This coincided with four Democratic presidents. New federalism then arose under four Republican presidents and sought to return some powers from the federal government back to the states, reflecting views that earlier programs had failed and growing distrust in the federal government.
Committees congress
There are several types of committees in Congress, including standing committees, select committees, conference committees, party committees, and joint committees. Standing committees are permanent policy specialists committees, such as those focused on armed services or judiciary. There are 34 standing committees total between the House and Senate. Select committees are typically ad hoc and investigative in nature, focusing on specific issues like Hurricane Katrina or Watergate. They have power to subpoena evidence and witnesses. Committee roles include shaping legislation, oversight of government agencies, and confirmation of presidential appointments.
Federalism consequences
Federalism results in variations between states in laws like marital age and education requirements. It also leads to complexity with different state and national court systems and tax codes. Power has shifted back to states in recent decades due to reduced federal aid, perceptions that federal programs weren't successful, and Supreme Court decisions upholding states' rights, contributing to regional diversity and decentralization of political parties and elections under state law.
How representative is congress
This document discusses how representative Congress is in the United States. It examines representation in terms of gender, race, age, education, religion, and geographical region. Congress has historically been dominated by older, highly educated, Christian white men. While women now make up around 20% of Congress, racial minorities and younger people remain underrepresented. The document also questions whether members of Congress represent the views of their constituents through their actions and votes.
La tercera vía
El documento describe la Tercera Vía como una propuesta política que intenta superar los esquemas de la derecha e izquierda. Se propone como un proyecto económico dirigido a toda la sociedad sin distinción. Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el término empieza a usarse comúnmente para describir proyectos que buscan un camino intermedio entre la ley del mercado y la dictadura del estado. Finalmente, la Tercera Vía enfatiza ideas como subsidiariedad, responsabilidad comunitaria, programas de bien
Vice president
John Adams remarked that the vice presidency was "the most insignificant office" ever devised by man, yet it holds the potential to become "everything" if the vice president must assume the presidency due to the president's death, resignation, or removal from office. The document then discusses the roles and responsibilities of the vice president, such as presiding over the Senate, counting electoral votes, and becoming acting president if the president is disabled. It notes that the vice presidency has taken on increasing significance and responsibilities over time, such as advising the president and acting as a spokesperson.
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The Way Forward is The Third Way: Facilitating Public Policy Disputes
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2013 14 higher politics socialist theory
This document summarizes the history and key ideas of socialism from Marx to modern times. It discusses Marx's critique of capitalism and vision of communism replacing the state. It then outlines Lenin's adaptation of Marxism to the Russian context and establishment of the Soviet Union. Finally, it discusses the decline of socialism in the 20th century and the evolution of the British Labour Party away from traditional socialist policies under Tony Blair and New Labour.
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This document discusses various theories and models of democracy. It begins by explaining that there is no single theory of democracy, and discusses classical understandings from Greek philosophers. It then outlines several modern theories of democracy, including pluralism, which focuses on competition and participation; realist democracy, where leaders manufacture public will; liberal democracy, which protects individual freedoms; social democracy, addressing inequalities from capitalism; and participatory democracy, maximizing citizen engagement. The document provides an overview of key aspects and thinkers for each democratic model.
Capitalism vs Communism
This document compares and contrasts capitalism and communism. It defines communism as a socioeconomic system with common ownership and no social classes, money, or state. Capitalism derives from capital, where private individuals can own capital assets and labor is purchased with wages. The document then discusses the historical origins and key figures of each system. It outlines some of the main features of each like democracy and market economy in capitalism versus single-party rule and equality in communism. The impacts, criticisms, and advocacies of both systems are also presented. In conclusion, the document suggests the world is moving toward more liberalization and capitalism while decreasing communist governments.
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Communism had a significant political impact in the 20th century. It originated from ideas of equality in the 18th century revolutions in France and Britain. Karl Marx further developed communist theory, believing that inequality would only end through workers revolution and public ownership. Many early communist regimes like in Russia and China aimed to establish classless societies but instead created authoritarian governments with total state control. While early communist countries saw economic issues, communism appealed to ideas of equality and sharing for many. Overall, communism had widespread influence politically but also faced challenges in practice.
Marx in 34 points
Marx focused on alienation prior to 1846 and borrowed from Hegel and Feuerbach. He identified the proletariat as able to liberate society from capitalism. Under capitalism, human relations are estranged and commodity fetishism develops where commodities take on a life of their own. Marx saw the mode of production determining social and political processes, and believed revolutionary change was necessary when productive forces became fetters on society.
Summary Chapter 10Different governments treat the concept of cit.docx
Summary Chapter 10
Different governments treat the concept of citizenship in different ways. All states demand adherence to the rules (laws), of course, and most treat birth in, or naturalization into, the political order as a requirement of citizenship. In democratic states, the concept of citizenship is also tied to the ideas of equality and liberty, as well as to meaningful participation in politics, such as voting in periodic elections. This ideal of democratic citizenship dates back to the ancient Greek city-states, which were small enough to permit direct democracy (self-representation of enfranchised adults through public assemblies and plebiscites).
Political socialization is the process whereby citizens develop the values, attitudes, beliefs, and opinions that enable them to relate to and function within the political system. Specific influences on the developing citizen include the family, religion, public education, the mass media, the law, peer groups, and key political values. Political socialization is of paramount importance; if a nation fails to socialize its citizenry on a large-scale basis, its political stability can be endangered.
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Totalitarian states attempt to realize a utopian vision and create a new political order. Like authoritarian states, totalitarian states are nondemocratic. Yet these two regime types differ in several important respects. In particular, totalitarian regimes seek total control over all aspects of their citizens’ lives and demand active participation, rather than passive acquiescence, on the part of the citizenry.
The three major totalitarian states of the past century—Soviet Russia, Nazi Germany, and Maoist China—appear to have gone through several distinct stages of development. The first stage coincides with a period of violent revolution. The five major elements necessary for a successful revolution are charismatic leadership, ideology, organization, propaganda, and violence. During the second stage, power in the hands of the totalitarian ruler is consolidated, opposition parties are eliminated, the party faithful are put in charge, and real or imagined rivals within the party are killed.
The third stage attempts to bring about the total transformation of society. In the Soviet Union, Stalin launched this effort in 1928 with the first Five-Year Plan. In Nazi Germany, Hitler’s goal of “racial purification” provided the rationale for a totalitarian drive that culminated in World War II and the Holocaust. In Maoist China, the first attempt to transform Chinese society, the Great Leap Forward, failed miserably in the late 1950s and was followed by the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s.
The human costs of totalitarianism have been staggering. Actual numbers cannot be verified, but even the roughest estimates suggest the totalitarian experiments of the twentieth century brought death or appalling hardship to many millions of people.
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This document provides an overview of the concept of the public sphere as developed by Jurgen Habermas and discusses its relationship to news, media, and democracy. It summarizes Habermas's view of the public sphere as a domain for rational critical debate open to all citizens. It also discusses criticisms of Habermas's idealized view and examines how the public sphere has changed with commercialization of media and the rise of the internet as a new potential public sphere. Key topics covered include the role of public service media and debates around objectivity and representation in news and documentary.
Introduction to Theory
Web 2.0 has changed media production, distribution, and consumption by allowing more democratic "We Media." Cultural theorists like Gramsci, Chomsky, and Marx viewed the media as tools for maintaining the dominance of ruling classes. Gramsci's theory of cultural hegemony described how the dominant class projects its worldview as common sense. Chomsky believed media control aimed to keep people isolated and passive. The contemporary media may be both more and less democratic - more people can participate via new technologies, but governments and corporations still influence media.
Changing nature of democracy
Liberal democracy combines liberalism and democracy. Liberalism focuses on individual liberty and limited government interference, while democracy means rule by the people. Key thinkers like Locke, Mill, and Bentham influenced the development of liberal democracy in Europe by advocating for concepts like limited monarchy, representative government, and maximizing happiness. However, liberalism is an economic concept focused on capitalism, while democracy is political. This led to tensions as socialism emerged as an alternative. Now, liberal democracy has become the dominant model, but post-colonial nations face challenges in institutionalizing its principles of development, democracy, and inclusiveness.
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The document provides an overview of China under Mao Zedong from 1949 to 1976. It outlines the major political movements and economic plans during Mao's rule, including the Civil War, Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution, and the reforms initiated after Mao's death. The Great Leap Forward from 1958 to 1963 aimed to rapidly industrialize China through communes but instead led to widespread famine.
Socialism
Socialism refers to a political and economic theory advocating common ownership of resources. Key aspects include democratic control of production, distribution, and exchange to meet human needs rather than for profit. It emerged in response to poverty under capitalism. Early theorists like Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Owen proposed cooperative communities, while Marx emphasized class struggle and revolution to establish socialism. Democratic socialism gained popularity after WWI as socialist parties participated in government in Europe. Features include public ownership, central planning, and equality, while drawbacks involve reduced freedom and bureaucracy.
Essay On The Fall Of Communism
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This document provides an overview of topics related to media in the online age, including: the historical development of online media and how the internet has transformed media production and audiences; debates around the future of media; and concepts from cultural theorists like Marx, Gramsci, and Chomsky regarding media control and cultural hegemony. It discusses the media's role as the "Fourth Estate" and Chomsky's view that people are meant to remain isolated spectators rather than organized participants in politics.
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This presentation presents the overview and the origin of the two political concept, the political ideology of fascism and the type of leadership of totalitarian.
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The document provides an overview of the core doctrines and history of socialism, including:
1. Socialism is based on an optimistic view of human nature and a belief that humans operate best cooperatively in social groups through collectivism and egalitarianism.
2. There are two main strands of socialism - revolutionary socialism which seeks a complete overthrow of capitalism, and evolutionary socialism which seeks gradual reform through democratic means.
3. Utopian socialists in the 19th century tried to build ideal socialist societies, while Marxism sees socialism as inevitable due to conflicts between economic classes.
Merino 2005
This document discusses how neoliberal ideology created an environment that promoted unethical behavior in financial reporting in the 1990s United States. It analyzes this through the lens of corporate hegemony and three forms of power: coercive, agenda-setting, and manufactured consent. The document outlines how neoliberalism treats the market as omnipotent and limits the government's role, fostering corporate control over society. This created conditions that allowed financial reporting abuses that benefited corporate elites at the public's expense.
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2. Political economy of communication (PEC), critiques of PEC, and media figures like Rupert Murdoch.
3. Critical theory in mass communication, critiques of capitalism, and thinkers like Gramsci, Althusser, and the Frankfurt School.
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John rawls (1921 2002) – a brief
John Rawls (1921-2002) was a hugely influential US philosopher known for attempting to reconcile liberal beliefs in freedom with the need to prevent excessive inequality in society. His best known work, A Theory of Justice (1972), proposed a thought experiment where people create a just society from behind a "veil of ignorance" without knowing their place in it. Rawls argued this would lead people to choose principles guaranteeing equal rights, respect for all, and a minimum standard of living so that the worst off are not below a certain level, even if this requires some inequalities. He called this the "difference principle."
The house of lords – functions
The document summarizes the four core functions of the House of Lords: making laws, holding the government accountable, acting as a forum of independent expertise, and carrying out judicial work as the highest court in the UK. It provides details on how the House of Lords spends its time scrutinizing legislation, questioning government ministers, and debating policies. It also gives examples of how Lords committees have influenced policy areas like mental health and internet security by gathering evidence from experts.
The executive branch the presidency
The document provides information about the executive branch of the US government. It discusses the president's constitutional powers, notable past presidents, the increasing role of the president over time, and the president's ability to persuade rather than command. It also outlines the vice president's role and increasing responsibilities. Additionally, it examines the cabinet, federal bureaucracy, and Executive Office of the President, including key offices like the White House Office and roles like the Chief of Staff. Iron triangles and tensions between the cabinet and EOP are also mentioned.
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The document discusses the powers of the U.S. President and their dependence on Congress. It notes that the President feels they must "persuade people to do what they ought to have sense enough to do." It also outlines some of the tools Presidents can use to persuade or influence Congress, such as making calls/visits to build support. However, the President is still dependent on Congress for legislation and funding. Even when a party controls both branches, Congress does not always support the President's agenda.
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How can presidents win in congress
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President and power of veto
The document discusses the presidential veto power granted by the Constitution. It allows the president to return unsigned bills to Congress with objections. Congress can override a veto with a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and Senate. The document provides examples of past presidents' veto records, showing Bill Clinton had the highest success rate at blocking legislation, while George W. Bush had the lowest due to multiple overrides by Congress.
How can the president circumvent congress
Executive orders allow presidents to manage operations within the federal government without congressional approval. However, the Supreme Court ruled that presidents cannot use executive orders to make new laws. Presidents since the 1950s generally cite which existing laws their executive orders are based on. Signing statements are issued when a president signs a bill into law and can be used to interpret statutes, though some argue this modifies laws without congressional approval. Executive agreements are international agreements made by the president without senate ratification and have the force of treaties despite questions over their constitutionality.
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The term "Imperial Presidency" originated in the 1970s to describe the perceived abuse of power by presidents Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon during the Vietnam War and Watergate scandal. Historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. argued that the presidency had become dominant over Congress, with the executive branch resembling a royal court. Subsequent presidents, including Reagan with the Iran-Contra affair and Clinton with treaties and wars not authorized by Congress, were also said to expand presidential power beyond what the Founding Fathers intended in the Constitution by taking war-making authority for themselves. Whether modern presidencies should truly be considered "imperial" is still debated.
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The document outlines the various powers of the US President, including powers they wield alone such as serving as commander-in-chief of the armed forces, receiving ambassadors, and granting pardons. Some powers are shared with the Senate, like making treaties and appointing ambassadors and judges. Other powers are shared with Congress, such as approving legislation. The President also acts as the head of their party and uses the bully pulpit to push their agenda.
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The civil service originated in the East India Company and was formalized in the 19th century. A 1954 report recommended professionalizing the civil service by implementing examinations, merit-based promotions, and generalist roles rather than technical specialists. Civil servants are divided into service-wide administrators and specialists, and departmental groups. Reforms since the 1960s have aimed to increase efficiency and introduce private sector practices through initiatives like Next Steps agencies, the Citizen's Charter, and New Labour's Modernising Government white paper. However, critics argue reforms have overly politicized and businessized the civil service at the expense of its traditional impartiality and public service ethos.
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The document discusses various electoral systems used in the UK, including majoritarian systems like FPTP and alternative vote (AV), proportional representation systems like party list and single transferable vote (STV), and hybrid systems like additional member system (AMS). It also examines the impact that electoral reform has had on different political parties in the UK and prospects for further reform.
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The document provides an overview of the UK constitution, including what a constitution is, the sources of the UK constitution (both written and unwritten), the history and changes over time, key concepts like sovereignty and the unitary system, arguments for and against an uncodified constitution, and the branches of government and separation/fusion of powers. It covers the core structures and concepts that make up the UK's unwritten constitution.
Judges
This document presents information about the court system and human rights in the UK in a slideshow format. It discusses the different levels of courts, including magistrates courts, crown courts, appeal courts, and the Law Lords. It also addresses civil courts like county courts and the high court. Additionally, it covers ways that human rights are protected, such as through judicial review, administrative tribunals, and political processes. Finally, it discusses police accountability to the public, MPs, and authorities like the Complaints Authority and Police Authority.
Independence or neutrality
Judges in many countries are intended to be independent and impartial arbiters of the law who are not influenced by political pressures or personal biases. They aim to decide cases fairly based solely on the facts and law, and avoid any conflicts of interest, in order to uphold the principle that everyone is equal before the law. However, it can be difficult to be completely unaffected by one's own background or experience.
Judicial review as
Judicial review refers to the process by which courts scrutinize actions by the legislature, executive, and other government bodies. Courts have the power to interpret statutes and review administrative actions for legal authority. While UK courts cannot strike down legislation due to parliamentary sovereignty, they can review statutes for compliance with EU law or human rights and determine whether executive actions exceed legal powers. Courts balance interpreting the letter and intention of the law, and their scrutiny of government has increased in recent decades in the UK.
As the judiciary
The judiciary upholds and interprets the law, and is intended to perform these functions independently and neutrally. Judicial independence means judges can resist political pressure, as they cannot be easily removed and are appointed based on ability rather than politics. However, critics argue judges may still be influenced by their social backgrounds or political considerations in some cases. The judiciary can defend civil liberties through judicial review and interpreting laws, but is ultimately constrained by the law and parliament.
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The third way
- 1. The Third Way Refers to various political positions which try to reconcile right-wing and left- wing politics by advocating a varying synthesis of right-wing economic and left- wing social policies.
- 2. Historical context • Term first associated with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. • Mussolini's fascism was marketed as a "Third Way" between socialism and capitalism. By instituting a militaristic, expansionist totalitarian state, Mussolini aimed to revive the old glory of the Roman Empire.
- 3. Third Way in the UK • So, Democratic Socialism would be an example of the Third Way and Harold McMillan in the 50s described wanting to follow a ‘middle way’. • However, in the past 20 years the term has become more associated with Tony Blair and New Labour in the UK. • Tried to find a centre ground between Thatcherism and Old Labour. • Influenced by sociologist Anthony Giddens.
- 4. Anthony Giddens • Pluralism • Dialogic democracy • Self actualisation • Going after ‘small wins’ – community led initiatives • Welfare to work "There is no single agent, group or movement that, as Marx's proletariat was supposed to do, can carry the Beyond Left and Right (1994) hopes of humanity, but there are many points of political engagement which The Third Way (1998) offer good cause for optimism".
- 5. Key Terms • Communitarianism • Stakeholder society • Social Justice • Equality of Opportunity • Wealth Creation • Meritocracy • Rights and Responsibilities • Pragmatic • Welfare to Work