The document analyzes the economic impact of EU legislation on the petroleum refining sector from 2000-2012. It finds that: 1) EU refining margins decreased by $2.1/barrel compared to competitors due to relatively higher energy costs in the EU, which increased nearly 4x over this period. 2) Key directives like the Fuel Quality Directive and Industrial Emissions Directive required sizable investments in desulfurization and emissions controls. 3) Together, EU laws likely contributed to higher energy usage and costs for refineries by requiring fuel switching and reducing utilization rates, though other factors had larger impacts on competitiveness. The legislation did not affect all EU refineries uniformly