The document summarizes an analysis by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) that found that unless action is taken, imports of tar sands oil from Canada to Europe could rise to 5.3-6.7% of Europe's crude oil and fuel by 2020, which is 30 times higher than the European Commission previously estimated. This increased import of tar sands oil, which has a 23% higher greenhouse gas intensity than conventional oil, would make it much more difficult and costly for Europe to achieve its goal of reducing the greenhouse gas intensity of transport fuels by 6% by 2020 under the Fuel Quality Directive.
Refining Forum 15062015 - results refining fitness checkKoen Slegers
The document analyzes the economic impact of EU legislation on the petroleum refining sector from 2000-2012. It finds that:
1) EU refining margins decreased by $2.1/barrel compared to competitors due to relatively higher energy costs in the EU, which increased nearly 4x over this period.
2) Key directives like the Fuel Quality Directive and Industrial Emissions Directive required sizable investments in desulfurization and emissions controls.
3) Together, EU laws likely contributed to higher energy usage and costs for refineries by requiring fuel switching and reducing utilization rates, though other factors had larger impacts on competitiveness.
The legislation did not affect all EU refineries uniformly
Eu coal stress_test_report_2017 WindSolar = More and More Coal (1)www.thiiink.com
An inconvenient truth ineffective Greenpeace & Co WindSolar FORCED Germany to install more Coal in 10 year than most in 30 years? Or it took Greenpeace & Co ONLY 50 years to Destroy Earth
The climate change_performance_index_2018_a4Eddy Effendi
This document summarizes the results of the 2018 Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI). It ranks countries on their climate protection performance based on greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy, energy use, and climate policy. The top countries in 2018 are unoccupied, indicating that no country is doing enough yet. Sweden ranks 4th due to low emissions but experts criticize its renewable energy target. Lithuania ranks 5th but had increasing emissions. Morocco ranks 6th for its emissions reductions and renewable energy growth. Norway ranks 7th but exports fossil fuels. The UK ranks 8th due to emissions reductions but needs more ambitious targets. Finland ranks 9th for low emissions but high energy use.
This document discusses the effects of the Ukraine crisis on EU natural gas security and the policies implemented by the EU to address threats to its gas security. It outlines the EU's short-term policies to better integrate gas markets and coordinate infrastructure, as well as its long-term goals to diversify gas supplies and reduce dependence on Russia through alternative suppliers and infrastructure projects. Research methodologies are proposed to analyze changes in EU gas imports, prices, consumption and production over time.
This document examines municipal fuel purchasing policies that can reduce air emissions. It summarizes three case studies of municipalities in Ontario that have implemented policies to purchase fuels with lower sulphur levels, such as on-road diesel for off-road fleets. These policies have reduced sulphur dioxide emissions and allowed for more effective emission control devices. The document also discusses options for lowering emissions from gasoline, off-road diesel, and on-road diesel vehicles through measures like ultra-low sulphur diesel, biodiesel, and catalytic exhaust mufflers. It concludes by recommending that municipalities amend fuel purchasing practices and examine emission reduction options for transit fleets.
Highlights summary of the 5th EU Refining ForumKoen Slegers
The meeting provided updates and discussed the results of the EU Refining Fitness Check. Key findings were that EU regulations represented an annual average cost of €0.47 per barrel of refined products from 2000-2012, with costs increasing until 2008 and stabilizing after. While regulations contributed to declining margins, relatively higher energy costs in the EU contributed more. Fuel quality and emissions legislation led to investments in desulphurization and emissions controls. Member states expressed concern about regulatory impacts and asked that fitness check results inform new legislation. The forum aims to discuss regulatory impacts on the oil refining industry and EU fuel supply security.
Refining Forum 15062015 - results refining fitness checkKoen Slegers
The document analyzes the economic impact of EU legislation on the petroleum refining sector from 2000-2012. It finds that:
1) EU refining margins decreased by $2.1/barrel compared to competitors due to relatively higher energy costs in the EU, which increased nearly 4x over this period.
2) Key directives like the Fuel Quality Directive and Industrial Emissions Directive required sizable investments in desulfurization and emissions controls.
3) Together, EU laws likely contributed to higher energy usage and costs for refineries by requiring fuel switching and reducing utilization rates, though other factors had larger impacts on competitiveness.
The legislation did not affect all EU refineries uniformly
Eu coal stress_test_report_2017 WindSolar = More and More Coal (1)www.thiiink.com
An inconvenient truth ineffective Greenpeace & Co WindSolar FORCED Germany to install more Coal in 10 year than most in 30 years? Or it took Greenpeace & Co ONLY 50 years to Destroy Earth
The climate change_performance_index_2018_a4Eddy Effendi
This document summarizes the results of the 2018 Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI). It ranks countries on their climate protection performance based on greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy, energy use, and climate policy. The top countries in 2018 are unoccupied, indicating that no country is doing enough yet. Sweden ranks 4th due to low emissions but experts criticize its renewable energy target. Lithuania ranks 5th but had increasing emissions. Morocco ranks 6th for its emissions reductions and renewable energy growth. Norway ranks 7th but exports fossil fuels. The UK ranks 8th due to emissions reductions but needs more ambitious targets. Finland ranks 9th for low emissions but high energy use.
This document discusses the effects of the Ukraine crisis on EU natural gas security and the policies implemented by the EU to address threats to its gas security. It outlines the EU's short-term policies to better integrate gas markets and coordinate infrastructure, as well as its long-term goals to diversify gas supplies and reduce dependence on Russia through alternative suppliers and infrastructure projects. Research methodologies are proposed to analyze changes in EU gas imports, prices, consumption and production over time.
This document examines municipal fuel purchasing policies that can reduce air emissions. It summarizes three case studies of municipalities in Ontario that have implemented policies to purchase fuels with lower sulphur levels, such as on-road diesel for off-road fleets. These policies have reduced sulphur dioxide emissions and allowed for more effective emission control devices. The document also discusses options for lowering emissions from gasoline, off-road diesel, and on-road diesel vehicles through measures like ultra-low sulphur diesel, biodiesel, and catalytic exhaust mufflers. It concludes by recommending that municipalities amend fuel purchasing practices and examine emission reduction options for transit fleets.
Highlights summary of the 5th EU Refining ForumKoen Slegers
The meeting provided updates and discussed the results of the EU Refining Fitness Check. Key findings were that EU regulations represented an annual average cost of €0.47 per barrel of refined products from 2000-2012, with costs increasing until 2008 and stabilizing after. While regulations contributed to declining margins, relatively higher energy costs in the EU contributed more. Fuel quality and emissions legislation led to investments in desulphurization and emissions controls. Member states expressed concern about regulatory impacts and asked that fitness check results inform new legislation. The forum aims to discuss regulatory impacts on the oil refining industry and EU fuel supply security.
The document discusses the current policy approach to reducing transport-related air pollution in the EU, which has largely followed a regulatory approach through product standards and rules to meet air quality standards. It notes that while effective, this approach has limitations given the significant variations in causes and effects of air pollution across different regions and cities in Europe. Economic instruments could provide more flexibility to address this differentiation. Specifically, the document examines alternatives like adjusting taxes on fuels and vehicles to better reflect their environmental performance to further internalize the costs of air pollution.
This paper analyzes projections for EU gas demand and import needs between now and 2025. EU gas consumption has declined significantly in recent years due to factors like the economic crisis, energy efficiency policies, and competition from coal. Future demand projections show a wide range, from slightly lower imports of around 10 Bcm in 2020 to higher imports of around 20 Bcm more than 2015 levels by 2025. The level of future demand will impact investments in new gas supply sources, but overall EU imports are still expected to play an important role given declining domestic production.
The document discusses the UK chemical industry's views on the European Commission's Green Paper on energy strategy. It supports the key goals in the paper, including: (1) completing the EU's internal gas and electricity markets to increase competition; (2) ensuring security of energy supply and solidarity between member states; and (3) developing a strategic energy technology plan to promote low-carbon technologies. However, it also expresses concerns about rising energy costs and the need to balance climate policy with maintaining industrial competitiveness.
Could coal be the answer to global plastics shortagesPlatts
The document discusses the potential for coal-to-olefins (CTO) and methanol-to-olefins (MTO) processes to produce ethylene and propylene as alternatives to traditional naphtha cracking. It provides an overview of the CTO and MTO processes, current projects in China, the economics and challenges of these processes compared to naphtha cracking, and the potential impact on global ethylene and polyethylene markets if numerous planned CTO/MTO projects come online by 2020.
European Carbon Emissions Trading Schemedenise_clock
The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is the largest carbon emissions trading scheme in the world. It began in 2005 and was implemented in two phases. Phase one was ineffective due to the carbon allowances given to firms being too high and cheap, resulting in increased emissions. Phase two, beginning in 2008, saw stricter limits on emissions and higher carbon prices, creating more incentive for firms to actually reduce emissions. The ETS aims to combat the negative externalities of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming through a cap-and-trade system.
1) Implementation of the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) could result in annual losses for Ukrainian businesses of up to €396 million by 2026-2030 from reduced exports and carbon costs, decreasing Ukraine's GDP by up to 0.08% per year.
2) Key impacted industries include electricity (up to €122 million annual losses), steel (up to €248 million), chemicals (up to €25 million), and cement (up to €3.5 million). Reduced exports and carbon costs under CBAM could decrease Ukrainian steel exports to the EU by 9% and chemicals by 38% by 2030.
3) While comprising around 16% of Ukrainian exports to the
This presentation was presented by Yauheniya Shershunovic during the annual SITE Development Day 2021 conference at Stockholm School of Economics via Zoom.
Disclaimer: SITE has the permission from Yauheniya Shershunovic to upload this presentation slide.
Greenhouse gas emissions in the Basque Country decreased by 10% in 2009 compared to 2008, with emissions totaling 22.6 million tonnes of CO2 in 2009 versus 25.2 million tonnes in 2008. Emissions rose only 6% from 1990 levels, lower than the climate change plan's goal of a 14% increase. The energy sector accounted for 40% of emissions, with the transport sector responsible for 23% and industry 22%.
This document outlines the UK's Transport Carbon Reduction Delivery Plan. It details the roles and responsibilities of different partners in reducing transport emissions. It provides an overview of emissions from different modes of transport and sets out policies and plans to lower emissions from cars and vans, biofuels, sustainable travel, buses, rail, freight, aviation, shipping, and the government's own operations. Progress will be monitored to ensure the UK meets its legally mandated carbon budgets and moves toward an 80% reduction in emissions by 2050.
platts petrochemical prices Coal to-olefins technology in china could soon fl...Platts
CTO Coal to Olefins Boom
Polyethylene, also called polythene, is the world’s most widely used plastic, primarily used to make films used in packaging and plastic bags. Polyethylenes consume more than half of the world’s supply of ethylene, derived from various petrochemical olefins.
Dr. Sascha Lafeld gave a presentation on the financial sector's perspective on climate policy beyond 2012. He discussed that financial institutions are increasingly recognizing the risks of climate change. While the Kyoto Protocol and EU ETS have established frameworks for reducing emissions cost-effectively, long-term policy certainty is needed to encourage investment in low-carbon technologies. Looking ahead, Lafeld recommends setting a long-term target of limiting global warming to 2°C, providing early guidance on post-2012 policy, and fostering mechanisms like carbon markets and renewable energy targets to reduce emissions at lowest cost.
Platts Senior Editor, Nandita Lal, recently presented this slide deck at Platts Vienna Forum during the EPCA conference last month.
Key takeaways include:
- Cracking light feedstocks changes C2, C3 trade flows
– means EU C3 could stay at premium
- Higher EU propylene prices could suck in imports
- US, Asia eye PDH expansions to fill propylene
shortage
- Europe on high end of propylene investment curve
- Like with ethylene, CTO/MTO are big question mark
The changing dynamics and new challenges facing the North American petrochemi...Platts
A comprehensive review of the developments in shale gas affecting the North American petrochemical markets
• The benefits and detriments of the shale gas revolution
• Feedstock advantage spurs investment in new cracker builds and expansions
• New polyethylene capacities and exports to Latin America
• Lighter feed slates and the negative impact on heavier products, disconnect in ethylene/propylene production.
• Most significant in propylene as constraints impact pricing and facilitate volatility. Spillover effect for derivative products.
• Pending supply increases. Will it be enough?
• The shale boom and its impact on aromatics
• Lighter feed slates at crackers curbs aromatics output, negatively impact downstream products such as styrene, PTA, and PET
• Increased crude from shale plays and impact on crude import/export balance
• Northeast refineries shift to lighter crudes, trend likely to continue going forward.
• Conclusion
• What does this mean for the US petrochemical landscape going forward?
• How will this impact/alter global petrochemical trade flows?
- The document summarizes Russia's climate policy actions and goals. It reports that Russia's greenhouse gas emissions have decreased 33% from 1990 levels excluding land use changes and 49% including land use changes as of 2019.
- Russia aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 70% by 2030 from 1990 levels while allowing for sustainable socioeconomic development and carbon absorption by forests. The long term goal is to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.
- Key climate policies and legislation in Russia include a federal law limiting emissions, a national strategy for social and economic development with low emissions by 2050, and carbon regulation experiments in regions like Sakhalin. Priority sectors for climate measures are energy, construction, transport, and land
This policy brief reflects on the challenges of a carbon border adjustment mechanism in the post-COVID-19 economy and explores the role environmental product standards can play to complement the mechanism.
Introduction to the EU Emission Trading SystemLeonardo ENERGY
The EU ETS Directive is the centrepiece of the European Union’s climate policy. It has created the European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), which is a unique and quite com-plex system.
The EU ETS establishes a scheme for greenhouse gas emissions allowances trading within 31 European countries. Its functioning is based on a “cap and trade” principle, which sets a cap on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by all participating installations. Within the cap, companies receive or buy emission allowances which they can trade with one another as needed.
Today, the EU ETS covers almost half of EU’s emissions and is part of the daily life of a large number of companies.
The EU ETS Directive represents the backbone of EU’s action against climate change, but it also works in combination with several other pieces of legislation in a delicate balance.
Our European system has very much evolved during the last 15 years. The existing legislation operates until 2020. It has set a greenhouse gas emissions reduction target in line with EU’s 2050 low carbon economy roadmap. The time has also come to discuss the post-2020 period and the European Commission will soon put forward a new proposal with a 2030 emissions reduction target.
Being the first one to have been setup, the European scheme is analysed and taken as exam-ple in other regions of the world where emissions trading starts being implemented.
This course aims at giving a presentation of the EU ETS Directive, the main features of the sys-tem, the balance with other pieces of EU legislation and at offering perspectives for the on-coming review of the scheme.
1) The Bord Gáis Energy Index fell 5% in October due to a 9% plunge in global oil prices from over $115 per barrel in June to $83.78 per barrel in October.
2) Wholesale natural gas prices in the UK increased 4% in October from seasonal higher demand despite record-high stock levels and mild weather so far.
3) The EU emissions trading scheme has failed to adequately incentivize the transition to low-carbon energy sources due to oversupply of carbon credits, keeping prices too low at around €6.59 per tonne of carbon emissions.
Part 3 B Cop15 Failure Analysis Transparency Evaluation in Climate ChangeSandip Sen
Continuing our 10 Part COP15 Failure Analysis we find that Transparency of Emission measurement is a Key Issue, where all nations be it EU, Asia and US are found wanting. We evaluate here the strength and the effectiveness of the EU ETS and give the pros and cons of the developing world following this model for curbing emissions.
Presentation on eu ets & aviation for iffaadJauwadSyed
The document discusses the European Union's Emission Trading Scheme and its implications for Indian airlines. The EU ETS aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through capping emissions and allowing trading of allowances. It includes aviation emissions starting in 2012. Indian airlines that fly routes to and from Europe must monitor and report their emissions. They will receive some allowances for free in 2012 based on past traffic, and may need to buy more allowances if emissions exceed the cap, or sell allowances if emissions are lower than allocated. Compliance with the EU ETS presents new responsibilities for covered Indian carriers.
El documento presenta la información de contacto de una organización llamada Organización Peluches, la cual ofrece peluches de alta calidad con diversos diseños para cualquier ocasión o persona. Proporciona los nombres de los propietarios Joselyn Valencia y Kevin Portero, la dirección, teléfono, fax y correo electrónico de contacto.
The document discusses the current policy approach to reducing transport-related air pollution in the EU, which has largely followed a regulatory approach through product standards and rules to meet air quality standards. It notes that while effective, this approach has limitations given the significant variations in causes and effects of air pollution across different regions and cities in Europe. Economic instruments could provide more flexibility to address this differentiation. Specifically, the document examines alternatives like adjusting taxes on fuels and vehicles to better reflect their environmental performance to further internalize the costs of air pollution.
This paper analyzes projections for EU gas demand and import needs between now and 2025. EU gas consumption has declined significantly in recent years due to factors like the economic crisis, energy efficiency policies, and competition from coal. Future demand projections show a wide range, from slightly lower imports of around 10 Bcm in 2020 to higher imports of around 20 Bcm more than 2015 levels by 2025. The level of future demand will impact investments in new gas supply sources, but overall EU imports are still expected to play an important role given declining domestic production.
The document discusses the UK chemical industry's views on the European Commission's Green Paper on energy strategy. It supports the key goals in the paper, including: (1) completing the EU's internal gas and electricity markets to increase competition; (2) ensuring security of energy supply and solidarity between member states; and (3) developing a strategic energy technology plan to promote low-carbon technologies. However, it also expresses concerns about rising energy costs and the need to balance climate policy with maintaining industrial competitiveness.
Could coal be the answer to global plastics shortagesPlatts
The document discusses the potential for coal-to-olefins (CTO) and methanol-to-olefins (MTO) processes to produce ethylene and propylene as alternatives to traditional naphtha cracking. It provides an overview of the CTO and MTO processes, current projects in China, the economics and challenges of these processes compared to naphtha cracking, and the potential impact on global ethylene and polyethylene markets if numerous planned CTO/MTO projects come online by 2020.
European Carbon Emissions Trading Schemedenise_clock
The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is the largest carbon emissions trading scheme in the world. It began in 2005 and was implemented in two phases. Phase one was ineffective due to the carbon allowances given to firms being too high and cheap, resulting in increased emissions. Phase two, beginning in 2008, saw stricter limits on emissions and higher carbon prices, creating more incentive for firms to actually reduce emissions. The ETS aims to combat the negative externalities of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming through a cap-and-trade system.
1) Implementation of the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) could result in annual losses for Ukrainian businesses of up to €396 million by 2026-2030 from reduced exports and carbon costs, decreasing Ukraine's GDP by up to 0.08% per year.
2) Key impacted industries include electricity (up to €122 million annual losses), steel (up to €248 million), chemicals (up to €25 million), and cement (up to €3.5 million). Reduced exports and carbon costs under CBAM could decrease Ukrainian steel exports to the EU by 9% and chemicals by 38% by 2030.
3) While comprising around 16% of Ukrainian exports to the
This presentation was presented by Yauheniya Shershunovic during the annual SITE Development Day 2021 conference at Stockholm School of Economics via Zoom.
Disclaimer: SITE has the permission from Yauheniya Shershunovic to upload this presentation slide.
Greenhouse gas emissions in the Basque Country decreased by 10% in 2009 compared to 2008, with emissions totaling 22.6 million tonnes of CO2 in 2009 versus 25.2 million tonnes in 2008. Emissions rose only 6% from 1990 levels, lower than the climate change plan's goal of a 14% increase. The energy sector accounted for 40% of emissions, with the transport sector responsible for 23% and industry 22%.
This document outlines the UK's Transport Carbon Reduction Delivery Plan. It details the roles and responsibilities of different partners in reducing transport emissions. It provides an overview of emissions from different modes of transport and sets out policies and plans to lower emissions from cars and vans, biofuels, sustainable travel, buses, rail, freight, aviation, shipping, and the government's own operations. Progress will be monitored to ensure the UK meets its legally mandated carbon budgets and moves toward an 80% reduction in emissions by 2050.
platts petrochemical prices Coal to-olefins technology in china could soon fl...Platts
CTO Coal to Olefins Boom
Polyethylene, also called polythene, is the world’s most widely used plastic, primarily used to make films used in packaging and plastic bags. Polyethylenes consume more than half of the world’s supply of ethylene, derived from various petrochemical olefins.
Dr. Sascha Lafeld gave a presentation on the financial sector's perspective on climate policy beyond 2012. He discussed that financial institutions are increasingly recognizing the risks of climate change. While the Kyoto Protocol and EU ETS have established frameworks for reducing emissions cost-effectively, long-term policy certainty is needed to encourage investment in low-carbon technologies. Looking ahead, Lafeld recommends setting a long-term target of limiting global warming to 2°C, providing early guidance on post-2012 policy, and fostering mechanisms like carbon markets and renewable energy targets to reduce emissions at lowest cost.
Platts Senior Editor, Nandita Lal, recently presented this slide deck at Platts Vienna Forum during the EPCA conference last month.
Key takeaways include:
- Cracking light feedstocks changes C2, C3 trade flows
– means EU C3 could stay at premium
- Higher EU propylene prices could suck in imports
- US, Asia eye PDH expansions to fill propylene
shortage
- Europe on high end of propylene investment curve
- Like with ethylene, CTO/MTO are big question mark
The changing dynamics and new challenges facing the North American petrochemi...Platts
A comprehensive review of the developments in shale gas affecting the North American petrochemical markets
• The benefits and detriments of the shale gas revolution
• Feedstock advantage spurs investment in new cracker builds and expansions
• New polyethylene capacities and exports to Latin America
• Lighter feed slates and the negative impact on heavier products, disconnect in ethylene/propylene production.
• Most significant in propylene as constraints impact pricing and facilitate volatility. Spillover effect for derivative products.
• Pending supply increases. Will it be enough?
• The shale boom and its impact on aromatics
• Lighter feed slates at crackers curbs aromatics output, negatively impact downstream products such as styrene, PTA, and PET
• Increased crude from shale plays and impact on crude import/export balance
• Northeast refineries shift to lighter crudes, trend likely to continue going forward.
• Conclusion
• What does this mean for the US petrochemical landscape going forward?
• How will this impact/alter global petrochemical trade flows?
- The document summarizes Russia's climate policy actions and goals. It reports that Russia's greenhouse gas emissions have decreased 33% from 1990 levels excluding land use changes and 49% including land use changes as of 2019.
- Russia aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 70% by 2030 from 1990 levels while allowing for sustainable socioeconomic development and carbon absorption by forests. The long term goal is to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.
- Key climate policies and legislation in Russia include a federal law limiting emissions, a national strategy for social and economic development with low emissions by 2050, and carbon regulation experiments in regions like Sakhalin. Priority sectors for climate measures are energy, construction, transport, and land
This policy brief reflects on the challenges of a carbon border adjustment mechanism in the post-COVID-19 economy and explores the role environmental product standards can play to complement the mechanism.
Introduction to the EU Emission Trading SystemLeonardo ENERGY
The EU ETS Directive is the centrepiece of the European Union’s climate policy. It has created the European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), which is a unique and quite com-plex system.
The EU ETS establishes a scheme for greenhouse gas emissions allowances trading within 31 European countries. Its functioning is based on a “cap and trade” principle, which sets a cap on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by all participating installations. Within the cap, companies receive or buy emission allowances which they can trade with one another as needed.
Today, the EU ETS covers almost half of EU’s emissions and is part of the daily life of a large number of companies.
The EU ETS Directive represents the backbone of EU’s action against climate change, but it also works in combination with several other pieces of legislation in a delicate balance.
Our European system has very much evolved during the last 15 years. The existing legislation operates until 2020. It has set a greenhouse gas emissions reduction target in line with EU’s 2050 low carbon economy roadmap. The time has also come to discuss the post-2020 period and the European Commission will soon put forward a new proposal with a 2030 emissions reduction target.
Being the first one to have been setup, the European scheme is analysed and taken as exam-ple in other regions of the world where emissions trading starts being implemented.
This course aims at giving a presentation of the EU ETS Directive, the main features of the sys-tem, the balance with other pieces of EU legislation and at offering perspectives for the on-coming review of the scheme.
1) The Bord Gáis Energy Index fell 5% in October due to a 9% plunge in global oil prices from over $115 per barrel in June to $83.78 per barrel in October.
2) Wholesale natural gas prices in the UK increased 4% in October from seasonal higher demand despite record-high stock levels and mild weather so far.
3) The EU emissions trading scheme has failed to adequately incentivize the transition to low-carbon energy sources due to oversupply of carbon credits, keeping prices too low at around €6.59 per tonne of carbon emissions.
Part 3 B Cop15 Failure Analysis Transparency Evaluation in Climate ChangeSandip Sen
Continuing our 10 Part COP15 Failure Analysis we find that Transparency of Emission measurement is a Key Issue, where all nations be it EU, Asia and US are found wanting. We evaluate here the strength and the effectiveness of the EU ETS and give the pros and cons of the developing world following this model for curbing emissions.
Presentation on eu ets & aviation for iffaadJauwadSyed
The document discusses the European Union's Emission Trading Scheme and its implications for Indian airlines. The EU ETS aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through capping emissions and allowing trading of allowances. It includes aviation emissions starting in 2012. Indian airlines that fly routes to and from Europe must monitor and report their emissions. They will receive some allowances for free in 2012 based on past traffic, and may need to buy more allowances if emissions exceed the cap, or sell allowances if emissions are lower than allocated. Compliance with the EU ETS presents new responsibilities for covered Indian carriers.
El documento presenta la información de contacto de una organización llamada Organización Peluches, la cual ofrece peluches de alta calidad con diversos diseños para cualquier ocasión o persona. Proporciona los nombres de los propietarios Joselyn Valencia y Kevin Portero, la dirección, teléfono, fax y correo electrónico de contacto.
Este documento presenta el portafolio de trabajo de Karina Stefhania Oropeza Endoqui sobre el diseño de ambientes de aprendizaje innovadores. Incluye información sobre las competencias requeridas como diseñar planes educativos acordes a las necesidades sociales, desarrollar investigación docente, y aplicar pensamiento crítico. También describe contenidos sobre la gestión de ambientes de aprendizaje, particularmente una asesoría grupal a docentes de una escuela secundaria técnica. Finalmente, propone innovar en la práct
A União Europeia está considerando novas regras para veículos autônomos. As regras propostas exigiriam que os fabricantes de veículos autônomos assumam mais responsabilidade por acidentes e garantam que os sistemas de direção automatizados sejam seguros e éticos. A UE também está discutindo como regular o desenvolvimento e teste de veículos autônomos para proteger os pedestres e outros usuários das estradas.
The document discusses the biblical prophecy of Daniel's dream in chapter 7 of the book of Daniel. It describes Daniel's dream of four beasts representing four kingdoms that will rise and fall. It notes that the prophecies about the first three kingdoms coming to pass lends credibility to the fourth kingdom prophecy. It asserts that God sovereignly controls all nations and events according to his perfect plan, even if they appear confusing at times. The overall thesis is that the kingdom of heaven will rule over all earthly empires after the second coming of Christ.
This document provides a timeline of key events from 1765 to 1782 during the build up to and early years of the American Revolution. It describes Grenville introducing taxes in 1765, the Stamp Act Congress meeting in 1765, Parliament repealing the Stamp Act in 1766, the Boston Massacre in 1770, colonists dumping tea in Boston Harbor in 1773, the First Continental Congress meeting in 1774, Thomas Paine publishing "Common Sense" in 1776, the Continental Congress approving the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and General Burgoyne surrendering his army to the Americans in 1777.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins which elevate and stabilize mood.
Este documento descreve a cidade de Paraty no Brasil, destacando como ela preserva aspectos do passado ao mesmo tempo em que acolhe o futuro de forma harmoniosa. Caminhar pelas ruas de pedra faz as pessoas viajarem no tempo para uma época mais calma e segura. Conhecer Paraty permite enxergar o futuro com a perspectiva do passado de forma indispensável.
This document discusses the importance of online reputation management and monitoring social media to avoid reputation damage from incidents like those that negatively impacted Domino's, Nestle, and other brands. It provides examples of companies that suffered consequences after social media disasters and emphasizes the need to have social media policies and experienced community managers to respond quickly and address all relevant channels if issues arise. Monitoring should track sentiment, engagement, reach and more. Tools are recommended to help with social listening, identifying influencers, measuring share of voice and other metrics.
The document discusses global competition facing European refineries. It notes that EU refineries face higher regulatory and energy costs than export-oriented refineries, putting them at a competitive disadvantage. Charts show EU refineries have higher costs for labor, maintenance, energy, and regulations like the Emissions Trading System. The ETS cost is projected to rise further for EU refineries. The concluding slides call for recognizing refineries' long-term role, keeping fuels refined in Europe, and considering costs when decarbonizing transport to avoid highest-cost approaches.
The document summarizes ENGVA's response to the European Commission's Green Paper on energy security. It argues that the Green Paper raises questions that have already been answered in previous Commission reports, such as the need to reduce dependence on imported oil through alternative fuels like natural gas. The document calls for the Commission to take action on these existing recommendations by developing an action plan and strategy, and to provide more support for natural gas vehicles through policy leadership, regulatory actions, research funding, and balanced communications about alternative fuels.
The document discusses biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuels for reducing transport carbon emissions in the East of England region. It finds that while biofuels can significantly reduce emissions, their impacts depend on production methods and sustainability standards. The region has potential to support biofuel production through crops, refineries, and research centers. The report recommends the panel promote expertise in the region to advance biofuels, raise public awareness of their benefits, and encourage development of sustainability standards.
Nnfcc market review biofuels issue nineteen october 2013NNFCC
The document provides a summary of developments in the global biofuels market in October 2013. Key points include:
1) The world's largest cellulosic ethanol refinery plant was inaugurated in Crescentino, Italy, marking the commercialization of advanced biofuels in Europe.
2) However, the EU advanced biofuel industry suffered a setback when proposed reforms to biofuel mandates were delayed for at least another year due to upcoming elections.
3) In the US, the LIBERTY cellulosic ethanol plant is nearing completion and several states are now offering the public E15 blended fuel at pumps, indicating growing acceptance of biofuels.
Keynote Biomethane A Renewable Fuel Greg Archer Low C V PEggfuel
The document discusses the role of alternative fuels, including biomethane, in reducing transport emissions in the UK. It notes that transport emissions are a significant and growing source of emissions that will consume the entire EU emissions cap by 2050 if not addressed. Biomethane is highlighted as a promising renewable fuel for reducing emissions from commercial vehicles and buses, though currently only supplied in small volumes. New policies like the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation and EU directives provide support for sustainable biofuels like biomethane that meet certain greenhouse gas reduction thresholds.
The document discusses biogas as a transport fuel. It can currently only be used where it is produced, so there is a need to make it transportable by upgrading the quality. Upgrading involves removing carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and water vapor through processes like water absorption or molecular sieves. This produces upgraded biogas that has similar properties to natural gas and can be used in natural gas vehicles. The document then provides background on biogas production and use in Europe as well as methods for upgrading raw biogas quality to meet fuel standards.
This document discusses the European Union's biofuels policy and its role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transportation. It outlines that transportation accounts for about a third of EU energy consumption and a quarter of emissions. The EU has promoted biofuels since 2000 to help decarbonize transportation, reaching a consumption level of 5-6% of liquid fuels. However, controversies have emerged around indirect land use changes from biofuel production and potential competition with food crops. In response, the EU adopted a new directive in 2015 to address these issues and better account for indirect emissions in its sustainability criteria for biofuels.
This document provides statistics on the European vehicle market from 2001-2016. It discusses key topics including:
- By 2016, new car registrations in the EU had recovered to 14.6 million, nearing pre-crisis levels, led by strong growth in SUV sales. Diesel shares declined post-Dieselgate but still vary significantly between countries.
- Average CO2 emissions from new cars fell to 118 g/km in 2016 but must reach 95 g/km by 2020 to meet EU targets. Targets are also in place for vans and proposals are expected for cars and vans from 2020-2030.
- Hybrid, plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles made up around 1% of
- Fuel ethanol production costs are currently higher than gasoline in the EU, but the EU's decision to promote ethanol is motivated by strategic concerns around reducing dependency on oil imports, addressing global warming, and stimulating economic growth.
- While production costs in Brazil and the US are lower due to many years of government support and large economies of scale, bringing EU production costs down through implementing the biofuels directive, investing in technology, and developing second-generation ethanol could make EU costs more competitive over time.
- Comparing fuel ethanol and gasoline solely on production costs provides an incomplete picture, as ethanol is becoming a strategic product and its price will depend on a variety of global supply and demand factors beyond simple production costs.
This document provides a statistical overview of vehicle market trends in Europe from 2001-2012. Some key points:
- New passenger car registrations in the EU declined 23% from 2007-2012 due to economic factors, most sharply in Southern Europe. Germany saw little change over this period.
- Diesel vehicles make up 55% of new registrations in the EU, with gasoline at 42%. Alternative powertrains like hybrids and EVs remain niche at 3% total.
- Average CO2 emissions from new cars fell from 132g/km in 2012 towards the 2015 target of 130g/km due to EU legislation. Further reductions to 95g/km are proposed for 2020.
- While
The September 2015 Bord Gáis Energy Index fell 6% due to excess global oil supplies weighing on oil prices, with Brent crude falling to its lowest point since March 2009 of $48.37 per barrel. The index stood at 91 in September, a new record low. The document also discusses the Volkswagen emissions scandal casting doubt on the future of diesel engines in Europe. While diesel demand has surged in Europe due to tax policies and fuel efficiency, the scandal uncovered that diesel vehicles were emitting nitrogen oxide at levels seven times the legal limit. Continued low oil prices are driven by a global supply glut as US frackers and OPEC countries like Saudi Arabia and Iraq maintain high production levels.
The document summarizes reactions to the European Commission's new circular economy package (CEP) from various industries and organizations:
1) Many environmental groups and MEPs were disappointed that the CEP has lower recycling targets than the 2014 version and no longer includes a food waste target. However, food industry groups welcomed the changes.
2) The packaging industry welcomed recognition of packaging's role in a circular economy but some called for more balanced targets. Bioplastics manufacturers argued bioplastics are not recognized enough.
3) Northern Ireland is considering setting up an independent environmental agency in response to falling recycling rates.
The Role of Fuel Economy in Saving Resources, Dr. Lewis Fulton, NextSTEPS Pro...FIA Foundation
Strong fuel economy improvements will save drivers over $2 Trillion over the next 10 years, and much more in years after.
• Launching PEVs worldwide will initially have higher purchase costs, of a quite uncertain magnitude; $500B reflects very large volume sales and could be considered a high estimate.
• One can imagine a feebate system that generates a sustainable funding stream for the introduction of large numbers of PEVs and other low-carbon vehicles.
• Fuel economy could get us half way to a low carbon LDV system, but we will likely need PEVs to get the rest of the way, especially after 2030.
• PEVs are projected to become more cost-effective than fuel economy improvement after 2030 or 2035.
• Getting there will require building ZEV markets starting now…
The Role of Fuel Economy in Saving Resources
Dr. Lewis Fulton, NextSTEPS Program,
Institute of Transportation Studies
University of California, Davis
Read more: http://www.its.ucdavis.edu/blog-post/push-to-improve-vehicle-fuel-economy-key-near-term-strategy-to-reduce-global-co2-emissions/
Presented at the Global Fuel Economy Initiative ‘Accelerator Symposium’ on September 5th, ahead of the September 2014 UN Climate Summit.
The Symposium hosted by the French Government at the Ministry of Ecology Sustainable Development and Energy on 5th September, provided a forum for countries, experts, NGOs and the private sector to advance the agenda on fuel economy globally and prepare for the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon’s Climate Summit.
Government representatives from a wide range of countries working on fuel economy policies participated in the Symposium. Countries presenting at the Symposium included China, Georgia Kenya and Mauritius. There were more than 70 delegates attending the symposium from around the world with countries represented including Chile, Costa Rica, Hungary, Ivory Coast, Kosovo, Peru, Sri Lanka, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, the UAE, Uganda and Vietnam. Organisations included Transport & Environment, the FIA, ExxonMobil, Michelin, Renault, CEDARE, the OECD and the World Bank.
Read more: http://www.globalfueleconomy.org/updates/2014/Pages/GFEIAcceleratorbuildsmomentumforUNClimateSummit.aspx
The document discusses methane emissions from the global energy sector in 2021 based on estimates from the IEA Global Methane Tracker 2022. Some key points:
- Methane emissions from the energy sector increased by 5% in 2021 and remain slightly below 2019 levels, despite energy demand and fossil fuel production being above pre-pandemic levels.
- Methane emissions from oil and gas operations globally are 70% higher than reported in national inventories, particularly for countries like Russia, Iran, and China.
- Implementing policies around leak detection and repair, technology standards, and eliminating non-emergency flaring and venting could cut global oil and gas methane emissions in half.
- Over 110 countries
The document discusses projections for transportation energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions in Asia according to the International Energy Agency's Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 report. Some key points:
1) Transportation energy demand in Asia is projected to increase about 8-fold between 2005-2050 according to the baseline scenario.
2) Meeting targets for reducing global CO2 emissions 50% by 2050 will require large reductions in vehicle fuel use and a shift to more efficient modes of transportation.
3) Improving new vehicle fuel economy 50% by 2030 through existing and emerging technologies is identified as the most important near-term option for reducing oil use and emissions from transportation.
This document provides an overview of biofuels and their impacts. It summarizes that increased European demand for biofuels under the Renewable Energy Directive has led to increased global production, triggering agricultural expansion and deforestation. This indirect land use change contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, often making biofuels worse for the climate than fossil fuels. The document also notes that European biofuels policy has increased global food prices by displacing food production to new lands.
This document provides an overview of FuelsEurope's policy positions on energy and climate change. It discusses the need to balance environmental and competitiveness objectives in the long term. It notes that climate policies have significantly increased energy and fuel costs for consumers and businesses in Europe. While recognizing the importance of addressing climate change, it argues that current policies over-incentivize some expensive decarbonization solutions and do not consider the full societal costs of carbon abatement. The document makes observations about needed reforms to ensure a cost-effective, technologically neutral approach to achieving emissions reductions targets.
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La Ultra Low Emission Zone de Londres tiene como objetivo reducir la contaminación del aire en la ciudad para 2025 y 2030. Actualmente, la contaminación del aire en Londres supera los límites legales y perjudica gravemente la salud pública. La ULEZ ya ha reducido las emisiones en el centro de Londres, pero se ampliará en 2021. Otras medidas incluyen autobuses y taxis eléctricos, mejor control de la calidad del aire y estrategias integradas de transporte y medio ambiente.
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Balance del efecto de Madrid Central sobre la calidad del aire de Madrid en 2019.
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Luis Ángel Sañudo Fontaneda. Dr. Ingeniero de Caminos, Canales y Puertos. Coordinador del Máster en Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos. Dpto. Construcción e Ingeniería de Fabricación. Instituto de los Recursos Naturales y Ordenación del Territorio. Universidad de Oviedo
Gijón, 26 de junio de 2019.
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El documento trata sobre la contaminación del aire en España desde los años 70 hasta la actualidad. Detalla las principales fuentes de contaminación como la industria en las décadas de 1970 y 1980 y luego el tráfico en las ciudades a partir de los años 1990. También analiza cómo el cambio climático está empeorando los niveles de contaminación y los efectos de ésta sobre la salud y el medio ambiente.
El documento discute el reto urgente de la contaminación por diésel en España. Señala que los vehículos diésel contaminan más que los de gasolina y no han mejorado lo suficiente. Propone igualar los impuestos entre diésel y gasolina, penalizar el diésel en impuestos de matriculación y circulación, y clasificar los vehículos basado en emisiones reales. También sugiere aumentar inversiones en infraestructuras peatonales y ciclistas, mejorar el transporte público y disminuir inversiones en infraestructura para
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Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
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This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
The tar sands threaten Europe (GP, Tand E, FoE) Lecturas recomendadas. Samuel Martín-Sosa
1. The tar sands threat to Europe: briefing
Summary
An analysis by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) based on recent developments in the North American
oil market reveals that, unless Europe takes action, 5.3 to 6.7% of its crude oil and transport fuels will likely come
from Canadian tar sands by 2020. This is 30 times higher than estimated in the European Commission’s study which
underpins its impact assessment for the implementation of the Fuel Quality Directive (FQD).
New pipelines planned or under construction in North America, in combination with refinery developments in
Europe, could turn Europe into a significant market for Canadian tar sands oil. This is good news for Canada’s tar
sands producers, since US demand is decreasing as a result of increasing tight oil production and slowing demand.
But it is bad news for Europe and its efforts to reduce its climate change impact.
Tar sands are 23% more greenhouse gas intensive than conventional oil, according to a Commission study. The NRDC
analysis concludes that European imports of tar sands will rise from 4.000 barrels per day (bpd) in 2012 to over
700.000 bpd in 2020. This would be the equivalent of adding six million cars to Europe’s roads by 2020. It would also
mean that the greenhouse gas intensity of European fuels increases by around 1.5% in 2020. Meanwhile, under the
European Union’s Fuel Quality Directive, fuel suppliers have to decrease this intensity by 6% by 2020.
With tar sands in the fuel mix, achieving the additional emissions reductions will cost more money. Fuel suppliers
will likely choose to supply more biofuels produced from food crops, which continue to be rated as low carbon under
the EU’s flawed carbon accounting rules. This could drive up compliance costs by an estimated 4 billion Euros per
year and increase pressure on the environment and food production. The extra cost can be avoided by a robust
implementation of the FQD - which keeps tar sands out of Europe.
This briefing shows that there is no time to lose for the Commission, since significant amounts of high carbon tar
sands are on the verge of entering Europe.
The Fuel Quality Directive and its decarbonisation target
The Fuel Quality Directive (FQD), adopted in 2009, obliges fuel suppliers to reduce the lifecycle greenhouse gas
intensity of transport fuel by 6% by 2020, compared with 2010. This reduction can be achieved through the use of
biofuels, renewable electricity and a reduction in the flaring and venting of gases during the extraction of fossil fuels.
According to the Directive, fuel suppliers have to report each year on the greenhouse gas intensity of their petrol
and diesel. However, the implementation of this reporting clause is still pending.
In 2011, the Commission published a proposal that assigned each source of fuels a greenhouse gas intensity value,
including conventional crude oil as well as unconventional feedstock such as tar sands, oil shale, coal-to-liquid and
different gas derivatives. It also set out reporting obligations for fuel suppliers to individually report on the feedstock
of the fuels they are selling in Europe. Independent research for the Commission found tar sands fuels to be 23%
"You can have all the oil and gas in the world, but it's not much good if you can't get it to
market…the FQD (European fuel quality directive) could stigmatise the oil from Canada and
impact on our access to some markets. It would clearly not be helpful. While the growth in
demand is not as high [as in Asia], Europe is the biggest single market in the world right now."
- Joe Oliver, Minister of Natural Resources, Government of Canada
1
2. more greenhouse gas intensive than fuels made of conventional oil,1
but less carbon intensive than oil shale or coal-
to-liquid (see figure 1). These values complement those for direct emissions from biofuels that have already been
established in the law.
Figure 1: Carbon intensity values for different transport fuels
This proposal was voted in a Member State committee in February 2012. However, the vote ended without a
decision. Following requests by some Member States, the Commission conducted a regulatory impact assessment
analysing various policy options. The Commission found that, without further action, tar sands from Canada could
make up 0.2% of the Europe’s transport fuel consumption in supply in 2020, with an additional 2.8% coming from
Venezuela.2
Tar sands imports make the FQD 6% reduction target more costly to reach
The EU currently consumes almost no transport fuels from unconventional sources, and has set in place mandatory
climate and clean energy targets. The ICF research for the Commission suggests that the EU would only become a
small market for unconventional, high carbon fuels3
, although these fuels would still lead to an increase in the
greenhouse gas intensity of EU transport fuels. However, new research by the NRDC shows that, due to recent
changes on the North American oil market, the amount of tar sands from Canada could be significantly higher.
Taking the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates for oil consumption in Europe as a basis, oil from Canadian
tar sands could reach up to 6.7% of the EU transport fuels consumption in 2020, which would increase the
greenhouse gas intensity of European transport fuels by around 1.5%.4
This represents a quarter of the 6%
reduction target and is equivalent to adding around 6 million cars on European roads by 20205
.
1
https://circabc.europa.eu/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/db806977-6418-44db-a464-20267139b34d/Brandt_Oil_Sands_GHGs_Final.pdf
2
http://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/15.04.13%20Revised%202020%20baseline-1.pdf
3
All unconventional fuels (tar sands, coal-to-liquid, gas-to-liquid and oil shale) would represent 4.1% share of European transport fuel
consumption in 2020.
4
6.7% (share) * 23% (extra GHG intensity) = 1.5%. Note this excludes tar sands imports from Venezuela and all other unconventional oil that
will also be imported to the EU.
5
1.5% of around 900MT of CO2 under the FQD is 13MT of CO2. In 2020, the well-to-wheel emissions from a car will be around 2.2t CO2/yr
(±13,000 km/y, ±150 gCO2/km real-world fleet average, ±15% well to tank emissions).
3. Table 1: The difference between Commission and NRDC estimates for unconventional oil supply to the EU in 2020
6
Study Tar sands
Venezuela
Tar sands Canada Other unconventional
oil (CTL, GTL, oil shale)
Commission study (ICF) 2.8% 0.2% 1.1%
NRDC study Not calculated 5.3-6.7% Not calculated
The extra emissions from an increased use of tar sands fuels in Europe makes the FQD targets much more difficult to
achieve. Europe has two options to deal with this.
The first is to prevent these extra emissions from happening in the first place by making each fuel supplier report on
their tar sands fuels, thereby discouraging their imports. This can only be done if tar sands fuels are correctly labelled
for their higher carbon intensity, and companies held accountable individually.
The second option is for fuel suppliers to reduce the additional emissions by blending in more biofuels. This is
because under EU rules, the carbon emissions of biofuels continue to be underestimated, despite scientific evidence
that their full carbon footprint can even be higher than that of fuels produced from crude oil.7
Fuel suppliers would
choose this option if the directive differentiates between conventional and tar sands oil but does not oblige each
company individually to report its emissions.
We made an indicative calculation of the additional compliance costs: achieving an additional 1.5% reduction in
greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity could be done by supplying an extra 3% biofuels that deliver approximately 50%
GHG savings compared to conventional fuels. Today’s biofuels volume (around 5%) costs Europe 6-8 billion
EUR/year8
. Supplying 3% more biofuels would therefore cost an extra 3.6-4.8 billion EUR, and probably more since
most of today’s biofuels do not achieve 50% lower carbon emissions if emissions from indirect land-use change are
taken into account. This means that the cost of meeting the higher FQD target with biofuels alone would increase by
around 4 billion EUR a year, whilst also increasing environmental pressures. This cost would ultimately be borne by
European drivers and taxpayers.
6
As the Commission did not include 2030 figures, the comparison focuses on 2020.
7
http://www.transportenvironment.org/what-we-do/what-science-says-0
8
The IEA estimates that the EU subsidised biofuels at 8 billion EUR/year in 2011
(http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weowebsite/2012/WEO2012_Renewables.pdf). The International Institute for Sustainable
Development assumed that the annual subsidy in 2011 was 6 billion/year (http://www.transportenvironment.org/publications/uneven-
returns-economics-eu-biofuels-policy). In 2011, the EU consumed around 4.7% biofuels.
4. Rapidly changing oil market leads to increasing imports of heavy crude oil to Europe
Carried out in early 2013, the impact assessment study for the European Commission did not anticipate some of the
recent changes in the North American oil market, and therefore assumed a very limited role for Canadian tar sands
to enter Europe. One of the main assumptions has been infrastructure constraints for tar sands crude to reach
tidewater ports and a limited capacity by European refiners to process tar sands oil. Yet recent developments have
changed the outlook. For example, TransCanada’s current Energy East tar sands pipeline could bring 1.1 million bpd
from Alberta to eastern Canadian ports. It has Europe as one of the main intended destinations for the crude oil.
Moreover, market dynamics in the US Gulf Coast region will likely facilitate higher volumes of diesel exports than
projected. The US is already a competitive diesel exporter to Europe and is set to export even more. Due to further
pipelines projects, crude arriving at the US Gulf coast will include a higher share of Canadian tar sands oil in the
future.
Crude oil markets in North America are rapidly changing. The growth of US shale oil (or tight oil) production
combined with slowing demand for oil due to efficiency standards for vehicles and export restrictions on crude oil9
have led to a glut of supply. This means that Canadian tar sands oil, which has been exported only to the US so far10
,
needs to find new markets. The EU is an attractive market that is geographically close, import dependent and in
need of large amounts of diesel.11
Gaining access to new markets is especially important for the tar sands industry,
because it plans to increase its production from 1.4 million bpd in 2012 to 5.8 million bpd by 2030.
Currently, the ability to expand is constrained by the lack of pipeline capacity and could be further limited by clean
fuel standards such as the FQD.
There are two major pathways for tar sands fuels to come to Europe
Figure 2: Main pathways for Canadian tar sands oil to reach Europe
9
http://insideclimatenews.org/news/20140106/2014-export-american-oil-contentious-industry-goal-after-4-decade-federal-ban?page=2
10
In 2012 US imported 1.65 million bpd of Canadian crude (Oil change International, 2013).
11
Around 60% of the fuel used in the road transport sector in the EU is diesel. This share will go up to 80% in 2030, unless lower taxes on diesel
fuels change. This is currently being revised with the energy tax directive, but appears difficult to change, as Member States have to agree with
unanimity to any revision.
5. 1. Energy East pathway from Alberta to the East of Canada – mostly crude oil exports
This pipeline, recently proposed by TransCanada, would link tar sands production in Alberta with the ports on the
Canadian East Coast. It would be able to transport 1.1 million bpd of tar sands crudes. It is clear that the Energy East
pipeline project is an export pipeline and oil company executives have mentioned Europe (and in particular Spain) as
a priority destination. The oil exported would be crudes, either heavy diluted bitumen or light synthetic crude oil
(SCO). A number of refineries in Spain can process heavy crudes, including diluted bitumen.12
In addition, the Spanish
oil company Repsol has existing ties with TransCanada’s key partner Irving oil.
2. US Gulf Coast pathway from Alberta to the East of the US – mostly diesel exports
Gulf Coast refineries export increasing amounts of diesel to Europe, with volumes going up from 66.000 bpd in 2008
to 335.000 bpd in 2012. In addition, many refineries have already modified their operations to increase the diesel
production and the yield of diesel from heavy oil, such as tar sands. Increasing pipeline capacity from Alberta to the
Gulf Coast has been a top priority for the tar sands industry. Several pipelines have been proposed, are being
reversed or built in order to increase the capacity. The most notable one is Keystone XL, which could add another
830.000 bpd of capacity from tar sands to the Gulf Coast adding to 110.000 bpd currently received. This means that
the volume of tar sands processed in Gulf refineries could grow to nearly 24% of all crude by 2020.
Table 2: Potential volumes of tar sands derived oil reaching Europe through major routes in 2020 and 2030
Potential exports of
tar sands derived
crude from Eastern
Canada if Energy East
goes ahead (bpd)
Tar sands derived
diesel exports from
the U.S. Gulf (bpd)
TOTAL (bpd)
2012 0 4,000 4,000
2020 454,000 – 606,000 120,500 574,500 – 726,500
2030 371,000 – 494,000 148,125 519,125 – 642,125
In addition to these two major pathways, there are other routes that
could lead to more tar sands exports to Europe but are excluded from
the calculations. These are:
- Other US pathways
It is likely that the volume of Canadian tar sands crude, if the Keystone XL
pipeline gets built, will exceed capacity of US refineries at the Gulf Coast,
which could lead to crude exports from there.13
In addition, some tar
sands crude will be transported by train from North Dakota to New
Jersey and could be exported to Europe via a Bahamas terminal.
- Tar sands crude imports from Venezuela
According to the ICF study, Europe would get up to 2.8% of its transport
fuel from Venezuelan tar sands in 2020.14
The Spanish company Repsol
recently announced a 4 billion USD investment in the Venezuelan
12
These refineries are in are the Repsol refinery in Cartagena, the Repsol/Petronor refinery in Somorrostro (near Bilbao), and the BP
refinery in Castellon. Foster Wheeler, “SYDEC Delayed Coking: Maximize profit from the bottom of the barrel,” (undated),
www.digitalrefining.com/data/printed_adverts/file/Delayed_Coking.pdf.
13
The US has restrictions for exports of US crude oil in place. However, these restrictions would not apply to Canadian crude oil shipped from
US export terminals.
14
ICF expects Venezuela to export 169 PJ of crude to Europe in 2020. At 6.1 gigajoules a barrel, this converts to approximately 80,000 bpd. ICF
International, “Impact Analysis of Options for Implementing Article 7a of Directive 98/70/EC – Revised 2020 baseline fuel mix and costs,” Slide
33.
6. Orinoco belt, which holds the largest accumulation of heavy and extra-heavy crude (tar sands) in the world. This
coincides with Repsol’s plans to upgrade refineries in Spain (see below).
- Indian tar sands derived diesel
India is a major exporter of diesel to Europe and will likely remain so in the short to medium term. Indian refineries
are able to process heavy crudes and have expressed interest in using tar sands as a feedstock. If constructed, India
could receive tar sands crude via Energy East and other pipelines.
Capability of European refineries to accept tar sands crudes
While there are no technical challenges with importing diesel produced from tar sands to Europe, tar sands crudes
are very heavy and need additional refining. So far it was assumed that the capacity of EU refineries to process these
crudes was limited. However, new research shows that up to 700,000 bpd of European refining capacity could be
used to refine tar sands crude (diluted bitumen) by 2020.15
According to the IEA, European refineries are investing in
additional capacity to refine heavy crude, which is expected to increase by 70% between 2008 and 2018. Many
refineries, such as Repsol’s Cartagena and Bilbao refineries, are already configured to maximise the input of heavy
crudes. These refineries can take either Venezuelan or Canadian tar sands oil and the capacity is sufficient to absorb
all the crude that would come via the Energy East pipeline. By 2030 the refining capacity could grow to up to 1.4
million bpd.
Conclusion and policy recommendations
The growth of Canada’s tar sands industry in the coming decades depends crucially on the market access. Building
new pipelines and getting access to premium markets, such as Europe, will have a major impact on investments in
tar sands projects and on global GHG emissions related to the expansion of high carbon unconventional oil.
The IEA’s 2012 World Energy Outlook states that “no more than one third of proven reserves of fossil fuels can be
consumed prior to 2050 if the world is to achieve the 2 degree C goal.”16
This means that the vast majority of
unconventional, high carbon oil has to stay in the ground.
The Fuel Quality Directive is one of the key instruments to reduce future demand for tar sands and drive the fuel
market in a cleaner direction. Studies have shown that a proper implementation of the directive would lead to global
GHG emissions reductions of 19 million tonnes per year.17
The FQD could be a game-changer for the future of the tar
sands industry.
In order to achieve the climate targets already agreed by the European institutions, NGOs call on the European
Commission to immediately submit a proposal for carbon reporting under the Fuel Quality Directive, which includes
at least the following elements:
15
The capacity of European refineries is 17.2 million bpd. Current heavy crude capacity is 2.2 million bpd, of which 700.000 bpd
can be used to refine diluted bitumen (which is even heavier crude).
16
IEA “World Energy Outlook 2012″
17
http://www.transportenvironment.org/publications/environmental-and-economic-impacts-fqd-implementation
All pipelines that have been proposed and are discussed in this report are subject to substantial public
opposition in Canada and in the US. Keystone XL is the prime example of such a pipeline - it has been
delayed for 5 years due to significant public opposition and has to be approved by President Obama
himself. The development of pipeline projects will be one of the main factors in determining how
much tar sands derived oil could reach Europe in 2020.
7. - As accurate GHG intensity values for petrol and diesel as possible; at least differentiated defaults for all
unconventional fuels (tar sands, oil shale, coal to liquid and gas to liquid);
- Reporting of the GHG intensity of each fuel supplier’s individual fuel mix, based on these default values or actual
carbon intensity values, as outlined in the legislative mandate;
- A review of the implementation measure to enable further differentiation, including of conventional crudes, at a
later date, when more information becomes available.
In addition, the Commission should adopt a further decarbonisation target for transport fuels as part of the EU’s
post-2020 climate and energy framework.
For more information, please contact:
Nusa Urbancic, Transport & Environment
nusa.urbancic@transportenvironment.org
Mobile: +32 (0)488 574 418
Office: +32 (0)2 851 02 10
Colin Roche, Friends of the Earth Europe
colin.roche@foeeurope.org
Office: +32 (0)2 893 10 21
Franziska Achterberg, Greenpeace EU
franziska.achterberg@greenpeace.org
Mobile: +32 (0)498 362 403
Office: +32 (0)2 274 19 18