The Sweet Taste Test: Relationships with Anhedonia Subtypes,
Personality Traits, and Menstrual Cycle Phases
Jeffrey S. Bedwell1 & Christopher C. Spencer1 & Cristina A. Chirino1 & John P. O’Donnell1
Published online: 15 January 2019
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract
A better understanding of the etiology and pathology related to distinct subtypes of anhedonia can lead to more efficacious
personalized treatments. The current study advances knowledge on consummatory anhedonia - represented in the Research
Domain Criteria (RDoC) subconstruct of Initial Response to Reward (IRR). The Sweet Taste Test (STT) has promise as a
behavioral paradigm for IRR, as it is sensitive to manipulation of μ-opioid receptors. However, there is a lack of existing
knowledge of how the STT relates to subtypes of anhedonia, personality traits, and phases of the menstrual cycle. To address
these questions, we administered the STT to 72 nonpsychiatric adults (76% women; mean age: 19.11). As predicted, the hedonic
slope reflecting increasing Blike^ ratings over increasing concentrations of five sucrose solutions (ranging from 0.05 M to
0.86 M), was lower in individuals reporting higher consummatory anhedonia (measured with Temporal Experience of
Pleasure Scales - Consummatory Subscale) and in women in the mid-to-late luteal menstrual phase (days 20 to 28). Both effects
were driven by lower hedonic ratings to the sweetest concentration. The hedonic slope was larger in individuals scoring higher on
the Flight-Freeze-Avoidance System personality factor from the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Personality Questionnaire -
driven by lower hedonic ratings for the least sweet concentration. No factor or aspect from the Big Five Aspects Scale related to
hedonic ratings on the STT. The STT may be a valid and specific standardized behavioral paradigm to add to IRR, particularly if
validated in a large transdiagnostic psychiatric sample.
Keywords Sucrose .Reward .Consummatoryanhedonia .Initialresponsivenesstorewardattainment .Researchdomaincriteria .
Consummatory pleasure
Introduction
Anhedonia is a transdiagnostic symptom which is particularly
resistant to existing treatments relative to most co-occurring
symptoms (McCabe et al. 2010; Vittengl et al. 2015). While
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) defines anhedonia as a unitary construct (e.g.,
Bdecreased interest and pleasure in most activities most of
the day;^ American Psychiatric Association 2013), recent ad-
vances in affective neuroscience suggest three distinct sub-
types (Treadway and Zald 2011): motivational (i.e., wanting),
consummatory (i.e., liking), and decisional (i.e., reward learn-
ing). The National Institute of Mental Health’s (NIMH)
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Matrix includes
corresponding constructs under the Positive Valence
Systems (PVS) domain (Insel et al. 2010). A better under-
standing of the etiology and pathology relate.
This study examined the effects of depression on sexual function and quality of life in 60 outpatients with major depressive disorder. The results found that 75% of patients reported sexual dysfunction, with impaired orgasm being the most common issue. Severity of depression, as measured by BDI score, was positively correlated with severity of sexual dysfunction and negatively correlated with quality of life scores. Patients with more severe depression or sexual dysfunction had greater impairment in physical health, psychological health, social relationships and environment/quality of life. The results support previous findings of high rates of sexual dysfunction in untreated depressed patients and strong links between depression severity, sexual functioning and quality of life.
311 AFFECTIV TEMPERAMENTS AND PERSONALIY TRAITS IN A.docxtamicawaysmith
311
AFFECTIV TEMPERAMENTS AND PERSONALIY TRAITS IN
ADDICT SUBJECTS
Alexander KELEMEN 1
Maria PUSCHITA
Delia PODEA
ABSTRACT
Drug abuse is a phenomenon that can be found in almost all studied societies from
antiquity to nowadays. Much of the designed literature has described personality disorder
constructs for addict subjects (Vincent, 2009).
Building on previous work, and after reviewing the theory of affective temperaments of
Akiskal and Mallya, we examined the relevance of affective temperament and personality
measures in patients with alcohol and heroin addictions.
The patients were compared, regarding affective temperaments and personality lines,
according to the Akiskal formulation and EPQ questionnaire, in which 50 were heroin addicts
and 50 were alcohol addict people, both of them sharing similar backgrounds.
As a result no differences were observed between heroin addicts and alcohol users on
either cyclothymic or hyperthymic scales. Significant discrepancies were noted in depressive
and irritability scales, on which heroin addicts scored higher.
In a multivariate discriminant analysis, mainly depressive and irritable traits show a
distinction between heroin addicts and alcohol users. Our data suggest a new hypothesis,
stating that some of hyperthymic and irritable traits, could represent the temperamental profile
of heroin addicts. Personality traits are also associated with heroin and alcohol use and
extroversion and psycho-emotional instability are common features; the motivation for testing is
higher in heroin users and alcohol abusers tend to dissimulate more frequently.
KEY WORDS: alcohol abusers, heroin addicts, affective temperaments and
personality
JEL: I10
INTRODUCTION
The temperament and personality characteristics of alcoholics and drug addicts
have been a major issue in the field of substance abuse research, but the results reported
are seldom comparable, on account of the differences in the means of assessment and
the conceptualizations used (Basiaux et al, (2001) ).
Difficult temperament, antisocial personality disorder and borderline, or
affectively unstable profiles have been associated with alcohol abuse (De Jong et al,
(1993) ).
Alcohol abuse has also been linked to axis I mood instability while the role of
axis II mood instability remained unclear and defined along different constructs.
More recently, some authors have been building on the concept of an affective
spectrum, meaning by tha, that a group of syndromes varying in severity and symptom
quality, but all representing degrees, stages, or variants of the same basic biological
1 PhD. Faculty of Medicine, Vasile ...
Running Head ARTICLE EVALUATION1ARTICLE EVALUATION2.docxSUBHI7
Running Head: ARTICLE EVALUATION 1
ARTICLE EVALUATION 2
Article Evaluation
Lana Eliot
Psychology 325
Professor Dr. Kendra Jackson
June 13, 2016
The article, Do Men with Excessive Alcohol Consumption and Social Stability Have an Addictive Personality? gives the reader information and research about men’s personalities when they consume alcohol. It asks the question of whether or not men with social stability that drink alcohol excessively actually have an addictive personality. Drinking alcohol affects everyone differently. Some people that drink excessively are sometimes called “sloppy drunks” and others “mean drunks” and so on. Drinking alcohol is addictive and that alcohol does affect an individual’s personality. The article offers us great information on the research and statistics of men that drink excessively and are socially stable. I will read this article and look at their findings to determine what answers the authors are trying to answer. Consuming alcohol in large amounts is dangerous to anyone. While consuming alcohol is not addictive for most people, it will alter their personality in many ways. Understanding how and why research like this is done and being able to understand their findings is a benefit to anyone studying psychology.
The authors of this article are studying men who consume excessive amounts of alcohol to see if they have an addictive personality. The men in this study are stated to be socially stable, which has an effect on the research findings. The article states, “The main objective of the present study was to investigate personality traits in a group of male individuals with excessive alcohol consumption and in controls by comparison with normative data and also by a multivariate projection-based approach” (Berglund, Roman, Balldin, Berggren, Eriksson, Gustavsson, & Fahlke, 2011).
The article explains that there are two types of alcoholics, the first being a Type 1 Alcoholic, which is characterized by social stability with a later start of turning into an alcoholic. The second type described is Type 2. Type 2 alcoholics have early signs of alcoholism and have a serious dependence on alcohol and may have medical health issues and in some cases, social consequences. A Type 2 alcoholic will have more of a risk of developing liver and kidney problems and may also have a hard time in social settings and have a difficult time maintaining healthy relationships. During the study, it was found that Type 2 alcoholics have a different personality profile when compared with Type 1 alcoholics. Type 2 alcoholics are also more likely to be aggressive, impulsive, and seek out medical prescriptions. On the other hand, Type 1 alcoholics have very few, if any, psychological and social symptoms.
The hypothesis that was being tested during this research was whether or not socially stable men have an addictive personality based on the amount of alcohol they drink. The researchers started their study in ...
This document provides a primer on ADHD and its relationship to criminality. It summarizes research showing high rates of ADHD in prison populations worldwide compared to the general population. The document reviews the genetic, neurobiological, and evolutionary literature on ADHD, discussing candidate genes, brain structures and neurotransmitter systems implicated in ADHD like dopamine and serotonin. It examines theories like Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory to understand the emotional and behavioral dysregulation associated with ADHD. The goal is to inform criminologists about ADHD given its importance as a risk factor for antisocial behavior.
An Epidemiological Investigation of Age-Related Determinants of Anxiety and M...Wally Wah Lap Cheung
This study used data from the CAMH Monitor survey conducted between 2001-2009 to examine the prevalence and predictors of anxiety and mood disorders (AMD) across three age groups (18-30 years old, 31-54 years old, and 55+ years old) in Ontario, Canada. The study found that the prevalence of AMD was highest in the youngest age group (10.8%) and lowest in the oldest age group (6.5%). Logistic regression analysis showed that for the youngest group, being female, never married, lower income, and poor physical/mental health increased odds of AMD. For the middle-aged and older groups, the same factors as well as cannabis and alcohol problems increased odds of AMD. The study suggests
The Importance of Identifying Characteristics Underlyingthe .docxrtodd33
This article analyzes how participants in various addiction recovery groups describe addiction as an "illness of the emotions." The recovery groups, which follow the Alcoholics Anonymous model, understand addiction on deeper emotional levels rather than just behavioral. Participants discover ways to deal with their emotional illness through the recovery process, rather than actively engaging in addiction. The article examines metaphors used in personal writings to describe patterns of emotional illness and recovery, providing insight into how recovery groups address both the symptoms and deeper emotional roots of addiction.
1) This study recruited a cohort of 802 young people (aged 12-25) seeking help at four headspace youth mental health services in Australia to longitudinally examine a clinical staging model of mental disorders.
2) At baseline, the cohort showed heterogeneity in the nature and severity of mental health problems. 51% met criteria for generalized anxiety, 45% had moderate-severe depressive symptoms, and over a third had subthreshold psychotic symptoms. Impairment was also common, with 39% functionally impaired.
3) The variation in clinical presentations, from mild to severe psychopathology and impairment, makes this cohort well-suited to empirically test a clinical staging model of mental disorders longitudinally over time
This study examined the effects of depression on sexual function and quality of life in 60 outpatients with major depressive disorder. The results found that 75% of patients reported sexual dysfunction, with impaired orgasm being the most common issue. Severity of depression, as measured by BDI score, was positively correlated with severity of sexual dysfunction and negatively correlated with quality of life scores. Patients with more severe depression or sexual dysfunction had greater impairment in physical health, psychological health, social relationships and environment/quality of life. The results support previous findings of high rates of sexual dysfunction in untreated depressed patients and strong links between depression severity, sexual functioning and quality of life.
311 AFFECTIV TEMPERAMENTS AND PERSONALIY TRAITS IN A.docxtamicawaysmith
311
AFFECTIV TEMPERAMENTS AND PERSONALIY TRAITS IN
ADDICT SUBJECTS
Alexander KELEMEN 1
Maria PUSCHITA
Delia PODEA
ABSTRACT
Drug abuse is a phenomenon that can be found in almost all studied societies from
antiquity to nowadays. Much of the designed literature has described personality disorder
constructs for addict subjects (Vincent, 2009).
Building on previous work, and after reviewing the theory of affective temperaments of
Akiskal and Mallya, we examined the relevance of affective temperament and personality
measures in patients with alcohol and heroin addictions.
The patients were compared, regarding affective temperaments and personality lines,
according to the Akiskal formulation and EPQ questionnaire, in which 50 were heroin addicts
and 50 were alcohol addict people, both of them sharing similar backgrounds.
As a result no differences were observed between heroin addicts and alcohol users on
either cyclothymic or hyperthymic scales. Significant discrepancies were noted in depressive
and irritability scales, on which heroin addicts scored higher.
In a multivariate discriminant analysis, mainly depressive and irritable traits show a
distinction between heroin addicts and alcohol users. Our data suggest a new hypothesis,
stating that some of hyperthymic and irritable traits, could represent the temperamental profile
of heroin addicts. Personality traits are also associated with heroin and alcohol use and
extroversion and psycho-emotional instability are common features; the motivation for testing is
higher in heroin users and alcohol abusers tend to dissimulate more frequently.
KEY WORDS: alcohol abusers, heroin addicts, affective temperaments and
personality
JEL: I10
INTRODUCTION
The temperament and personality characteristics of alcoholics and drug addicts
have been a major issue in the field of substance abuse research, but the results reported
are seldom comparable, on account of the differences in the means of assessment and
the conceptualizations used (Basiaux et al, (2001) ).
Difficult temperament, antisocial personality disorder and borderline, or
affectively unstable profiles have been associated with alcohol abuse (De Jong et al,
(1993) ).
Alcohol abuse has also been linked to axis I mood instability while the role of
axis II mood instability remained unclear and defined along different constructs.
More recently, some authors have been building on the concept of an affective
spectrum, meaning by tha, that a group of syndromes varying in severity and symptom
quality, but all representing degrees, stages, or variants of the same basic biological
1 PhD. Faculty of Medicine, Vasile ...
Running Head ARTICLE EVALUATION1ARTICLE EVALUATION2.docxSUBHI7
Running Head: ARTICLE EVALUATION 1
ARTICLE EVALUATION 2
Article Evaluation
Lana Eliot
Psychology 325
Professor Dr. Kendra Jackson
June 13, 2016
The article, Do Men with Excessive Alcohol Consumption and Social Stability Have an Addictive Personality? gives the reader information and research about men’s personalities when they consume alcohol. It asks the question of whether or not men with social stability that drink alcohol excessively actually have an addictive personality. Drinking alcohol affects everyone differently. Some people that drink excessively are sometimes called “sloppy drunks” and others “mean drunks” and so on. Drinking alcohol is addictive and that alcohol does affect an individual’s personality. The article offers us great information on the research and statistics of men that drink excessively and are socially stable. I will read this article and look at their findings to determine what answers the authors are trying to answer. Consuming alcohol in large amounts is dangerous to anyone. While consuming alcohol is not addictive for most people, it will alter their personality in many ways. Understanding how and why research like this is done and being able to understand their findings is a benefit to anyone studying psychology.
The authors of this article are studying men who consume excessive amounts of alcohol to see if they have an addictive personality. The men in this study are stated to be socially stable, which has an effect on the research findings. The article states, “The main objective of the present study was to investigate personality traits in a group of male individuals with excessive alcohol consumption and in controls by comparison with normative data and also by a multivariate projection-based approach” (Berglund, Roman, Balldin, Berggren, Eriksson, Gustavsson, & Fahlke, 2011).
The article explains that there are two types of alcoholics, the first being a Type 1 Alcoholic, which is characterized by social stability with a later start of turning into an alcoholic. The second type described is Type 2. Type 2 alcoholics have early signs of alcoholism and have a serious dependence on alcohol and may have medical health issues and in some cases, social consequences. A Type 2 alcoholic will have more of a risk of developing liver and kidney problems and may also have a hard time in social settings and have a difficult time maintaining healthy relationships. During the study, it was found that Type 2 alcoholics have a different personality profile when compared with Type 1 alcoholics. Type 2 alcoholics are also more likely to be aggressive, impulsive, and seek out medical prescriptions. On the other hand, Type 1 alcoholics have very few, if any, psychological and social symptoms.
The hypothesis that was being tested during this research was whether or not socially stable men have an addictive personality based on the amount of alcohol they drink. The researchers started their study in ...
This document provides a primer on ADHD and its relationship to criminality. It summarizes research showing high rates of ADHD in prison populations worldwide compared to the general population. The document reviews the genetic, neurobiological, and evolutionary literature on ADHD, discussing candidate genes, brain structures and neurotransmitter systems implicated in ADHD like dopamine and serotonin. It examines theories like Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory to understand the emotional and behavioral dysregulation associated with ADHD. The goal is to inform criminologists about ADHD given its importance as a risk factor for antisocial behavior.
An Epidemiological Investigation of Age-Related Determinants of Anxiety and M...Wally Wah Lap Cheung
This study used data from the CAMH Monitor survey conducted between 2001-2009 to examine the prevalence and predictors of anxiety and mood disorders (AMD) across three age groups (18-30 years old, 31-54 years old, and 55+ years old) in Ontario, Canada. The study found that the prevalence of AMD was highest in the youngest age group (10.8%) and lowest in the oldest age group (6.5%). Logistic regression analysis showed that for the youngest group, being female, never married, lower income, and poor physical/mental health increased odds of AMD. For the middle-aged and older groups, the same factors as well as cannabis and alcohol problems increased odds of AMD. The study suggests
The Importance of Identifying Characteristics Underlyingthe .docxrtodd33
This article analyzes how participants in various addiction recovery groups describe addiction as an "illness of the emotions." The recovery groups, which follow the Alcoholics Anonymous model, understand addiction on deeper emotional levels rather than just behavioral. Participants discover ways to deal with their emotional illness through the recovery process, rather than actively engaging in addiction. The article examines metaphors used in personal writings to describe patterns of emotional illness and recovery, providing insight into how recovery groups address both the symptoms and deeper emotional roots of addiction.
1) This study recruited a cohort of 802 young people (aged 12-25) seeking help at four headspace youth mental health services in Australia to longitudinally examine a clinical staging model of mental disorders.
2) At baseline, the cohort showed heterogeneity in the nature and severity of mental health problems. 51% met criteria for generalized anxiety, 45% had moderate-severe depressive symptoms, and over a third had subthreshold psychotic symptoms. Impairment was also common, with 39% functionally impaired.
3) The variation in clinical presentations, from mild to severe psychopathology and impairment, makes this cohort well-suited to empirically test a clinical staging model of mental disorders longitudinally over time
Alcohol And The Adolescent Brain Human StudiesGina Rizzo
Several studies have shown that heavy drinking during adolescence and young adulthood can negatively impact brain structure and function. Heavy drinking has been associated with poorer performance on neuropsychological tests, especially those involving memory and attention. The number of alcohol withdrawal symptoms experienced appears to predict the degree of later cognitive impairment. While neuropsychological impairments have been found in youth with alcohol use disorders, the effects are generally mild. However, even mild impairments during critical developmental periods could significantly influence life outcomes. Certain factors like a family history of alcoholism or earlier age of drinking onset may increase susceptibility to alcohol's harmful brain effects.
Intrauterine alcohol exposure and offspring mental health: A systematic reviewBARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
2
Abstract
Background: High levels of alcohol use in pregnancy have been shown to be associated with negative physical health consequences in offspring. However, the literature is less clear
on the association of alcohol use in pregnancy and offspring mental health disorders. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate studies examining this association.
Methods: Studies were identified by searching PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science, and were included if they examined alcohol use during pregnancy as an exposure and
offspring mental health at age 3 or older as an outcome. We excluded non-English language publications, and studies of foetal alcohol syndrome.
Results: Thirty-three studies were included and were categorised by mental health outcomes: anxiety/depression, emotional problems, total internalising problems, total
problem score, and conduct disorder. Over half of the analyses reported a positive association of intrauterine alcohol exposure and negative offspring mental health outcomes.
Conclusions: Our review suggests that maternal alcohol use during pregnancy is associated with negative offspring mental health outcomes, even at low to moderate levels of alcohol use. Future investigation using methods that allow stronger causal inference are needed to further investigate if these associations shown are causal.
1) According to research, genetics play an important role in ADHD, with heritability estimates between 60-90% from twin and adoption studies. However, genome-wide association studies have not found significant genetic associations, suggesting the genetic factors are complex.
2) Prenatal factors like maternal smoking and stress during pregnancy increase the risk of ADHD in children. Perinatal risks like low birth weight and preterm birth are also associated with higher ADHD risk.
3) Various environmental exposures have been linked to ADHD, including lead, PCBs, pesticides, and certain food dyes and additives which some studies have found can exacerbate ADHD symptoms.
4) However
Running Head Critique 1Critique2CritiqueAma.docxjoellemurphey
Running Head: Critique 1
Critique 2
Critique
Amanda Kroeger
PSY 326
Prof. Luker
June 30, 2014
Critique
The purpose regarding this paper is to discuss the health and social challenges as a result of drug addiction globally. Particularly it brings to the attention of the reader the complexities that arise with the combined forces by diverse organizations, families, governments, and individuals in striving to counteract the abuse of drugs within traditional families whereby jeopardizing significant social virtues and values creating room for deviant behavior such as crime. The study at hand, “Familial Risk Factors Favoring Drug Addiction Onset” by Zimi & Jukic aim at the identification of the familial factors that favor the onset of drug addiction in the community. The paper further evaluates and critiques the various scholarly articles on drug addiction and their effects socially, economically, and culturally.
From this study’s 146 addicts and around 134 fundamental subjects, the authors discovered that “the families the addicts were born into, familial risk factors capable of influencing their psychosocial progress and favoring drug addiction onset had been statistically more encountered during childhood and youth as compared to the controls” (Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2012). In addition, the outcomes from the study indicate the need to research further into three sections namely the structure of the drug addict families, familial interrelations of the families from which the drug addicts come from and the importance of implementing family-based approaches to address prevention and therapy for drug addiction. The hypothesis of the study is the effect of poor inter-parental relations on the psychological development of children. This showed that conflicts in marriages have were linked to the child’s social adjustment, incapacity, and harsh upbringing regiment which in turn results in risky behavior patterns including substance abuse (Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2012)]. It is from this understanding that Zimi ´ and Jukic’s study tries to investigate the familial factors in favor of drug addiction onset by putting into consideration social, developmental, and interaction elements as the determinants of family relations and familial features associated with drug addicts thus, causing children to turn to drug abuse.
In analyzing both the study at hand, that is, “Familial Risk Factors Favoring Drug Addiction Onset” and various articles from the bibliography such as Development: Which Way Now?, Personal Savings and Anticipated Inflation, Assessment and management of pain in infants, The capability of psychodynamic treatment and cognitive behavior therapy in the nursing of personality disorders: A meta-analysis, Macro dynamics, Regime Switching and Financial Stress: Hypothesis and Empirics for the US, the EU and Non-EU Countries, and Hunger, Human Development, and Health in Canada: Research, Practice, and ...
The Impact of Ethnicity on Antidepressant Therapy.docxwrite5
This document discusses a case study of a 63-year-old male patient with recurrent depression. It poses additional questions that could provide more context about the patient's psychiatric and family history. It also suggests questions for the patient's wife and children, as well as physical exams and lab tests that may help diagnose the patient. Finally, it discusses potential differential diagnoses and pharmacologic treatment options.
The utility of psychotropic drugs on patients with fetal alcohol spectrum dis...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Treatment of the complications arising from Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (PAE) has largely been focused on psychosocial and environmental approaches. Research on the
use of medications, especially psychotropic medications, has lagged behind.
OBJECTIVES: This systematic review sought to investigate psychotropic medication related findings and outcomes in those diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).
METHODS: Comprehensive searches were conducted in seven major databases (Medline/
PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, and
PsycARTICLES) up to February 2017. Key search terms with synonyms were mapped on these databases. There were no timeline restrictions and no grey literature searches. Two reviewers
independently assessed 25 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were reviews of treatment and retrospective case series.
RESULTS: Two crossover randomized trials were reported, and the findings were not amenable to meta-analysis. Several conditions (depression, agitation, seizures, and outburst) combined with the most frequent presentation, ADHD, to represent the rationale for prescribing psychotropic medications. Second-generation antipsychotics were found to improve social skills, but the paucity of data limited the extent of clinical guidance necessary for the field.
CONCLUSIONS: The systematic review showed that there are some clinical evidence displaying
the validity of psychopharmacological interventions in people with FASD, which varies across the spectrum of disease severity, age, and gender. There is a need for more clinical evidencebased studies in addition to clinical expert opinions to substantiate an optimal ground for individualized management of FASD.
The study protocol for this review was registered in PROSPERO with registration number
CRD42016045703
Comparison of Executive Functions in Addicted Young People who Referred to Ad...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The document compares the executive functions of 25 male students to 25 male young people in addiction treatment camps in Ardebill, Iran. Executive functions tested included set shifting, working memory, and inhibition using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Digit Span subscale, and Stroop Color Word Test. Results showed significant differences between the two groups in all three executive functions, with the addicted group performing worse. Specifically, the addicted group had lower mean scores on categories completed and higher mean scores on perseveration errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The study concludes addicted young people have weaknesses in executive functions like response inhibition, set shifting, and working memory updating compared to normal peers.
This document summarizes research on the efficacy of antidepressants, antipsychotics, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). It finds that antidepressants show little benefit over placebo except for those with very severe depression, antipsychotics have marginal benefits and significant adverse effects, and placebo-controlled studies show minimal support for the effectiveness of ECT. It questions the use of these interventions given risks like brain damage and increased mortality compared to potential benefits.
11. Identifying the Elements of the Limitations & ImplicationsGo tBenitoSumpter862
11. Identifying the Elements of the Limitations & Implications
Go to the Limitations/Implications section(s) and identify the limitations of the study and how those limitations impacted the whole study.
12. Identifying the Elements of the Conclusion Section
Go to the Conclusion section and identify the conclusive statements of the study and the recommendations made for future research.
POST # 1 EDITHA
When assessing an adolescent with bipolar disorder, what are some of the diagnostic and treatment challenges the clinician might face?
Bipolar disorder is a serious mental health disorder that is often first diagnosed during young adulthood or adolescence. Symptoms of the illness, however, also can appear in early childhood. Although once thought rare in children, diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children has significantly increased over the last decade (Papolos & Bronsteen, 2018). Despite the increased diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, assessment and diagnosis remain challenging and controversial. This is, in part, because of the lack of research on this disorder in children and adolescents and the growing recognition that the disease can present differently in children from how it presents in adults (AACAP, 2019). Over the years, more attention has focused on the unique presentation of bipolar disorder in the young that has introduced new ways of looking at this disease and assessing it in children.
The importance of identifying the presence of bipolar disease at an early age is highlighted by data showing that adults in whom bipolar disease started at an early age have a more severe course of the illness compared with adult-onset disease. Early-onset disease is associated with a higher risk of suicide; severe mood lability and polarity; lower quality of life and greater functional impairment; higher rates of comorbidity; and a higher risk of substance use disorders compared with adult-onset disease (Papolos & Bronsteen, 2018). Although some children meet the criteria established for adults categorized in the DSM-5, many children fall outside these classical categories, and diagnosis in these children is particularly challenging and difficult (APA, 2013). For these children, additional information beyond what is provided in the DSM may help make an accurate diagnosis which causes increased challenges in assessment and diagnosis.
References
Papolos, D, & Bronsteen A. (2018) bipolar disorder in children: assessment in general pediatric practice. Curr Opin Pediatr, 25(3):419-426.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). (2019) bipolar disorder: Parents’ Medication Guide for Bipolar Disorder in Children & Adolescents.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Association of suicidal behavior with exposure
to suicide and suicide attempt: A systematic
...
11. Identifying the Elements of the Limitations & ImplicationsGo tSantosConleyha
11. Identifying the Elements of the Limitations & Implications
Go to the Limitations/Implications section(s) and identify the limitations of the study and how those limitations impacted the whole study.
12. Identifying the Elements of the Conclusion Section
Go to the Conclusion section and identify the conclusive statements of the study and the recommendations made for future research.
POST # 1 EDITHA
When assessing an adolescent with bipolar disorder, what are some of the diagnostic and treatment challenges the clinician might face?
Bipolar disorder is a serious mental health disorder that is often first diagnosed during young adulthood or adolescence. Symptoms of the illness, however, also can appear in early childhood. Although once thought rare in children, diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children has significantly increased over the last decade (Papolos & Bronsteen, 2018). Despite the increased diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, assessment and diagnosis remain challenging and controversial. This is, in part, because of the lack of research on this disorder in children and adolescents and the growing recognition that the disease can present differently in children from how it presents in adults (AACAP, 2019). Over the years, more attention has focused on the unique presentation of bipolar disorder in the young that has introduced new ways of looking at this disease and assessing it in children.
The importance of identifying the presence of bipolar disease at an early age is highlighted by data showing that adults in whom bipolar disease started at an early age have a more severe course of the illness compared with adult-onset disease. Early-onset disease is associated with a higher risk of suicide; severe mood lability and polarity; lower quality of life and greater functional impairment; higher rates of comorbidity; and a higher risk of substance use disorders compared with adult-onset disease (Papolos & Bronsteen, 2018). Although some children meet the criteria established for adults categorized in the DSM-5, many children fall outside these classical categories, and diagnosis in these children is particularly challenging and difficult (APA, 2013). For these children, additional information beyond what is provided in the DSM may help make an accurate diagnosis which causes increased challenges in assessment and diagnosis.
References
Papolos, D, & Bronsteen A. (2018) bipolar disorder in children: assessment in general pediatric practice. Curr Opin Pediatr, 25(3):419-426.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). (2019) bipolar disorder: Parents’ Medication Guide for Bipolar Disorder in Children & Adolescents.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Association of suicidal behavior with exposure
to suicide and suicide attempt: A systematic
...
TO REPLY 1 COMMENT TO EACH POST WITH CITATION AND TWO REFERENCE EACH.docxrowthechang
TO REPLY 1 COMMENT TO EACH POST WITH CITATION AND TWO REFERENCE EACH COMMENT APA ABOVE 2013.
POST 1
Three Questions for the Patient
After reviewing the material presented in this case study, there are some concerning questions regarding this patient’s psychiatric history. Additional questions would include:
After each discontinuation of medication after an episode of depression, was this decision the choice of a physician or self -initiated? This question would provide knowledge of the patient’s medication compliance. For example, does the patient stop taking prescribed medication on symptoms are alleviated?
What were the circumstances prior to each depressive episode? his question would enlighten the practitioner on triggers and factors that personally affect the patient before a depressive episode occurs.
There appears to be history of alcohol abuse and depression in your family, has anyone in your family received treatment? This question would provide a view into the patient’s understanding of psychiatric treatment. Since the patient does not believe in psychotherapy due to religious reason, the patient may not know what treatments were, are or will be available to him.
Feedback from People in Patient’s Life
The patient has been married for 33 years. Assuming his spouse is around before, during and after an episode, she may provide information the patient failed to share or may not have been honest about. The first person to be questioned would be the patient’s wife. Some of the questions for the patient’s wife would include onset of symptoms. What occurs before each episode of depression? Is there conflict between you and your spouse? Are there any stressors, such as financial plaguing your spouse and you?
The patient also has three children. All three of his children suffer from some form of depression. Questioning the patient’s children may provide a historical history of the patient. For example, the children may have noticed symptoms leading to the patient’s depression years ago. Questions for the children may include did your parent’s argue often while you were growing up? Did your father ever lose interest in your childhood years? Did you feel love or rejection while growing up from your father? What were your father’s behaviors? Did you ever notice any alcohol or drug abuse while growing up?
Physical and Diagnostic Exams for Patient
Unfortunately, there is not a certain test for depression. The primary goal of physical exam and diagnostic testing would to rule out other conditions causing similar symptoms. A physical exam should be preformed assessing respiratory and cardiovascular system. Vital signs should be taken as well.
Certain labs should be assessed in the patient. The practitioner should check the patient’s thyroid levels. Thyroid hormones have been linked to depression (Stahl, 2008). Depression can be caused by an underactive or overactive thyroid.
Another lab test to consider would be dexamethasone ...
Case # 29- The depressed man who thought he was out of options. .docxannandleola
Case # 29- The depressed man who thought he was out of options.
Depression has become a common mental disorder in our elderly population. This has caused a global concern for occur, geriatric patients, as depression often results in a significant burden for families as well as communities. Elderly people who suffer from depression may have an inferior baseline and record for medical assessments than those individuals without depression. Despite consistent evidence of the effectiveness of antidepressants for many with depression,
3
particularly those with more severe depression, remission rates are disappointingly low. An AHRQ-sponsored report found that only 46% of patients experienced remission from depression during 6 to 12 weeks of treatment with second-generation antidepressants. One major reason for this issue is non-adherence to medications and treatment plans. Studies have shown that patients' age, race and ethnicity are consistently associated with predictions of outcomes. (Rossom et al., 2016).
This case study involves a 69-year old man whose chief complaint is unremitting, chronic depression. After several years of medications and treatments, he feels hopeless for a recovery from his chronic depression. This assignments seeks to explore his family and social support systems, diagnostic testing, differential diagnosis and pharmacologic treatment options for this patient.
Questions for the client
How have you been sleeping lately?
How many times in the last week have you had feelings of hopelessness?
Are you having thoughts of harming yourself? Do you have a plan?
These questions are an important yet simple place to start when treating patients. Sleep disturbances plague much of the world's population and have shown to be a major indicator for mental health issues. Changes in sleep neurophysiology are often observed in depressive patients, and impaired sleep is, in many cases, the chief complaint of depression (Armitage, 2007). Depressed patients with sleep disturbance are likely to present more severe symptoms and difficulties in treatment. In addition, persistent insomnia is the most common residual symptom in depressed patients and is considered a vital predictor of depression relapse and may contribute to unpleasant clinical outcomes (Hinkelmann et al., 20120. Questions involving feelings of hopelessness and suicidal ideations with or without a plan relate to issues of patient safety. Across psychiatric disorders, hopelessness is associated with suicidal ideation and behavior. A meta-analysis of 166 longitudinal studies (sample size not reported) found that hopelessness was associated with an increased risk of ideation (Ribeiro, Huang, Fox, & Franklin, 2018).
Family and social support system
Family and social support systems are imperative for any patient in recovery. If the patient is agreeable to discussions with family members, then a discussion with his wife would be helpful. Researc.
Moderate alcohol consumption as risk factor for adverse brain outcomes and co...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Recent longitudinal study. No mention of fasd or prenatal / pre conceptual alcohol consumption.
If the conclusions are correct how much more do they apply to the fetus, newborn and adolescent/
This document outlines a proposed research study that aims to examine the relationship between childhood family environment and later drug addiction. The study would use a qualitative design with 200 participants recruited from drug rehabilitation centers and correctional facilities across 10 cities. Participants would complete an open-ended interview about their upbringing, which researchers would code into categories related to family influences, social influences, family relations, and other adversities. Data analysis would include reliability testing and a chi-square test to examine correlations between childhood experiences and drug addiction. Obtaining IRB approval would ensure ethical treatment of participants.
Substance abuse has significant negative impacts on mental health. It can lead to the development of mental health conditions like depression and anxiety. People who abuse substances often have co-occurring mental illnesses. Treating both substance abuse and mental health issues simultaneously is challenging and integrated treatment approaches are needed. Substance abuse disorders are also linked to poorer psychosocial functioning and problems with relationships, work, and daily life. Women may be particularly vulnerable as substance abuse can stem from attempts to self-medicate physical or mental health conditions.
1 Clinical Problem Social Anxiety is described by .docxcroftsshanon
1
Clinical Problem
Social Anxiety is described by The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American
Psychiatric Association (DSM-5) as a persistent fear of social situations where the person is
exposed to people or to possible scrutiny by others and fears that he/she will display
symptoms of anxiety or be perceived in a way that will be embarrassing and humiliating
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This topic was chosen as according to Kessler et
al. (2012) social anxiety is among the most common anxiety disorder affecting 13% of
individuals at some stage in their lives. From experience, and according to Krysta et al.
(2015) medication is the first line treatment for anxiety disorders due to accessibility.
Unfortunately, for people experiencing social anxiety most medications have adverse effects
such as increased agitation and sexual dysfunction (Rosen et al 1999) and some medication,
in particular benzodiazepines are highly addictive (Lader and Kyriacou, 2016). Townend et
al. (2008) report that CBT remains the psychological therapy with the widest and broadest
evidence base. Beck et al (1979) define Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) as a concept
where an individual’s emotions and behaviours are based on the way that they interpret the
world through their cognitions. NICE (2011) (cited in Clark, 2011) recommend psychological
therapies prior to medication for anxiety disorders however due to a lack of therapists in
mental health services this is not the case in clinical practice which led to the rationale for the
following research question.
2
Clinical question
Are psychological interventions more efficacious than pharmacological interventions to help
reduce social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms in adults?
Bragge (2010) explains that answerable clinical research questions have four essential
components known as PICO. This therapy type question was developed using these
components (P) Population: adults that experience social anxiety (I) Intervention:
Psychological interventions (C) Comparator: Pharmacological Interventions (O) Outcome:
reduction of social anxiety symptoms.
Search Strategy and Outcome
A systematic literature search was carried out using electronic databases which were
individually accessed via Queens Online, including MEDLINE, Science Direct, PschINFO
and Cochrane (see Appendix 1). Roberts and Dicenso (1999) suggest that questions in
relation to interventions and their effectiveness are best answered by randomized control
trials or based on the hierarchy of evidence, systematic reviews. BestBets.org was also
accessed for evidence based synopses.
The three papers the author deemed relevant to answer the clinical question above are as
follows;
Clark et al. (2003)
Nordahl et al (2016)
Davidson et al. (2004)
3
These three studies were chosen as their methodological design appeared to answer the
clinical questi.
1 Clinical Problem Social Anxiety is described by .docxjeremylockett77
1
Clinical Problem
Social Anxiety is described by The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American
Psychiatric Association (DSM-5) as a persistent fear of social situations where the person is
exposed to people or to possible scrutiny by others and fears that he/she will display
symptoms of anxiety or be perceived in a way that will be embarrassing and humiliating
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This topic was chosen as according to Kessler et
al. (2012) social anxiety is among the most common anxiety disorder affecting 13% of
individuals at some stage in their lives. From experience, and according to Krysta et al.
(2015) medication is the first line treatment for anxiety disorders due to accessibility.
Unfortunately, for people experiencing social anxiety most medications have adverse effects
such as increased agitation and sexual dysfunction (Rosen et al 1999) and some medication,
in particular benzodiazepines are highly addictive (Lader and Kyriacou, 2016). Townend et
al. (2008) report that CBT remains the psychological therapy with the widest and broadest
evidence base. Beck et al (1979) define Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) as a concept
where an individual’s emotions and behaviours are based on the way that they interpret the
world through their cognitions. NICE (2011) (cited in Clark, 2011) recommend psychological
therapies prior to medication for anxiety disorders however due to a lack of therapists in
mental health services this is not the case in clinical practice which led to the rationale for the
following research question.
2
Clinical question
Are psychological interventions more efficacious than pharmacological interventions to help
reduce social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms in adults?
Bragge (2010) explains that answerable clinical research questions have four essential
components known as PICO. This therapy type question was developed using these
components (P) Population: adults that experience social anxiety (I) Intervention:
Psychological interventions (C) Comparator: Pharmacological Interventions (O) Outcome:
reduction of social anxiety symptoms.
Search Strategy and Outcome
A systematic literature search was carried out using electronic databases which were
individually accessed via Queens Online, including MEDLINE, Science Direct, PschINFO
and Cochrane (see Appendix 1). Roberts and Dicenso (1999) suggest that questions in
relation to interventions and their effectiveness are best answered by randomized control
trials or based on the hierarchy of evidence, systematic reviews. BestBets.org was also
accessed for evidence based synopses.
The three papers the author deemed relevant to answer the clinical question above are as
follows;
Clark et al. (2003)
Nordahl et al (2016)
Davidson et al. (2004)
3
These three studies were chosen as their methodological design appeared to answer the
clinical questi ...
This document summarizes a presentation on epidemiology and lead studies. It describes different epidemiological study designs including observational and interventional studies. It provides examples of descriptive epidemiological studies like ecological and cross-sectional studies as well as analytical studies like case-control and cohort studies. It discusses the strengths and limitations of these different study designs. It also summarizes decades of research on the relationship between lead exposure and IQ in children, including key studies, reviews, and perspectives from "plaintiff" and "defense" studies.
This document is a research proposal that aims to investigate whether the intensity of alcohol hangover symptoms can serve as a marker for future development of alcohol use disorders. The proposal provides background on alcohol hangover and alcohol use disorder. It reviews previous research that has found associations between family history of alcohol use disorder and increased hangover symptoms. The proposed study aims to build on this by investigating how hangover symptoms influence near-term drinking behaviors and whether personal traits like guilt are associated with hangover and alcohol use disorder. The study will use an online naturalistic design to compare university and MTurk samples.
DSM proposal for Sensory Processing Disorder. Of interest to those who want to know more in general, or know more about SPD as it compares to ASD or Misophonia.
Write a scholarly paper in which you apply the concepts of epide.docxarnoldmeredith47041
This document provides requirements for an epidemiology paper that analyzes a communicable disease. Students must choose a communicable disease, describe it thoroughly including causes, transmission, symptoms, treatment and complications. They must discuss the population most affected by the disease and the determinants of health related to it. Students must also identify the epidemiologic triad of host, agent, and environmental factors for the disease and discuss the role of public health nurses in finding, reporting, collecting, analyzing data, and following up on the disease. The paper requires a minimum of three references and 1250 words in APA format.
Write a S.M.A.R.T. goal to improve the Habit 5 Seek First to .docxarnoldmeredith47041
This document outlines a goal to improve the ability to seek first to understand others rather than be understood according to Habit 5. The author acknowledges they are able to communicate but struggles with listening skills. The goal is to practice actively listening and understanding what people are saying rather than being focused on themselves.
More Related Content
Similar to The Sweet Taste Test Relationships with Anhedonia Subtypes,.docx
Alcohol And The Adolescent Brain Human StudiesGina Rizzo
Several studies have shown that heavy drinking during adolescence and young adulthood can negatively impact brain structure and function. Heavy drinking has been associated with poorer performance on neuropsychological tests, especially those involving memory and attention. The number of alcohol withdrawal symptoms experienced appears to predict the degree of later cognitive impairment. While neuropsychological impairments have been found in youth with alcohol use disorders, the effects are generally mild. However, even mild impairments during critical developmental periods could significantly influence life outcomes. Certain factors like a family history of alcoholism or earlier age of drinking onset may increase susceptibility to alcohol's harmful brain effects.
Intrauterine alcohol exposure and offspring mental health: A systematic reviewBARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
2
Abstract
Background: High levels of alcohol use in pregnancy have been shown to be associated with negative physical health consequences in offspring. However, the literature is less clear
on the association of alcohol use in pregnancy and offspring mental health disorders. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate studies examining this association.
Methods: Studies were identified by searching PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science, and were included if they examined alcohol use during pregnancy as an exposure and
offspring mental health at age 3 or older as an outcome. We excluded non-English language publications, and studies of foetal alcohol syndrome.
Results: Thirty-three studies were included and were categorised by mental health outcomes: anxiety/depression, emotional problems, total internalising problems, total
problem score, and conduct disorder. Over half of the analyses reported a positive association of intrauterine alcohol exposure and negative offspring mental health outcomes.
Conclusions: Our review suggests that maternal alcohol use during pregnancy is associated with negative offspring mental health outcomes, even at low to moderate levels of alcohol use. Future investigation using methods that allow stronger causal inference are needed to further investigate if these associations shown are causal.
1) According to research, genetics play an important role in ADHD, with heritability estimates between 60-90% from twin and adoption studies. However, genome-wide association studies have not found significant genetic associations, suggesting the genetic factors are complex.
2) Prenatal factors like maternal smoking and stress during pregnancy increase the risk of ADHD in children. Perinatal risks like low birth weight and preterm birth are also associated with higher ADHD risk.
3) Various environmental exposures have been linked to ADHD, including lead, PCBs, pesticides, and certain food dyes and additives which some studies have found can exacerbate ADHD symptoms.
4) However
Running Head Critique 1Critique2CritiqueAma.docxjoellemurphey
Running Head: Critique 1
Critique 2
Critique
Amanda Kroeger
PSY 326
Prof. Luker
June 30, 2014
Critique
The purpose regarding this paper is to discuss the health and social challenges as a result of drug addiction globally. Particularly it brings to the attention of the reader the complexities that arise with the combined forces by diverse organizations, families, governments, and individuals in striving to counteract the abuse of drugs within traditional families whereby jeopardizing significant social virtues and values creating room for deviant behavior such as crime. The study at hand, “Familial Risk Factors Favoring Drug Addiction Onset” by Zimi & Jukic aim at the identification of the familial factors that favor the onset of drug addiction in the community. The paper further evaluates and critiques the various scholarly articles on drug addiction and their effects socially, economically, and culturally.
From this study’s 146 addicts and around 134 fundamental subjects, the authors discovered that “the families the addicts were born into, familial risk factors capable of influencing their psychosocial progress and favoring drug addiction onset had been statistically more encountered during childhood and youth as compared to the controls” (Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2012). In addition, the outcomes from the study indicate the need to research further into three sections namely the structure of the drug addict families, familial interrelations of the families from which the drug addicts come from and the importance of implementing family-based approaches to address prevention and therapy for drug addiction. The hypothesis of the study is the effect of poor inter-parental relations on the psychological development of children. This showed that conflicts in marriages have were linked to the child’s social adjustment, incapacity, and harsh upbringing regiment which in turn results in risky behavior patterns including substance abuse (Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2012)]. It is from this understanding that Zimi ´ and Jukic’s study tries to investigate the familial factors in favor of drug addiction onset by putting into consideration social, developmental, and interaction elements as the determinants of family relations and familial features associated with drug addicts thus, causing children to turn to drug abuse.
In analyzing both the study at hand, that is, “Familial Risk Factors Favoring Drug Addiction Onset” and various articles from the bibliography such as Development: Which Way Now?, Personal Savings and Anticipated Inflation, Assessment and management of pain in infants, The capability of psychodynamic treatment and cognitive behavior therapy in the nursing of personality disorders: A meta-analysis, Macro dynamics, Regime Switching and Financial Stress: Hypothesis and Empirics for the US, the EU and Non-EU Countries, and Hunger, Human Development, and Health in Canada: Research, Practice, and ...
The Impact of Ethnicity on Antidepressant Therapy.docxwrite5
This document discusses a case study of a 63-year-old male patient with recurrent depression. It poses additional questions that could provide more context about the patient's psychiatric and family history. It also suggests questions for the patient's wife and children, as well as physical exams and lab tests that may help diagnose the patient. Finally, it discusses potential differential diagnoses and pharmacologic treatment options.
The utility of psychotropic drugs on patients with fetal alcohol spectrum dis...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Treatment of the complications arising from Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (PAE) has largely been focused on psychosocial and environmental approaches. Research on the
use of medications, especially psychotropic medications, has lagged behind.
OBJECTIVES: This systematic review sought to investigate psychotropic medication related findings and outcomes in those diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).
METHODS: Comprehensive searches were conducted in seven major databases (Medline/
PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, and
PsycARTICLES) up to February 2017. Key search terms with synonyms were mapped on these databases. There were no timeline restrictions and no grey literature searches. Two reviewers
independently assessed 25 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were reviews of treatment and retrospective case series.
RESULTS: Two crossover randomized trials were reported, and the findings were not amenable to meta-analysis. Several conditions (depression, agitation, seizures, and outburst) combined with the most frequent presentation, ADHD, to represent the rationale for prescribing psychotropic medications. Second-generation antipsychotics were found to improve social skills, but the paucity of data limited the extent of clinical guidance necessary for the field.
CONCLUSIONS: The systematic review showed that there are some clinical evidence displaying
the validity of psychopharmacological interventions in people with FASD, which varies across the spectrum of disease severity, age, and gender. There is a need for more clinical evidencebased studies in addition to clinical expert opinions to substantiate an optimal ground for individualized management of FASD.
The study protocol for this review was registered in PROSPERO with registration number
CRD42016045703
Comparison of Executive Functions in Addicted Young People who Referred to Ad...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The document compares the executive functions of 25 male students to 25 male young people in addiction treatment camps in Ardebill, Iran. Executive functions tested included set shifting, working memory, and inhibition using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Digit Span subscale, and Stroop Color Word Test. Results showed significant differences between the two groups in all three executive functions, with the addicted group performing worse. Specifically, the addicted group had lower mean scores on categories completed and higher mean scores on perseveration errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The study concludes addicted young people have weaknesses in executive functions like response inhibition, set shifting, and working memory updating compared to normal peers.
This document summarizes research on the efficacy of antidepressants, antipsychotics, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). It finds that antidepressants show little benefit over placebo except for those with very severe depression, antipsychotics have marginal benefits and significant adverse effects, and placebo-controlled studies show minimal support for the effectiveness of ECT. It questions the use of these interventions given risks like brain damage and increased mortality compared to potential benefits.
11. Identifying the Elements of the Limitations & ImplicationsGo tBenitoSumpter862
11. Identifying the Elements of the Limitations & Implications
Go to the Limitations/Implications section(s) and identify the limitations of the study and how those limitations impacted the whole study.
12. Identifying the Elements of the Conclusion Section
Go to the Conclusion section and identify the conclusive statements of the study and the recommendations made for future research.
POST # 1 EDITHA
When assessing an adolescent with bipolar disorder, what are some of the diagnostic and treatment challenges the clinician might face?
Bipolar disorder is a serious mental health disorder that is often first diagnosed during young adulthood or adolescence. Symptoms of the illness, however, also can appear in early childhood. Although once thought rare in children, diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children has significantly increased over the last decade (Papolos & Bronsteen, 2018). Despite the increased diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, assessment and diagnosis remain challenging and controversial. This is, in part, because of the lack of research on this disorder in children and adolescents and the growing recognition that the disease can present differently in children from how it presents in adults (AACAP, 2019). Over the years, more attention has focused on the unique presentation of bipolar disorder in the young that has introduced new ways of looking at this disease and assessing it in children.
The importance of identifying the presence of bipolar disease at an early age is highlighted by data showing that adults in whom bipolar disease started at an early age have a more severe course of the illness compared with adult-onset disease. Early-onset disease is associated with a higher risk of suicide; severe mood lability and polarity; lower quality of life and greater functional impairment; higher rates of comorbidity; and a higher risk of substance use disorders compared with adult-onset disease (Papolos & Bronsteen, 2018). Although some children meet the criteria established for adults categorized in the DSM-5, many children fall outside these classical categories, and diagnosis in these children is particularly challenging and difficult (APA, 2013). For these children, additional information beyond what is provided in the DSM may help make an accurate diagnosis which causes increased challenges in assessment and diagnosis.
References
Papolos, D, & Bronsteen A. (2018) bipolar disorder in children: assessment in general pediatric practice. Curr Opin Pediatr, 25(3):419-426.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). (2019) bipolar disorder: Parents’ Medication Guide for Bipolar Disorder in Children & Adolescents.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Association of suicidal behavior with exposure
to suicide and suicide attempt: A systematic
...
11. Identifying the Elements of the Limitations & ImplicationsGo tSantosConleyha
11. Identifying the Elements of the Limitations & Implications
Go to the Limitations/Implications section(s) and identify the limitations of the study and how those limitations impacted the whole study.
12. Identifying the Elements of the Conclusion Section
Go to the Conclusion section and identify the conclusive statements of the study and the recommendations made for future research.
POST # 1 EDITHA
When assessing an adolescent with bipolar disorder, what are some of the diagnostic and treatment challenges the clinician might face?
Bipolar disorder is a serious mental health disorder that is often first diagnosed during young adulthood or adolescence. Symptoms of the illness, however, also can appear in early childhood. Although once thought rare in children, diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children has significantly increased over the last decade (Papolos & Bronsteen, 2018). Despite the increased diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children, assessment and diagnosis remain challenging and controversial. This is, in part, because of the lack of research on this disorder in children and adolescents and the growing recognition that the disease can present differently in children from how it presents in adults (AACAP, 2019). Over the years, more attention has focused on the unique presentation of bipolar disorder in the young that has introduced new ways of looking at this disease and assessing it in children.
The importance of identifying the presence of bipolar disease at an early age is highlighted by data showing that adults in whom bipolar disease started at an early age have a more severe course of the illness compared with adult-onset disease. Early-onset disease is associated with a higher risk of suicide; severe mood lability and polarity; lower quality of life and greater functional impairment; higher rates of comorbidity; and a higher risk of substance use disorders compared with adult-onset disease (Papolos & Bronsteen, 2018). Although some children meet the criteria established for adults categorized in the DSM-5, many children fall outside these classical categories, and diagnosis in these children is particularly challenging and difficult (APA, 2013). For these children, additional information beyond what is provided in the DSM may help make an accurate diagnosis which causes increased challenges in assessment and diagnosis.
References
Papolos, D, & Bronsteen A. (2018) bipolar disorder in children: assessment in general pediatric practice. Curr Opin Pediatr, 25(3):419-426.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). (2019) bipolar disorder: Parents’ Medication Guide for Bipolar Disorder in Children & Adolescents.
American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Association of suicidal behavior with exposure
to suicide and suicide attempt: A systematic
...
TO REPLY 1 COMMENT TO EACH POST WITH CITATION AND TWO REFERENCE EACH.docxrowthechang
TO REPLY 1 COMMENT TO EACH POST WITH CITATION AND TWO REFERENCE EACH COMMENT APA ABOVE 2013.
POST 1
Three Questions for the Patient
After reviewing the material presented in this case study, there are some concerning questions regarding this patient’s psychiatric history. Additional questions would include:
After each discontinuation of medication after an episode of depression, was this decision the choice of a physician or self -initiated? This question would provide knowledge of the patient’s medication compliance. For example, does the patient stop taking prescribed medication on symptoms are alleviated?
What were the circumstances prior to each depressive episode? his question would enlighten the practitioner on triggers and factors that personally affect the patient before a depressive episode occurs.
There appears to be history of alcohol abuse and depression in your family, has anyone in your family received treatment? This question would provide a view into the patient’s understanding of psychiatric treatment. Since the patient does not believe in psychotherapy due to religious reason, the patient may not know what treatments were, are or will be available to him.
Feedback from People in Patient’s Life
The patient has been married for 33 years. Assuming his spouse is around before, during and after an episode, she may provide information the patient failed to share or may not have been honest about. The first person to be questioned would be the patient’s wife. Some of the questions for the patient’s wife would include onset of symptoms. What occurs before each episode of depression? Is there conflict between you and your spouse? Are there any stressors, such as financial plaguing your spouse and you?
The patient also has three children. All three of his children suffer from some form of depression. Questioning the patient’s children may provide a historical history of the patient. For example, the children may have noticed symptoms leading to the patient’s depression years ago. Questions for the children may include did your parent’s argue often while you were growing up? Did your father ever lose interest in your childhood years? Did you feel love or rejection while growing up from your father? What were your father’s behaviors? Did you ever notice any alcohol or drug abuse while growing up?
Physical and Diagnostic Exams for Patient
Unfortunately, there is not a certain test for depression. The primary goal of physical exam and diagnostic testing would to rule out other conditions causing similar symptoms. A physical exam should be preformed assessing respiratory and cardiovascular system. Vital signs should be taken as well.
Certain labs should be assessed in the patient. The practitioner should check the patient’s thyroid levels. Thyroid hormones have been linked to depression (Stahl, 2008). Depression can be caused by an underactive or overactive thyroid.
Another lab test to consider would be dexamethasone ...
Case # 29- The depressed man who thought he was out of options. .docxannandleola
Case # 29- The depressed man who thought he was out of options.
Depression has become a common mental disorder in our elderly population. This has caused a global concern for occur, geriatric patients, as depression often results in a significant burden for families as well as communities. Elderly people who suffer from depression may have an inferior baseline and record for medical assessments than those individuals without depression. Despite consistent evidence of the effectiveness of antidepressants for many with depression,
3
particularly those with more severe depression, remission rates are disappointingly low. An AHRQ-sponsored report found that only 46% of patients experienced remission from depression during 6 to 12 weeks of treatment with second-generation antidepressants. One major reason for this issue is non-adherence to medications and treatment plans. Studies have shown that patients' age, race and ethnicity are consistently associated with predictions of outcomes. (Rossom et al., 2016).
This case study involves a 69-year old man whose chief complaint is unremitting, chronic depression. After several years of medications and treatments, he feels hopeless for a recovery from his chronic depression. This assignments seeks to explore his family and social support systems, diagnostic testing, differential diagnosis and pharmacologic treatment options for this patient.
Questions for the client
How have you been sleeping lately?
How many times in the last week have you had feelings of hopelessness?
Are you having thoughts of harming yourself? Do you have a plan?
These questions are an important yet simple place to start when treating patients. Sleep disturbances plague much of the world's population and have shown to be a major indicator for mental health issues. Changes in sleep neurophysiology are often observed in depressive patients, and impaired sleep is, in many cases, the chief complaint of depression (Armitage, 2007). Depressed patients with sleep disturbance are likely to present more severe symptoms and difficulties in treatment. In addition, persistent insomnia is the most common residual symptom in depressed patients and is considered a vital predictor of depression relapse and may contribute to unpleasant clinical outcomes (Hinkelmann et al., 20120. Questions involving feelings of hopelessness and suicidal ideations with or without a plan relate to issues of patient safety. Across psychiatric disorders, hopelessness is associated with suicidal ideation and behavior. A meta-analysis of 166 longitudinal studies (sample size not reported) found that hopelessness was associated with an increased risk of ideation (Ribeiro, Huang, Fox, & Franklin, 2018).
Family and social support system
Family and social support systems are imperative for any patient in recovery. If the patient is agreeable to discussions with family members, then a discussion with his wife would be helpful. Researc.
Moderate alcohol consumption as risk factor for adverse brain outcomes and co...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Recent longitudinal study. No mention of fasd or prenatal / pre conceptual alcohol consumption.
If the conclusions are correct how much more do they apply to the fetus, newborn and adolescent/
This document outlines a proposed research study that aims to examine the relationship between childhood family environment and later drug addiction. The study would use a qualitative design with 200 participants recruited from drug rehabilitation centers and correctional facilities across 10 cities. Participants would complete an open-ended interview about their upbringing, which researchers would code into categories related to family influences, social influences, family relations, and other adversities. Data analysis would include reliability testing and a chi-square test to examine correlations between childhood experiences and drug addiction. Obtaining IRB approval would ensure ethical treatment of participants.
Substance abuse has significant negative impacts on mental health. It can lead to the development of mental health conditions like depression and anxiety. People who abuse substances often have co-occurring mental illnesses. Treating both substance abuse and mental health issues simultaneously is challenging and integrated treatment approaches are needed. Substance abuse disorders are also linked to poorer psychosocial functioning and problems with relationships, work, and daily life. Women may be particularly vulnerable as substance abuse can stem from attempts to self-medicate physical or mental health conditions.
1 Clinical Problem Social Anxiety is described by .docxcroftsshanon
1
Clinical Problem
Social Anxiety is described by The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American
Psychiatric Association (DSM-5) as a persistent fear of social situations where the person is
exposed to people or to possible scrutiny by others and fears that he/she will display
symptoms of anxiety or be perceived in a way that will be embarrassing and humiliating
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This topic was chosen as according to Kessler et
al. (2012) social anxiety is among the most common anxiety disorder affecting 13% of
individuals at some stage in their lives. From experience, and according to Krysta et al.
(2015) medication is the first line treatment for anxiety disorders due to accessibility.
Unfortunately, for people experiencing social anxiety most medications have adverse effects
such as increased agitation and sexual dysfunction (Rosen et al 1999) and some medication,
in particular benzodiazepines are highly addictive (Lader and Kyriacou, 2016). Townend et
al. (2008) report that CBT remains the psychological therapy with the widest and broadest
evidence base. Beck et al (1979) define Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) as a concept
where an individual’s emotions and behaviours are based on the way that they interpret the
world through their cognitions. NICE (2011) (cited in Clark, 2011) recommend psychological
therapies prior to medication for anxiety disorders however due to a lack of therapists in
mental health services this is not the case in clinical practice which led to the rationale for the
following research question.
2
Clinical question
Are psychological interventions more efficacious than pharmacological interventions to help
reduce social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms in adults?
Bragge (2010) explains that answerable clinical research questions have four essential
components known as PICO. This therapy type question was developed using these
components (P) Population: adults that experience social anxiety (I) Intervention:
Psychological interventions (C) Comparator: Pharmacological Interventions (O) Outcome:
reduction of social anxiety symptoms.
Search Strategy and Outcome
A systematic literature search was carried out using electronic databases which were
individually accessed via Queens Online, including MEDLINE, Science Direct, PschINFO
and Cochrane (see Appendix 1). Roberts and Dicenso (1999) suggest that questions in
relation to interventions and their effectiveness are best answered by randomized control
trials or based on the hierarchy of evidence, systematic reviews. BestBets.org was also
accessed for evidence based synopses.
The three papers the author deemed relevant to answer the clinical question above are as
follows;
Clark et al. (2003)
Nordahl et al (2016)
Davidson et al. (2004)
3
These three studies were chosen as their methodological design appeared to answer the
clinical questi.
1 Clinical Problem Social Anxiety is described by .docxjeremylockett77
1
Clinical Problem
Social Anxiety is described by The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American
Psychiatric Association (DSM-5) as a persistent fear of social situations where the person is
exposed to people or to possible scrutiny by others and fears that he/she will display
symptoms of anxiety or be perceived in a way that will be embarrassing and humiliating
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This topic was chosen as according to Kessler et
al. (2012) social anxiety is among the most common anxiety disorder affecting 13% of
individuals at some stage in their lives. From experience, and according to Krysta et al.
(2015) medication is the first line treatment for anxiety disorders due to accessibility.
Unfortunately, for people experiencing social anxiety most medications have adverse effects
such as increased agitation and sexual dysfunction (Rosen et al 1999) and some medication,
in particular benzodiazepines are highly addictive (Lader and Kyriacou, 2016). Townend et
al. (2008) report that CBT remains the psychological therapy with the widest and broadest
evidence base. Beck et al (1979) define Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) as a concept
where an individual’s emotions and behaviours are based on the way that they interpret the
world through their cognitions. NICE (2011) (cited in Clark, 2011) recommend psychological
therapies prior to medication for anxiety disorders however due to a lack of therapists in
mental health services this is not the case in clinical practice which led to the rationale for the
following research question.
2
Clinical question
Are psychological interventions more efficacious than pharmacological interventions to help
reduce social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms in adults?
Bragge (2010) explains that answerable clinical research questions have four essential
components known as PICO. This therapy type question was developed using these
components (P) Population: adults that experience social anxiety (I) Intervention:
Psychological interventions (C) Comparator: Pharmacological Interventions (O) Outcome:
reduction of social anxiety symptoms.
Search Strategy and Outcome
A systematic literature search was carried out using electronic databases which were
individually accessed via Queens Online, including MEDLINE, Science Direct, PschINFO
and Cochrane (see Appendix 1). Roberts and Dicenso (1999) suggest that questions in
relation to interventions and their effectiveness are best answered by randomized control
trials or based on the hierarchy of evidence, systematic reviews. BestBets.org was also
accessed for evidence based synopses.
The three papers the author deemed relevant to answer the clinical question above are as
follows;
Clark et al. (2003)
Nordahl et al (2016)
Davidson et al. (2004)
3
These three studies were chosen as their methodological design appeared to answer the
clinical questi ...
This document summarizes a presentation on epidemiology and lead studies. It describes different epidemiological study designs including observational and interventional studies. It provides examples of descriptive epidemiological studies like ecological and cross-sectional studies as well as analytical studies like case-control and cohort studies. It discusses the strengths and limitations of these different study designs. It also summarizes decades of research on the relationship between lead exposure and IQ in children, including key studies, reviews, and perspectives from "plaintiff" and "defense" studies.
This document is a research proposal that aims to investigate whether the intensity of alcohol hangover symptoms can serve as a marker for future development of alcohol use disorders. The proposal provides background on alcohol hangover and alcohol use disorder. It reviews previous research that has found associations between family history of alcohol use disorder and increased hangover symptoms. The proposed study aims to build on this by investigating how hangover symptoms influence near-term drinking behaviors and whether personal traits like guilt are associated with hangover and alcohol use disorder. The study will use an online naturalistic design to compare university and MTurk samples.
DSM proposal for Sensory Processing Disorder. Of interest to those who want to know more in general, or know more about SPD as it compares to ASD or Misophonia.
Similar to The Sweet Taste Test Relationships with Anhedonia Subtypes,.docx (20)
Write a scholarly paper in which you apply the concepts of epide.docxarnoldmeredith47041
This document provides requirements for an epidemiology paper that analyzes a communicable disease. Students must choose a communicable disease, describe it thoroughly including causes, transmission, symptoms, treatment and complications. They must discuss the population most affected by the disease and the determinants of health related to it. Students must also identify the epidemiologic triad of host, agent, and environmental factors for the disease and discuss the role of public health nurses in finding, reporting, collecting, analyzing data, and following up on the disease. The paper requires a minimum of three references and 1250 words in APA format.
Write a S.M.A.R.T. goal to improve the Habit 5 Seek First to .docxarnoldmeredith47041
This document outlines a goal to improve the ability to seek first to understand others rather than be understood according to Habit 5. The author acknowledges they are able to communicate but struggles with listening skills. The goal is to practice actively listening and understanding what people are saying rather than being focused on themselves.
Write a Risk Management Plan for a School FacilityInclude th.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a Risk Management Plan for a School Facility
Include the following topics listed below
Write at least one page per topic, double spaced, Times Roman, Font Size 12
Provide References.
Use the APA Format
·
Personnel Management
·
Indemnification Waiver
·
General Supervisory Practices
·
Crowd Management Plan
.
Write a review that 750 - 1000 words in length about one chapter in .docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a review that 750 - 1000 words in length about one chapter in the Niebuhr textbook. Half will be a summary and half will be the student’s personal reflection. The reflection should include points that the student agrees and disagrees with Niebuhr about and why.
Niebuhr, H. Richard. (2001).
Christ and Culture
. New York: Harper and Row.
.
write a resume using the example belowCONTACT INFOFirs.docxarnoldmeredith47041
write a resume using the example below
CONTACT INFO
First and Last Name
City, State (Optional) | Best Phone Number to Reach You | Appropriate Email Address
SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS
· 3-5 sentences describing why you would be a great fit for the position.
· Describe your relevant accomplishments, strengths, knowledge, experience, skillsets, and languages.
· This is the “preview to the movie.” Highlight your best qualifications so they choose to read the rest of the resume.
· Use bullet points to distinguish each sentence if more aesthetically pleasing.
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
· List jobs you have held in the past 10 years; only list older jobs if they are directly related to desired job.
· Do NOT list a job if you worked at a place of employment for less than 3 months.
· If you have some jobs that are related to your desired position/field and others that are not, only list the related jobs in this section. Create an “Additional Work History” section at the end of the resume for the non-related jobs.
· Use bullet points to list achievements, results, recognitions, and duties for each job.
Company Name - City, State
Job Title
Start Year - End Year or Present
3-5 achievements, results, recognitions, and duties
INTERNSHIP / EXTERNSHIP / CLINICAL EXPERIENCE
· This section should take priority over others unless you have previous work history in exact field.
Company Name - City, State
Title or Role
Month Year - Month Year
2-3 Main Responsibilities/Duties
CERTIFICATIONS and LICENSURES
Name of Certification/License
Issuing Company or Organization
Certification/License Number
Expiration Month Year
EDUCATION
· Only include schools that you received a degree or relevant certifications from, or are currently attending.
· Do NOT include your high school.
School Name - City, State
Major/Area of Study
Degree Earned
Graduation Year/Estimated Graduation Month Year
CORE COMPETENCIES
· List 6-9 competencies, skills, traits, and/or areas of proficiency that directly relate to the job.
· Utilize the job description to find the types of preferred and/or required skills and traits.
· This is a great area to match keywords from the job description that may not otherwise be easily listed in your resume.
· Use bullet points and columns to make this section more aesthetically pleasing and organized.
RELEVANT COURSEWORK
· List the core courses you have already completed and are currently in.
· Use bullet points to list each course.
VOLUNTEER WORK / AFFILIATIONS
Organization
City, State
example of resume
SHARKLY BRUCE, COTA/L
Amity Island, FL | (975) 206-1120 |
[email protected]
SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS
· Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant with two 8-week rotations of Level II OTA fieldwork, as well as 3 years of previous healthcare experience in a hospital setting.
· Extensive direct care experience assisting patients after treatment of traumatic wounds from local wildlife attacks.
· Proven track record o.
Write a resume and cover letter for the following positionOnline.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a resume and cover letter for the following position
Online Marketing Strategist
Riverside, CA 92507
Full-time, Contract
Raincross is seeking a full time marketing rockstar to manage client accounts, devise and implement strategies and craft winning content daily. Candidates must be extremely motivated, possess excellent research and writing skills and pay very close attention to detail.
Requirements
Master the art of creating content: blog articles, updates on social sites, press releases, infographics (or at least the concepts behind them for our design team to create) are all part of the ideal candidates daily tasks
Research and analyze the latest data to uncover gaps; stay up to date on the latest trends and be quick enough to jump on them before they pass
Convert through compelling CTA’s: Create copy for signage, newsletters, email campaigns, online promotions, ads, etc to help brand reach their goals
A/B test: Do you know what works and what doesn’t?
Craft brand strategies: Figure out what they’re doing right, what they’re doing wrong and create strategies to implement. Research to include competitor marketing, trends, etc. Come up with creative new ways to help clients grow and become more successful
Social advertising: Run ads on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn and any other social platform that allows us to
Responsibilities
Bachelors Degree in Communications, Marketing or similar
Excellent written and verbal communication and customer service skills
Must take initiative, possess creativity, be hands on and a team player
Should be open-minded, a fast learner, enthusiastic, and adaptable
Experience in writing, copy-writing, researching trends, analyzing data, a/b testing, brand strategies and running social ads and campaigns a huge plus
.
Write a response to the peers post based on the readings. Origi.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a response to the peer's post based on the readings.
Original Prompt:
Compare Carroll's strategies for creating sound in
Jabberwocky
with those used by Swenson in
A Nosty
Fright.
Pay attention to connotative and denotative meanings of the words and how the poet plays with sound.
Edilzon Ramirez
Response to Prompt:
In both poems there is a common element. And that is a wordplay to make nonsense poetry. The effect of this, is that we must think more in depth to figure out the real meaning behind the works of literature. In Jabberwocky, the writer begins by setting up the mood giving us the background of the events that are about to occur. The use of exclamation marks throughout the poem afterwards, are what in my opinion, give it the sound. For example, “O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!” suggests sort of a proud/relived cry. Which is furthered backed up by the whimsical words that have a positive connation to them due to the slaying of the jabberwocky, who terrorized the people.
While in “A Nosty Fright” another poem with nonsense words or portmanteau the mood is sad, and it only becomes gloomier. Like Miss Brill, the poet describes things together, in the first stanza “roldengod and the soneyhuckle” and jumps to a lonely chipmunk, suggesting that it has lost its companion. There is hope for it when it meets the grasshopper. Ultimately, it comes to an end “Here we part,” said the hassgropper. “Pere we hart,” mipchunk, too”. All hope is lost for the chipmunk and is waiting for the winter to come. This symbolizes death because during the months of October, November, and December many mammals including the chipmunks hibernate and its almost like it wanted to go to sleep permanently remarking things like “Will it ever be morning, Nofember virst”.
Some say, that the chipmunk is a representation of the author and her sexuality. She like the chipmunk, was alone and the typhoon that was mentioned earlier, was her losing her mind. The words and the sounds they make, further makes this evident because it is gibberish written by someone who is broken.
(Your response to your peer should add or extend the point given by your peer.)
.
Write a response to the following prompt.Analyze the characteriz.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a response to the following prompt.
Analyze the characterization Shakespeare employed in
Julius Caesar
, paying particular attention to the role of women. (50 pts) Remember, as you write, to use the language of characterization as we have discussed in class.
.
Write a response to a peers post that adds or extends to the discus.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a response to a peer's post that adds or extends to the discussion point of your peer by Friday 07/24/2020.
This week's discussion prompt:
Explain how Faith in "Young Goodman Brown," Georgiana in "The Birthmark," and Elizabeth in "The Black Minister's Veil" are use to reveal some truth about the central male characters in each story. Describe the similarities that you see among these women characters.
Peer's Post:
-Emily Seide
In each of the three short stories, the female characters play a large role in the character development of the three male protagonists (Goodman, Aylmer, and Hooper). Throughout each story, the women leave a lasting impact on their significant other’s mentality of the world and perception of others. In “Young Goodman Brown”, Brown is faced with troubling sights that make him alter his point of view on his town and the townspeople. Brown was introduced to the true form of some nasty people, including his wife, Faith. When he returns home the next morning from a place of sinister evil, his encounter with Faith and his townspeople has made him a hardcore skeptic of anyone and everyone around him. Goodman Brown never trusted a soul after that night because he was forced to believe that evil resides in everyone. In “The Birthmark”, Aylmer goes insane trying to remove his wife, Georgiana’s, birthmark. Even after hearing how beautiful and well liked she is, Georgiana agrees to get her birthmark removed. Rather than seeing this as a perfect part of her, Aylmer sees the birthmark as a flaw that gives her an imperfect complexion. Later in the story, as the birthmark fades and she wakes up, she states that he should’ve admired what he had in the first place, then dies. This made Aylmer realize that he took time for granted, and now he lives a life without Georgiana due to his impatience with her already beautiful complexion. And finally, in “The Minister’s Black Veil”, Reverend Hooper consistently wears a black veil that covers the majority of his face. Several people were afraid and intimidated by it, except for his fiancée, Elizabeth. After further questioning, she begins to fear the veil due to what it symbolizes- the sin in all human beings. Hooper’s plea for Elizabeth to stay reveals the extent of which he is willing to sacrifice, and the decision for him to continue to wear the veil reveals great sorrow; “Do not leave me in this miserable obscurity forever!” (Hawthorne, 36). In each of the short stories, each female character, always a love interest, is first skeptical of the main character’s choice of actions, then later comply. In each short story, a life lesson is learned for each male character.
Readings are attached!
.
Write a response mini-essay of at least 150 to 300 words on the dis.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a response mini-essay of at least 150 to 300 words on the discussion topic identified below. Take a position and defend it. (Specify a thesis and support it very briefly with evidence)
The response essay should provide one example from the contemporary world to support your
Position. Ideally you have a source reference for your example. You must have a source reference if you
Refer to any material which is neither common knowledge nor personal experience. essay should be typed using
APA style
feature with a title page and list of references if any are used.
Topic:
Technology changes education
Postman argues that television technology substantively changes aspects of culture such as news, politics, religion, and education in ways that suit the technology, not the human culture that uses the technology. It is a point others have made as well, though it is still contested by many other philosophers and social critics. One excellent example of technological change is on-line course delivery. While there are some who say that the new medium does not provide an education, others (such as your instructor) believe they can accomplish a better education in some subject areas. What have you noticed? What differences are there in on-line education that are due to the way it is technologically mediated? What differences do they make in the education you are receiving? Do you think this is a better or worse education? Why might your instructor think it can be better (and not just because he manages the class while in his pajamas)?
.
Write a response for each document.Instructions Your post sho.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a response for each document.
Instructions:
Your post should be a thoughtful response and should include outside reference material from the internet or primary literature. That reference should be referred to specifically with an in-text citation (author, year) and your post should have a bibliography with those outside sources you used cited in APA format.
.
write a resonse paper mla styleHAIRHair deeply affects people,.docxarnoldmeredith47041
write a resonse paper mla style
HAIR
Hair deeply affects people, can transfigure or repulse them. Symbolic of life, hair bolts from our head. Like the earth, it can be harvested, but it will rise again. We can change its color and texture when the mood strikes us, but in time it will return to its original form, just as Nature will in time turn our precisely laid-out cities into a weed-way. Giving one's lover a lock of hair to wear in a small locket [3] around his neck used to be a moving and tender gesture, but also a dangerous one, since to spell-casters, magicians, voodoo-ers, and necromancers of all sorts, a tuft of someone's hair could be used to cast a spell against them. In a variation on this theme, a medieval knight wore a lock of his lady's pubic hair into battle. Since one of the arch-tenets of courtly love was secrecy, choosing this tiny memento instead of a lock of hair from her head may have been more of a practical choice than a philosophical one, but it still symbolized her life-force, which he was carrying with him. Ancient male leaders wore long flowing tresses as a sign of virility (in fact,
"kaiser" and "tsar" both mean "long-haired"
). In the biblical story of Samson, the hero's loss of hair brings on his weakness and downfall, just as it did for the hero Gilgamesh before him. In Europe in more recent times, women who collaborated with the enemy in World War II were humiliated by having their hair cut short. Among some orthodox Jews, a young woman must cut off her hair when she marries, lest her husband find her too attractive and wish to have sex with her out of desire rather than for procreation. Rastafarians regard their dreadlocks as "high-tension cables to heaven." These days, to shock the bourgeoisie and establish their own identity, as every generation must, many young men and women wear their hair as freeform sculpture, with lacquered spikes, close-cropped patterns that resemble a formal garden maze, and colors borrowed from an aviary or spray-painted alley. The first time a student walked into my classroom wearing a "blue jay," it did startle me. Royal-blue slabs of hair were brushed and sprayed straight up along the sides of his head, a long jelly roll of white hair fell forward over his eyebrows, and the back was shiny black, brushed straight up and plastered close to the head. I didn't dislike it, it just seemed like a lot to fuss with each day. I'm sure my grandmother felt that way about my mother's "beehive," and I know my mother feels that way about the curly weather system which is my own mane of long thick hair. One's hairstyle can be the badge of a group, as we've always known -- look at the military's crew cut, or the hairstyles worn by some nuns and monks. In the sixties, wearing long hair, especially if you were a man, often fetched a vitriolic outburst from parents, which is why the musical Hair summed up a generation so beautifully. The police, who seemed so clean-cut and cropped then, were succee.
Write a response about the topic in the reading (see attached) and m.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a response about the topic in the reading (see attached) and make sure you include the following:
1. Brief summary of the reading
2. What was intersting?
3. The main points highlighted and what do you think of the reading?
( 2 page response)
.
Write a research report based on a hypothetical research study. Con.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a research report based on a hypothetical research study. Conducting research and writing a report is common practice for many students and practitioners in any of the behavioral sciences fields.
A research report, which is based on scientific method, is typically composed of the different sections listed below:
Introduction:
The introduction states a specific hypothesis and how that hypothesis was derived by connecting it to previous research.
Methods:
The methods section describes the details of how the hypothesis was tested and clarifies why the study was conducted in that particular way.
Results:
The results section is where the raw uninterpreted data is presented.
Discussion:
The discussion section is where an argument is presented on whether or not the data supports the hypothesis, the possible implications and limitations of the study, as well as possible future directions for this type of research.
Together, these sections should tell the reader what was done, how it was done, and what was learned through the research. You will create a research report based on a
hypothetical
problem, sample, results, and literature review. Organize your data by creating meaningful sections within your report. Make sure that you:
Apply key concepts of inferential hypothesis tests.
Interpret the research findings of the study.
Examine the assumptions and limitations of inferential tests.
Develop a practical application of the research principles covered in this course.
Focus of the Research Report
To begin, create a hypothetical research study (you do not have to carry out the study; you will just have to describe it) that is based on the three pieces of information listed below. Once you have your hypothetical study created, write a three- to four-page research report (excluding title and reference pages) that outlines the study. You are encouraged to be creative with your research study, but be sure to follow the format outlined below and adhere to APA formatting as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Your hypothetical research study should be based on the following information:
Recent research has indicated that eating chocolate can improve memory. Jones and Wilson (2011) found that eating chocolate two hours before taking math tests improved scores significantly. Wong, Hideki, Anderson, and Skaarsgard (2009) found that women are better than men on memory tests after eating chocolate.
There were 50 men and 50 women who were randomly selected from a larger population.
A
t
-test was conducted to compare men and women’s performance on an assessment after eating chocolate. The results showed an independent
t
-test value of
t
.05(99) = 3.43;
p
< .05
Your research study must contain the following:
Title Page
Title of your report
Your name
The course
Instructor
Date
Introduction
Introduce the research topic, explain why it is important, and present the purpose of the paper and the resea.
Write a Research Paper with the topic Pregnancy in the adolesce.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a Research Paper with the topic: Pregnancy in the adolescent life.
The conditions are:
APA format
Double space
One inch margin on all sides
All paragraph in the body are indented
The title is centered on the page with your name and school institution
Paragraph 2, 3, and 4 need another inch more
All pages should be numbered and with citation
Apart of the Research paper write the topic sentence (a question or a statement) & the THESIS of the Research Paper. Write 3 citations for your Research Paper.
.
Write a Research Paper with the topic Autism a major problem. T.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a Research Paper with the topic: Autism a major problem.
The conditions are:
APA format
Double space
One inch margin on all sides
All paragraph in the body are indented
The title is centered on the page with your name and school institution
Paragraph 2, 3, and 4 need another inch more
All pages should be numbered and with citation
Apart of the Research paper write the topic sentence (a question or a statement) & the THESIS of the Research Paper.
Write 3 citations for your Research Paper.
.
Write a research paper that explains how Information Technology (IT).docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a research paper that explains how Information Technology (IT) promotes getting people who are affected by policies involved in the policy-making process. Cite specific examples.
1000- 1200 words APA format and
Create a powerpoint presentation using 5 slides on the main points covered in your research paper. You may use a title slide and a reference slide.
Please find the attached text book.
.
Write a research paper outlining possible career paths in the field .docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a research paper outlining possible career paths in the field of Human Resources Management (HRM) and based upon independent research discuss how different organizations might develop and implement a strategic HRM plan.
Research Paper Instructions:
IMPORTANT!!
Submit your work as an MS WORD ATTACHMENT in either a .doc, .docx, or .rtf format.
Please support your ideas, arguments, and opinions with independent research, include at least three (3) supporting references or sources (NOT Wikipedia, unknown, or anonymous sources), format your work in proper APA format, include a cover page, an abstract, an introduction and a labeled conclusion in accordance with the course rubric, a minimum of 3 FULL pages of written content, and a reference section. Double space all work and cite all listed references properly in text in accordance with the 6th edition of the APA manual, chapters 6 & 7.
.
Write a Research paper on the Legal issues associated with pentestin.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a Research paper on the Legal issues associated with pentesting.
Paper Specifics
3000 words (not counting citations)
APA format
Max team size of two
Minimum 5 academic sources
Provides clear summary and introduction to project scope; includes coherent discussion of key concepts, principles, and problem statement; develops clear context between project tasks and performing security testing in a virtual environment
Provides a thorough and concise summary of the project by listing the purpose and results of each test conducted; or research summary; clearly links the results with recommendations/research, which are supported by test data and external references
.
Write a research paper on one of the following topics .docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a research paper on
one
of the following topics:
1. What are the effects of corruption on capitalism and foreign investment? (Unit II)
Be sure to include at least the following points in your paper:
What are the types of corruption?
What are effects of corruption on MNCs?
How can MNCs deal effectively with these problems?
2. How can MNCs effectively negotiate with local employees, local suppliers, and local governments in the Middle East? (Unit IV)
Be sure to include at least the following points in your paper:
What are some examples of negotiation cases in the Middle East?
How do MNCs use negotiation to solve problems?
What roles do different cultures have in negotiation?
3. Discuss the problems MNCs face when assigning expatriates to an Eastern European country and how they should support the expatriates. (Unit VII)
Be sure to include at least the following points in your paper:
What are problems for international assignments in Eastern Europe?
What are solutions for the problems?
What are strategies MNCs can implement to support their expatriates?
Directions:
The paper should be at least 750 words in length.
You are required to use a minimum of three scholarly sources for the paper.
All sources used must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying APA citations.
.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
The Sweet Taste Test Relationships with Anhedonia Subtypes,.docx
1. The Sweet Taste Test: Relationships with Anhedonia Subtypes,
Personality Traits, and Menstrual Cycle Phases
Jeffrey S. Bedwell1 & Christopher C. Spencer1 & Cristina A.
Chirino1 & John P. O’Donnell1
Published online: 15 January 2019
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer
Nature 2019
Abstract
A better understanding of the etiology and pathology related to
distinct subtypes of anhedonia can lead to more efficacious
personalized treatments. The current study advances knowledge
on consummatory anhedonia - represented in the Research
Domain Criteria (RDoC) subconstruct of Initial Response to
Reward (IRR). The Sweet Taste Test (STT) has promise as a
behavioral paradigm for IRR, as it is sensitive to manipulation
of μ-opioid receptors. However, there is a lack of existing
knowledge of how the STT relates to subtypes of anhedonia,
personality traits, and phases of the menstrual cycle. To address
these questions, we administered the STT to 72 nonpsychiatric
adults (76% women; mean age: 19.11). As predicted, the
hedonic
slope reflecting increasing Blike^ ratings over increasing
concentrations of five sucrose solutions (ranging from 0.05 M
to
0.86 M), was lower in individuals reporting higher
consummatory anhedonia (measured with Temporal Experience
of
Pleasure Scales - Consummatory Subscale) and in women in the
mid-to-late luteal menstrual phase (days 20 to 28). Both effects
2. were driven by lower hedonic ratings to the sweetest
concentration. The hedonic slope was larger in individuals
scoring higher on
the Flight-Freeze-Avoidance System personality factor from the
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Personality Questionnaire -
driven by lower hedonic ratings for the least sweet
concentration. No factor or aspect from the Big Five Aspects
Scale related to
hedonic ratings on the STT. The STT may be a valid and
specific standardized behavioral paradigm to add to IRR,
particularly if
validated in a large transdiagnostic psychiatric sample.
Keywords Sucrose .Reward .Consummatoryanhedonia
.Initialresponsivenesstorewardattainment
.Researchdomaincriteria .
Consummatory pleasure
Introduction
Anhedonia is a transdiagnostic symptom which is particularly
resistant to existing treatments relative to most co-occurring
symptoms (McCabe et al. 2010; Vittengl et al. 2015). While
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) defines anhedonia as a unitary construct (e.g.,
Bdecreased interest and pleasure in most activities most of
the day;^ American Psychiatric Association 2013), recent ad-
vances in affective neuroscience suggest three distinct sub-
types (Treadway and Zald 2011): motivational (i.e., wanting),
consummatory (i.e., liking), and decisional (i.e., reward learn-
ing). The National Institute of Mental Health’s (NIMH)
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Matrix includes
corresponding constructs under the Positive Valence
Systems (PVS) domain (Insel et al. 2010). A better under-
3. standing of the etiology and pathology related to distinct sub-
types of anhedonia can lead to more efficacious personalized
interventions for this treatment-resistant symptom (Insel and
Cuthbert 2015; Strauss and Cohen 2017).
Consummatory anhedonia is partially represented in the
PVS construct Reward Responsiveness under the
subconstruct of Initial Response to Reward (IRR; as of 10/2/
18), defined by NIMH as: BProcesses evoked by the initial
presentation of a positive reinforcer as reflected by indices
of neuronal activity and verbal or behavioral responses.^
This is reflected by the inclusion of the Consummatory sub-
scale of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scales (TEPS-C;
Gard et al. 2007) under Self-Reports in IRR. While IRR cur-
rently names a single paradigm of Bsimple guessing task,^
application of such tasks require physiological measures of
brain response (e.g., Tsypes et al. 2018). Alternatively, the
Sweet Taste Test (STT; Kampov-Polevoy et al. 1997;
Dichter et al. 2010) has promise as a behavioral IRR paradigm
* Jeffrey S. Bedwell
[email protected]
1 Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida,
4111 Pictor
Lane, Orlando, FL 32816-1390, USA
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (2019)
41:235–248
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-019-09717-2
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s10862-019-
09717-2&domain=pdf
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1205-5792
mailto:[email protected]
4. that could be used in clinical settings, as it is does not require
physiological equipment and related expertise. While the STT
is not specifically named under Paradigms for IRR, Btaste
reactivity^ is listed under Behavior. In the STT, the participant
tastes a random order of five trials for each of five concentra-
tions of sucrose, ranging from minimal sweetness to two so-
lutions that are sweeter than beverages such as Coca-Cola®,
and collects subjective ratings of sweetness and liking after
each trial (Kampov-Polevoy et al. 1997).
Individuals whose hedonic Blike^ ratings are highest
for the strongest sucrose concentration have been termed
Bsweet likers,^ a category associated with alcohol use dis-
order (Kampov-Polevoy et al. 2001, 2003; Wronski et al.
2007), cocaine use disorder (Janowsky et al. 2003), binge-
eating disorder (Goodman et al. 2017), impulsive choice
on a delay discounting task (Weafer et al. 2014), better
response to naltrexone treatment for alcohol use disorder
(Garbutt et al. 2009, 2016), and greater amphetamine-
induced euphoria in nonpsychiatric women but not men
(Weafer et al. 2017). Consistent with inclusion of μ-
opioid receptors under IRR Molecules, research has
shown that stimulation of μ-opioid Bhedonic hotspots^
in the nucleus accumbens shell, ventral pallidum, anterior
orbitofrontal cortex, and posterior insula increase sucrose
Bliking^ behavior in rats (Castro and Berridge 2017).
Similarly, a study of nonpsychiatric men found a decrease
in sucrose liking following administration of the μ-opioid
antagonist naltrexone, and increased liking following the
μ-opioid agonist morphine (Eikemo et al. 2016). Both
effects were observed for only dimensional hedonic rat-
ings for the sweetest concentration (0.65 M in that study)
and did not change a slope-based categorical sweet liker
status. This finding is consistent with studies showing that
naltrexone reduced average STT hedonic ratings in non-
psychiatric women (Arbisi et al. 1999) and opioid depen-
5. dent participants (Langleben et al. 2012). Overall, it ap-
pears that the STT partially reflects endogenous opioid
functioning, particularly the dimensional hedonic rating
to the sweetest solution.
Considering this emerging literature, we were interested in
how STT performance relates to subtypes of anhedonia and a
range of personality traits. This will inform investigators and
clinicians regarding which anhedonia measure or subscale
may best assess IRR/consummatory anhedonia, and general
personality research by highlighting particular traits which
may be sensitive to individual differences in the endogenous
opioid system. Finally, there is increasing evidence that the
luteal menstrual cycle phase, via an increase in progesterone,
dampens hedonic responsivity to cocaine in female rhesus
macaques (Carroll et al. 2016) and humans (Evans and
Foltin 2006; Evans et al. 2002). As both progesterone and
estradiol interact with opioid receptors (Schroeder et al.
2003; Lee and Ho 2013), it is possible that estradiol, which
is higher during the follicular menstrual phase, may also effect
reward sensitivity. However, studies in rhesus monkeys found
that administering exogenous estradiol did not alter cocaine
self-administration, while administering progesterone reduced
the cocaine use (Mello et al. 2008, 2011). A recent study
found an amplitude reduction in the event-related potential
of reward positivity in response to monetary gains in women
during the luteal as opposed to follicular phase of the menstru-
al cycle, but this influence was only significant in women with
greater severity of depression (Mulligan et al. 2018).
Examining the relationship between menstrual phases and
STT performance in a nonpsychiatric sample will account
for important individual differences present in menstruating
women and add to our understanding of how these phases
may induce temporary changes in IRR.
6. It appears that only one existing study examined relation-
ships between a behavioral assessment of sweet taste liking
and anhedonia severity. This study found that, across a
transdiagnostic sample of individuals with major depressive
disorder, schizophrenia, and nonpsychiatric controls, higher
scores on the self-report Chapman Physical, but not Social,
Anhedonia scale was associated with a lower maximum
hedonic rating across all sucrose concentrations on the
STT (Berlin et al. 1998). There appear to be few published
studies on the relationship of a behavioral measure of sweet
liking with personality traits. One reported that individuals
who preferred the sweeter of two blinded samples of the
same white wine scored lower on self-reported openness
and higher on impulsiveness, a facet of neuroticism
(Saliba et al. 2009). A study using five blinded levels of
sweetness of the same red wine found that participants
who preferred sweeter concentrations were higher in neu-
roticism (Sena-Esteves et al. 2018). A study using the STT
reported that categorical sweet likers did not differ from
other participants on self-reported novelty seeking (Lange
et al. 2010). Studies that did not include a behavioral mea-
sure found that higher self-reported generalized liking of
sweet foods and drinks was associated with higher self-
reported agreeableness (Sagioglou and Greitemeyer 2016;
Meier et al. 2012; Ashton et al. 2014), neuroticism (Kikuchi
and Watanabe 2000; Elfhag and Erlanson-Albertsson
2006), and/or openness/intellect (Ashton et al. 2014) scores.
Finally, while some research has found that women con-
sume more sweet foods during the luteal phase (Bowen
and Grunberg 1990; Tucci et al. 2010), one study examined
hedonic rating to varying concentrations of sucrose solu-
tions reported that ratings were lowest in the luteal phase,
236 J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2019) 41:235–248
7. particularly for the sweetest concentration (Elliott et al.
2015). However, this study did not use the traditional STT,
was limited by a single trial of four sucrose solutions, and
did not include men in the comparison group.
Based on existing findings using behavioral measures of
hedonic response to sweet tastes, and current information in
the IRR domain, we hypothesized that hedonic ratings to the
sweetest STT concentration would be lower in participants
reporting increased consummatory anhedonia, and higher in
participants reporting more neuroticism and/or impulsiveness.
In addition, we predicted that women in the luteal phase of the
menstrual cycle would report a reduced hedonic response to
the sweetest STT concentration as compared to other women
and men.
Methods
Participants
Participants were undergraduate students enrolled in a
Psychology Department course that offered credit in ex-
change for research participation at a large southeastern
public university in the United States. Participants were
screened online (N = 2135) and excluded for: completing
questionnaire either too quickly (< 10th %ile of duration
from sample; N = 122; 5.7%) or slowly (> 90%ile; N =
146; 6.8%), scoring >2 SD above mean on the
Abbreviated Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale
(Reynolds 1982; N = 75; 3.5%), using non-prescribed stim-
ulant or narcotic medication (N = 23; 1.1%), excessive
chronic alcohol use (N = 16; 1.0%), hypothyroidism in self
(N = 30; 1.4%) or first-degree family member (N = 91;
4.3%), significant past head injury or chronic neurological
disorder (N = 50; 2.3%), failure to endorse willingness to
8. abstain from recreational drugs for 48 h prior to the testing
session (N = 369; 17.3%) or alcohol for 24 h prior to testing
(N = 11; 0.5%), significant uncorrected vision impairment
(N = 51; 2.4%), physical impairment in arms/hands (N = 4;
0.2%), or endorsing more than two items incorrectly on an
8-item Infrequency Scale (Jackson 1984; N = 16; 1.0%).
The remaining 1131 participants received an invitation to
participate in the lab-based portion of the task. However,
only a minority of those participants completed the lab ses-
sion (N = 79), as the online questionnaires were designed
for a larger study examining relationships between those
scales (currently unpublished). On the day of laboratory
testing, all participants denied recent nicotine use, alcohol
in past 24 h, and other recreational drug use in past 48 h.
However, this was based on self-report as we did not have
laboratory tests to confirm.
Of the 79 participants, 77 had valid data for the STT, as two
were excluded for sweetness ratings that did not approximate
a linear increase with increasing concentrations and were sta-
tistical outliers for that slope value (Z < −3.33 for each). An
additional 5 participants were excluded for missing all anhe-
donia measures and bio-demographic data (e.g., menstrual
phase) due to experimenter error (both a priori reasons for
excluding participants). This resulted in 72 participants used
in final analyses (76% women; mean age: 19.11; SD = 2.07;
range 18 to 28). For race, 75.0% identified as BWhite,^ 8.3%
as BBlack,^ 8.3% as BAsian, 4.2% as BOther,^ 2.8% as
BMixed,^ and one participant declined to answer.
Independent of race, 34.7% identified as BHispanic/
Latino(a).^ Two participants reported selective-serotonin re-
uptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication use at the time of testing.
The remaining participants denied current psychotropic and
narcotic medication use.
9. Measures
Self-Report Scales
The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality
Questionnaire (RST-PQ; Corr and Cooper 2016) was admin-
istered during the online phase, which consists of 65 state-
ments with a response key asking the participant to rate how
much the statement describes them in general - ranging from
B1 - Not At All^ to B4 - Highly.^ The RST-PQ produces six
scales - four behavioral activation system subscales: Reward
Interest, Goal-Drive Persistence, Reward Reactivity, and
Impulsivity, along with scales for the Behavioral Inhibition
System (BIS) and Flight-Freeze- Avoidance System (FFAS).
The reliability and validity of the RST-PQ have received ad-
ditional recent support in chronic pain samples (Amiri et al.
2017), and through relationships found with event-related po-
tentials from electroencephalogram (Kaye et al. 2018; De
Pascalis et al. 2017). The Big Five Aspect Scales (BFAS;
DeYoung et al. 2007) was also administered online, and con-
sists of 100 statements with a response key asking the partic-
ipant to rate how accurately the statement reflects how they
generally are - ranging from B1 - Very Inaccurate^ to B5 - Very
Accurate.^ The BFAS results in the traditional big five factors
along with two aspects for each factor: Neuroticism
(Volatility, Withdrawal), Agreeableness (Compassion,
Politeness), Conscientiousness (Industriousness,
Orderliness), Extraversion (Enthusiasm, Assertiveness), and
Openness/Intellect (Openness, Intellect). The validity of
BFAS aspect scales have been supported with specific
J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2019) 41:235–248 237
relationships to psychopathology (Allen et al. 2018; Quilty
10. et al. 2014) and self-reported personality disorder symptoms
(DeYoung et al. 2016).
During the day of STTassessment, we administered three
anhedonia self-report scales - the 18-item Temporal
Experience of Pleasure Scales, which includes subscales
for anticipatory (TEPS-A) and consummatory (TEPS-C)
anhedonia (Gard et al. 2007), the 17-item Anticipatory and
Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale total score
(ACIPS; Gooding and Pflum 2014), and the 14-item
Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale total score (SHAPS;
Snaith et al. 1995). Unlike the TEPS, factor analysis has
not supported separate factors for anticipatory and consum-
matory anhedonia on the ACIPS (Gooding and Pflum
2014). Increased anhedonia is indicated by lower scores
on the TEPS and ACIPS and higher scores on the SHAPS.
The Cronbach alphas for the anhedonia scales in our sample
were: TEPS-A (.76), TEPS-C (.75), ACIPS (.91), and
SHAPS (.59).
Sweet Taste Test (STT)
The STT is a standardized assessment of hedonic response to
sweet tastes in human participants (Kampov-Polevoy et al.
1997). Powdered sugar and distilled water were used to create
five concentrations of sucrose solutions (approximately
0.05 M, 0.10 M, 0.19 M, 0.42 M, and 0.86 M). As a reference,
Coca-Cola® is a 0.33 M solution. Participants received five
trials of each of the five solutions in a blinded random order.
During each trial, participants drank from a small plastic
opaque cup containing 2 mL of solution, swished the solution
in their mouth for about 5 s, and then expectorated into a
container. Participants were asked to mark an BX^ on a
201 mm analog scale line to indicate perceived sweetness,
from BNot sweet at all^ (left anchor) to BExtremely sweet^
(right anchor), and, on a separate scale, how much they liked it
11. from BDislike it very much^ (left anchor) to BLike it very
much^ (right anchor). Following the ratings, participants
rinsed with distilled water and proceeded to the next trial.
Ratings were then scored based on distance (in mm) of the
BX^ from the left side of the respective scale line, and then
averaged within the five concentrations.
We used the slope of hedonic ratings by increasing
sucrose concentration (i.e., hedonic slope) as the primary
measure of dimensional hedonic ratings and any statisti-
cally significant relationship with this dependent variable
was then further explored across the separate hedonic rat-
ings for the five concentrations. We also examined rela-
tionships with the categorical Bsweet liker^ status, defined
as having the highest hedonic rating for the sweetest
concentration (Kampov-Polevoy et al. 2001, 2003;
Wronski et al. 2007). Finally, we included the sweet sen-
sitivity slope to clarify specificity of any findings with the
hedonic variables. The hedonic and sweet sensitivity
slopes and the five individual concentration hedonic rat-
ing values all showed relatively normal distributions with
skewness and kurtosis <1.05.
Menstrual Cycle Stage Identification
We asked all female participants to identify the current
day in their menstrual cycle using day one defined by
the start of last menstruation. We also asked women if
they thought they may be pregnant, which all denied.
We created a Bluteal menstrual phase status^ variable
which classified women reporting being in the mid-to-
late luteal menstrual stage during the day of testing, de-
fined as days 20 to 28 from start of last mentruation, with
all remaining women and men combined in the second of
the two categories. Although reward processing studies
12. with rhesus macaques typically chose a late luteal window
around days 24 to 27 to optimally isolate the rise in pro-
gesterone (Carroll et al. 2016), we chose a wider mid-to-
late luteal phase window to allow for inherent error in
estimating the current day of cycle based on self-report/
memory, and to allow for inclusion of a sufficient number
of females in this subgroup for statistical analyses.
Similarly, we created a Bfollicular menstrual phase status^
variable which classified women being in the mid-to-late
follicular phase during the day of testing, which we de-
fined as days 5 to 12 following the onset of menstruation.
This window is also somewhat wider than the follicular
window typically used in the rhesus monkey studies (7 to
10 days following menstruation; Carroll et al. 2016),
based on the same rationale.
Procedures
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of
the authors’ university. Research followed ethical principles
described in the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants provided
informed consent at the beginning of both online and lab-
based sessions. During the lab-based session, participants
completed demographic information, including questions
about current medication and supplement use, the anhedonia
questionnaires, and the STT, as part of a larger study. No data
resulting from the larger study have been published at this
time.
238 J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2019) 41:235–248
Statistical Analyses
For self-report measures, one participant was missing the
13. TEPS and ACIPS. Across measures, if either one or two
items for a subscale/factor were skipped by a particular
participant, the respective score was then based on the
average of the remaining items for that factor. IBM
SPSS Statistics (Version 25) was used for all analyses.
Initial regressions examined relationships of the STT he-
donic and sweet sensitivity slopes and sweet liker catego-
ry with simultaneous entry of: age, sex, luteal menstrual
phase status, follicular menstrual phase status, birth con-
trol medication use, race, ethnicity, and time of day during
testing (variance inflation factor [VIF] < 1.60). Time of
day during testing was rounded to nearest hour (mode =
4:00 p.m.; range = 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.). This was ex-
amined as an approximation of fluctuations in the circa-
dian system (e.g., hormone levels), which can influence
behavioral responses to rewards (DePoy et al. 2017).
Additional regressions were used to examine sets of
predictors on each of the three STT variables, the: 1) four
anhedonia scales: TEPS-A, TEPS-C, ACIPS, and SHAPS,
2) six factor scores from the RST-PQ, 3) five BFAS fac-
tors, and 4) ten BFAS aspects. Simultaneous entry was
used for all predictor sets (VIF < 3.10 for all sets). If a
predictor showed a significant relationship with the he-
donic slope, this was followed by an exploratory analysis
of the five concentration hedonic ratings that comprised
the slope, using stepwise entry, regressed on the respec-
tive predictor. All regressions involving the sweet liker
category used binary logistic regressions, while the re-
maining analyses on dimensional STT variables used
linear regression. Across all regressions, there were no
statistical outliers, as defined by a Studentized residual
>3.0.
Results
14. See Fig. 1 for a depiction of the hedonic slope by sweet liker
status. Descriptive statistics and zero-correlations for STT var-
iables with each of the predictor sets can be found in Tables 1
(anhedonia scales), 2 (RST-PQ scales), 3 (BFAS factors), and
4 (BFAS aspects). Thirty participants (42%) were classified as
Bsweet likers.^ Excluding the two participants taking SSRI
medications did not change the pattern of significant findings
across all analyses. They were therefore retained in all results
presented below.
STT Relationships with Menstrual Phase Status,
Demographic Variables, and Time of Day
during Testing
We examined the three STT variables using regressions with
simultaneous entry of sex, luteal menstrual phase status (N =
13), follicular menstrual phase status (N = 13), birth control
medication use (N = 19), age, race, ethnicity, and time of day
during testing. As shown in Table 5, women in the mid-to-late
luteal menstrual phase had a smaller hedonic slope, driven by
lower hedonic ratings to the sweetest concentration (see
Fig. 2), and were less likely to be categorical sweet likers
(15%), as compared to the combination of the remaining
women and men (47.5%). Results also revealed that women
had a larger sweet sensitivity slope than men (see Table 5).
There were no other significant relationships across these re-
gressions. Therefore, we included covariates of luteal men-
strual phase status and sex in the first block of all remaining
regressions.
STT Relationships with Anhedonia
See Table 5 for summary of all findings, including unstan-
dardized beta values with standard error and level of statis-
tical significance. For anhedonia, the hedonic slope was
15. predicted by only the TEPS-C subscale, which was driven
by a positive relationship between the TEPS-C scores and
hedonic rating scores to the sweetest concentration (see
Fig. 3). Thus, individuals self-reporting more consummato-
ry anhedonia (i.e., a lower TEPS-C score) had a smaller
hedonic slope and rated the sweetest concentration as less
pleasant. The SST sweet sensitivity slope and sweet liker
status did not relate to anhedonia scales. Removal of the
Fig. 1 Hedonic slope lines from hedonic rating scores by
sucrose
concentration for sweet likers and sweet dislikers. Error bars
represent
the 95% confidence interval
J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2019) 41:235–248 239
SHAPS from the regressions, which had poor internal reli-
ability (α = .59), did not change the pattern of significance.
To examine specificity of consummatory vs. anticipa-
tory anxiety, we conducted regressions in which sex, lu-
teal phase status, and TEPS-A were entered in the first
block, followed by TEPS-C in the second block. TEPS-
C remained statistically significant for both hedonic slope,
unstandardized B = 36.81, SE = 18.15, p = .047, and the
hedonic rating to the sweetest concentration, unstandard-
ized B = 25.25, SE = 8.80, p = .006. As all four measures
of anhedonia were not significantly related to these STT
variables in zero-order correlations (see Table 1), we also
explored specificity of TEPS-C by entering each anhedo-
nia scale in individual regressions, after entering sex and
luteal phase status in block 1 – thus removing the effect of
multicollinearity among the anhedonia measures. These
16. analyses showed that of the four anhedonia scales, only
the TEPS-C related to the hedonic slope or hedonic rating
to the sweetest concentration.
STT Relationships with Personality Factors
For the RST-PQ, the hedonic slope was predicted by the
Flight-Freeze-Avoidance System (FFAS) score, which was
driven by a negative relationship between the FFAS score
and the hedonic rating to the least sweet concentration (see
Fig. 4). In addition, the sweet sensitivity slope was predict-
ed by RST-PQ Goal-Drive Persistence and BFAS
Extraversion and Conscientiousness factors (all in the pos-
itive direction). The BFAS aspect scales did not relate to any
STT variable when entered simultaneously in the
regressions.
Examination of Change in Results with Retention
of Excluded Participants
When repeating all analyses with inclusion of the seven
participants who were excluded (N = 79), the pattern of
significance across analyses did not change with two mi-
nor exceptions: For the RST-PQ FFFS, the hedonic slope
relationship changed to a trend level (p = .065), although
the FFFS relationship with the hedonic rating to the least
sweet concentration remained significant (p = .003). For
the BFAS factor relationships with the sweet sensitivity
slope, Conscientiousness remained significant (p = .04),
but Extraversion was no longer significant (p = .31). In
these analyses, all seven of the previously excluded par-
ticipants had RST-PQ and BFAS data, but five were miss-
ing all anhedonia measures and bio-demographic data
(e.g., menstrual phase), and two had sweet sensitivity
slopes >3.00 SD below the sample mean.Ta
61. at
io
n
J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2019) 41:235–248 241
Discussion
As hypothesized, participants who self-reported more con-
summatory anhedonia (i.e., lower TEPS-C scores) had a re-
duced hedonic slope that was driven by a reduction in the
hedonic rating for the sweetest solution (see Fig. 3). This find-
ing was specific to consummatory anhedonia as the TEPS-C
continued to show these significant relationships after entering
TEPS-A in the first block of the regression. In addition, indi-
vidual exploratory regressions with each of the other anhedo-
nia measures were not significant. This finding with the TEPS-
C is broadly consistent with a previous study which found
reduced hedonic ratings to the STT in a transdiagnostic psy-
chiatric sample related to increased anhedonia from the
Chapman Physical Anhedonia Scale, although that study fo-
cused on the maximum hedonic rating across all concentra-
tions (Berlin et al. 1998). Physical anhedonia is lack of plea-
sure from physical sensations, which partially overlaps the
TEPS as it assesses lack of pleasure across a wider variety of
stimuli. The current finding extends this earlier work by find-
ing the relationship in a nonpsychiatric sample, and supports
the current inclusion of the TEPS-C and Btaste reactivity^ in
the RDoC IRR domain. As both the TEPS-A and the ACIPS
contain items regarding anticipatory anhedonia, the specificity
of our finding to the TEPS-C suggests that questions regarding
consummatory pleasure more precisely reflect IRR. Although
the SHAPS questions also reflect consummatory pleasure, the
directions to the SHAPS asks participants to answer based on
62. the Blast few days,^ while the TEPS-C asks participants to
answer how they feel Bin general.^ Therefore, it may be the
more trait-like aspects of consummatory pleasure that correlate
with individual differences in IRR.
Also consistent with our hypotheses, women who report-
ed being in the mid-to-late luteal menstrual cycle phase
(days 20 to 28), had a lower hedonic slope, driven by lower
hedonic ratings for the sweetest concentration (see Fig. 2),
and were less likely to be categorical sweet likers, as com-
pared to the remaining women and men (see Table 5). This
finding is similar to the one other study that examined this
relationship (Elliott et al. 2015), but extends their limited
methodology of using one sample of four sucrose solutions
and no male participants, to the use of the standardized and
validated STT and a sample containing both women and
men. These findings provide further support for the STT
representing IRR, as earlier work has found decreased he-
donic ratings following smoked cocaine in women during
the luteal, compared with follicular, phase (Evans et al.
2002; Sofuoglu et al. 1999). We did not find any STT rela-
tionships with the follicular menstrual phase (days 5–12),
consistent with a report that exogenously-administered es-
tradiol, which is naturally higher in the follicular phase, did
not affect self-administration of cocaine in either intact or
ovariectomized rhesus monkeys (Mello et al. 2008).
Our hypotheses regarding the relationship between STT
hedonic ratings and personality traits of neuroticism and im-
pulsivity were not supported, as there were no statistically
significant relationships between STT hedonic ratings and
BFAS Neuroticism and RST-PQ Impulsivity factor scores.
While this is somewhat inconsistent with the existing research
on sweet tastes and personality traits, none of the previous
63. Table 3 Descriptive statistics and
zero-order correlations among
Big Five Aspect Scale factor
scores and sweet taste test
variables
1 2 3 4 5
1. BFAS Neuroticism Factor 2.78 (0.64)
2. BFAS Agreeableness Factor .01 4.07 (0.47)
3. BFAS Conscientiousness Factor −.37** .23 3.61 (0.52)
4. BFAS Extraversion Factor −.28* .29* .30* 3.47 (0.62)
5. BFAS Openness/Intellect Factor −.25* .27* .32** .56***
3.75 (0.48)
6. SST Hedonic Slope −.05 .07 .08 .12 .21
7. SST Categorical Sweet Liker^ .16 .21 −.03 .01 .11
8. SST Hedonic Rating to Sweetest −.05 −.01 .07 .15 .25*
9. SST Hedonic Rating to Least Sweet .06 −.17 −.09 −.09 −.13
10. SST Sweet Sensitivity Slope .10 .13 .32** .30* .21
Descriptive statistics on the outer diagonal in format: mean
(standard deviation); remaining values are Pearson’s or
point-biserial r values
Descriptive statistics for the BFAS are for the average item-
level score in a given factor (ranging from 1 to 5)
Intercorrelations among SST variables depicted in Table 1
BFAS Big Five Aspects Scale, STT Sweet Taste Test
* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001
^ Defined by highest hedonic rating for sweetest concentration
64. 242 J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2019) 41:235–248
Ta
b
le
4
D
es
cr
ip
ti
v
e
st
at
is
ti
cs
an
d
ze
ro
-o
rd
er
co
rr
el
at
io
127. ss
io
n
s,
al
l
p
re
d
ic
to
rs
en
te
re
d
si
m
u
lt
an
eo
u
sl
y
244 J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2019) 41:235–248
studies used the STT or controlled for sex/luteal menstrual
phase, but instead used behavioral tests involving varying
sweetness levels of wine (Saliba et al. 2009; Sena-Esteves
et al. 2018) or general self-reported tendencies to like sweet
food and beverages (Kikuchi and Watanabe 2000; Elfhag and
Erlanson-Albertsson 2006).
128. We found one unexpected personality trait predicted STT
hedonic ratings, a positive relationship between the hedonic
slope with RST-PQ FFAS factor scores, driven by a negative
relationship between the hedonic rating to the least sweet
concentration and the FFAS score (see Fig. 4). The Flight-
Freeze-Avoidance System (FFAS) factor from the RST-PQ
is intended to represent a punishment sensitivity system
which controls fear-related behaviors to avoidable aversive
stimuli, such as fleeing, active avoidance, and freezing
(Corr and Cooper 2016). While speculative, our finding is
similar to a report that individuals with a family history of
alcoholism had greater amygdala fMRI activation after tast-
ing a sucrose solution than those without a family history,
which was significant for the low (0.10 M), but not high
(0.83 M), concentration (Eiler et al. 2017). As the amygdala
is a primary region for processing fear (Davis and Reijmers
2018), and fear is reflected by the FFAS, this specificity of
amygdala activation to the least sweet solution is broadly
similar to our finding that individuals with greater FFAS had
lower ratings to the least sweet solution.
We found exploratory personality traits that predicted the
sweet sensitivity slope, which is thought to reflect gustatory
sensory processes rather than IRR (Eikemo et al. 2016). These
included positive relationships with RST-PQ Goal-Drive
Persistence and BFAS Extraversion and Conscientiousness
factor scores. Interestingly, the BFAS aspect scales constitut-
ing the Extraversion and Conscientiousness factors did not
relate to the sweet sensitivity slope. This may be due to the
two aspects of a given factor showing similar relationships
and the resulting shared variance being removed due to use
of simultaneous entry in the regressions. From inspection of
the zero-order correlations on Table 4, both aspects of
Conscientiousness (i.e., Industriousness and Orderliness)
129. showed significant positive relationships with the sweet sen-
sitivity slope. For aspects of Extraversion, Assertiveness was
statistically significant (p = .007), while Enthusiasm was a
similar effect size but at a statistical trend level (p = .055). It
is possible that individuals higher in conscientiousness and/or
goal drive persistence were more thoughtful and reliable in
recording the sweetness level which then resulted in a stronger
slope value. Similarly, it is possible that individual differences
Fig. 2 Hedonic slope lines from hedonic rating scores by
sucrose
concentration for women in the mid-to-late luteal menstrual
phase and
the combination of the remaining women and men. Error bars
represent
the 95% confidence interval
Fig. 3 Scatterplot of the
consummatory subscale score
from the temporal experience of
pleasure scales (unstandardized
residuals after covarying for sex
and luteal phase) by the hedonic
rating scores for the sweet
concentration. Shaded region
represents 95% confidence
interval
J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2019) 41:235–248 245
in brain mechanisms related to extraversion also confer in-
creased gustatory discrimination of sweetness concentrations.
As these were exploratory findings, replication is needed be-
fore such speculation can be translated into detailed theory.
130. The study is limited by a moderate sample size, use of
undergraduate students as participants, and a larger number
of women than men. We also did not ask participants about
self-reported hunger or time since last meal, which can affect
hedonic responses to sweet stimuli (Cabanac and Lafrance
1990). Other limitations are inherent in the pre-existing stan-
dardized STT methods, such as the lack of a control solution
(e.g., water with no sucrose) and use of analog scales that
introduce confounds instead of a scale such as the generalized
Labeled Magnitude Scale (Bartoshuk et al. 2004).
Additionally, it would be optimal to measure the same women
longitudinally across their menstrual phases to avoid potential
confounds. However, a strength is assessing and accounting
for female menstrual phase status in the analyses. The study
provides what appears to be the first evidence that the STT,
particularly hedonic ratings of the sweetest concentration, are
reduced in individuals with elevated consummatory anhedo-
nia and in women who are in the mid-to-late luteal phase of
their menstrual cycle. If replicated, the current results and the
recent finding regarding μ-opioid specificity (Eikemo et al.
2016), suggest that Btaste reactivity,^ currently listed under
the RDoC IRR BBehaviors,^ be replaced with a more specific
inclusion of the hedonic rating to the sweetest concentration
from the STT under BParadigms.^ Our finding also supports
the validity of the TEPS-C as an index of individual differ-
ences in consummatory anhedonia/IRR, which, given that it is
a brief self-report scale, has considerable translational value
for clinical and research applications. Similarly, our findings
suggest that future research on IRR/consummatory anhedonia
account for the potential influence of menstrual cycle phase in
female participants.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the
following research
131. assistants for their help on this project: Ashley Lee Lum,
Pamela Askins,
Doniya Milani, Jasmine Montero, Nicholas Picanso, and Brooke
Fenton.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of Interest Jeffrey S. Bedwell, Christopher C. Spencer,
Cristina
A. Chirino, and John P. O’Donnell report no conflicts of
interest related to
this manuscript and study.
Experiment Participants Research followed ethical principles
described
in the Declaration of Helsinki.
Ethical Approval This study was approved by the Institutional
Review
Board of the University of Central Florida (IRB #: SBE-16-
12,678).
Informed Consent All participicipants provided informed
consent for
both the online and laboratory portions of this study.
Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
jurisdic-
tional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
Allen, T. A., Carey, B. E., McBride, C., Bagby, R. M.,
DeYoung, C. G., &
Quilty, L. C. (2018). Big Five aspects of personality interact to
predict depression. Journal of Personality, 86, 714–725. https://
132. doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12352.
Fig. 4 Scatterplot of the flight-
freeze-avoidance system factor
score from the reinforcement
sensitivity theory personality
questionnaire (unstandardized re-
siduals after covarying for sex and
luteal phase) by the hedonic rating
scores for the least sweet concen-
tration. Shaded region represents
95% confidence interval
246 J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2019) 41:235–248
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12352
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12352
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and
statistical
manual of mental disorders; DSM-5. Washington, D.C.:
American
Psychiatric Association.
Amiri, S., Behnezhad, S., & Azad-Marzabadi, E. (2017).
Psychometric
properties revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (r-RST)
scale in
chronic pain patients. Journal of Pain Research, 10, 1879–1885.
https://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.s132133.
Arbisi, P. A., Billington, C. J., & Levine, A. S. (1999). The
effect of
naltrexone on taste detection and recognition threshold.
Appetite,
133. 32(2), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1998.0217.
Ashton, M. C., Pilkington, A. C., & Lee, K. (2014). Do
prosocial people
prefer sweet-tasting foods? An attempted replication of Meier,
Moeller, Riemer-Peltz, and Robinson (2012). Journal of
Research
in Personality, 52, 42–46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2014.06.006.
Bartoshuk, L. M., Duffy, V. B., Green, B. G., Hoffman, H. J.,
Ko, C. W.,
Lucchina, L. A., Marks, L. E., Snyder, D. J., & Weiffenbach, J.
M.
(2004). Valid across-group comparisons with labeled scales:
The
gLMS versus magnitude matching. Physiology & Behavior,
82(1),
109–114.
Berlin, I., Givry-Steiner, L., Lecrubier, Y., & Puech, A. J.
(1998).
Measures of anhedonia and hedonic responses to sucrose in
depres-
sive and schizophrenic patients in comparison with healthy
subjects.
European Psychiatry, 13(6), 303–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/
s0924-9338(98)80048-5.
Bowen, D. J., & Grunberg, N. E. (1990). Variations in food
preference
and consumption across the menstrual cycle. Physiology &
Behavior, 47(2), 287–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-
9384(90)
90144-S.
134. Cabanac, M., & Lafrance, L. (1990). Postingestive alliesthesia:
The rat
tells the same story. Physiology & Behavior, 47(3), 539–543.
Carroll, M. E., Collins, M., Kohl, E. A., Johnson, S., & Dougen,
B.
(2016). Sex and menstrual cycle effects on chronic oral cocaine
self-administration in rhesus monkeys: Effects of a nondrug
alterna-
tive reward (journal article). Psychopharmacology, 233(15),
2973–
2984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4343-5.
Castro, D. C., & Berridge, K. C. (2017). Opioid and orexin
hedonic
hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula. Proceedings of
the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,
114(43), E9125–e9134.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705753114.
Corr, P. J., & Cooper, A. J. (2016). The reinforcement
sensitivity theory of
personality questionnaire (RST-PQ): Development and
validation.
Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1427–1440.
https://doi.org/10.
1037/pas0000273.
Davis, P., & Reijmers, L. G. (2018). The dynamic nature of fear
engrams
in the basolateral amygdala. Brain Research Bulletin, 141, 44–
49.
De Pascalis, V., Fracasso, F., & Corr, P. J. (2017). The
behavioral ap-
135. proach system and augmenting/reducing in auditory event-
related
potentials during emotional visual stimulation. Biological
Psychology, 123, 310–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.
2016.10.015.
DePoy, L. M., McClung, C. A., & Logan, R. W. (2017). Neural
mecha-
nisms of circadian regulation of natural and drug reward. Neural
Plasticity, 2017, 5720842.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5720842.
DeYoung, C. G., Quilty, L. C., & Peterson, J. B. (2007).
Between facets
and domains: 10 aspects of the big five. Journal of Personality
and
Social Psychology, 93(5), 880–896.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-
3514.93.5.880.
DeYoung, C. G., Carey, B. E., Krueger, R. F., & Ross, S. R.
(2016). Ten
aspects of the big five in the personality inventory for DSM-5.
Personal Disorder, 7(2), 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1037/
per0000170.
Dichter, G. S., Smoski, M. J., Kampov-Polevoy, A. B., Gallop,
R., &
Garbutt, J. C. (2010). Unipolar depression does not moderate re-
sponses to the sweet taste test. Depression and Anxiety, 27(9),
859–863. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20690.
Eikemo, M., Loseth, G. E., Johnstone, T., Gjerstad, J., Willoch,
F., &
Leknes, S. (2016). Sweet taste pleasantness is modulated by
mor-
136. phine and naltrexone. Psychopharmacology, 233(21–22), 3711–
3723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-016-4403-x.
Eiler, W. J. A., Dzemidzic, M., Soeurt, C. M., Carron, C. R.,
Oberline, B.
G., Considine, R. V., Harezlak, J., & Kareken, D. A. (2017).
Family
history of alcoholism and the human brain response to oral
sucrose.
Neuroimage Clinical, 17, 1036–1046.
Elfhag, K., & Erlanson-Albertsson, C. (2006). Sweet and fat
taste prefer-
ence in obesity have different associations with personality and
eat-
ing behavior. Physiology & Behavior, 88(1), 61–66.
https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.03.006.
Elliott, S. A., Ng, J., Leow, M. K., & Henry, C. J. (2015). The
influence of
the menstrual cycle on energy balance and taste preference in
Asian
Chinese women. European Journal of Nutrition, 54(8), 1323–
1332.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-014-0812-y.
Evans, S. M., & Foltin, R. W. (2006). Exogenous progesterone
attenuates
the subjective effects of smoked cocaine in women, but not in
men.
Neuropsychopharmacology, 31(3), 659–674. https://doi.org/10.
1038/sj.npp.1300887.
Evans, S. M., Haney, M., & Foltin, R. W. (2002). The effects of
smoked
137. cocaine during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual
cycle
in women. Psychopharmacology, 159(4), 397–406.
https://doi.org/
10.1007/s00213-001-0944-7.
Garbutt, J. C., Osborne, M., Gallop, R., Barkenbus, J., Grace,
K., Cody,
M., Flannery, B., & Kampov-Polevoy, A. B. (2009). Sweet
liking
phenotype, alcohol craving and response to naltrexone treatment
in
alcohol dependence. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 44(3), 293–300.
https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agn122.
Garbutt, J. C., Kampov-Polevoy, A. B., Kalka-Juhl, L. S., &
Gallop, R. J.
(2016). Association of the Sweet-Liking Phenotype and Craving
for
alcohol with the response to naltrexone treatment in alcohol
depen-
dence: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(10),
1056–
1063. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2157.
Gard, D. E., Kring, A. M., Gard, M. G., Horan, W. P., & Green,
M. F.
(2007). Anhedonia in schizophrenia: Distinctions between
anticipa-
tory and consummatory pleasure. Schizophrenia Research,
93(1–3),
253–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.03.008.
Gooding, D. C., & Pflum, M. J. (2014). The assessment of
interpersonal
pleasure: Introduction of the anticipatory and Consummatory
138. inter-
personal pleasure scale (ACIPS) and preliminary findings.
Psychiatry Research, 215(1), 237–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
psychres.2013.10.012.
Goodman, E. L., Breithaupt, L., Watson, H. J., Peat, C. M.,
Baker, J. H.,
Bulik, C. M., & Brownley, K. A. (2017). Sweet taste preference
in
binge-eating disorder: A preliminary investigation. Eating
Behaviors, 28, 8–15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2017.11.005.
Insel, T. R., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2015). Medicine. Brain
disorders?
Precisely. Science, 348, 499–500.
Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S.,
Quinn, K.,
Sanislow, C., & Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria
(RDoC):
Toward a new classification framework for research on mental
dis-
orders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379.
Jackson, D. N. (1984). Personality Research Form Manual. Port
Heron:
Research Psychologists Press.
J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2019) 41:235–248 247
https://doi.org/10.2147/jpr.s132133
https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.1998.0217
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2014.06.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(98)80048-5
140. Kampov-Polevoy, A., Garbutt, J. C., & Janowsky, D. (1997).
Evidence of
preference for a high-concentration sucrose solution in
alcoholic
men. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(2), 269–270.
https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.2.269.
Kampov-Polevoy, A. B., Tsoi, M. V., Zvartau, E. E., Neznanov,
N. G., &
Khalitov, E. (2001). Sweet liking and family history of
alcoholism in
hospitalized alcoholic and non-alcoholic patients. Alcohol and
Alcoholism, 36(2), 165–170.
Kampov-Polevoy, A. B., Ziedonis, D., Steinberg, M. L., Pinsky,
I.,
Krejci, J., Eick, C., Boland, G., Khalitov, E., & Crews, F. T.
(2003). Association between sweet preference and paternal
history
of alcoholism in psychiatric and substance abuse patients.
Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 27(12), 1929–
1936. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.alc.0000099265.60216.23.
Kaye, S. A., White, M. J., & Lewis, I. (2018). Young females'
attention
toward road safety images: An ERP study of the revised
reinforce-
ment sensitivity theory. Traffic Injury Prevention, 19(2), 201–
206.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2017.1369531.
Kikuchi, Y., & Watanabe, S. (2000). Personality and dietary
habits.
Journal of Epidemiology, 10(3), 191–198.
141. Lange, L. A., Kampov-Polevoy, A. B., & Garbutt, J. C. (2010).
Sweet
liking and high novelty seeking: Independent phenotypes
associated
with alcohol-related problems† (article). Alcohol and
Alcoholism,
45(5), 431–436. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agq040.
Langleben, D. D., Busch, E. L., O'Brien, C. P., & Elman, I.
(2012). Depot
naltrexone decreases rewarding properties of sugar in patients
with
opioid dependence. Psychopharmacology, 220(3), 559–564.
https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2503-1.
Lee, C. W., & Ho, I. K. (2013). Sex differences in opioid
analgesia and
addiction: Interactions among opioid receptors and estrogen
recep-
tors. Molecular Pain, 9, 45.
McCabe, C., Mishor, Z., Cowen, P. J., & Harmer, C. J. (2010).
Diminished neural processing of aversive and rewarding stimuli
during selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment.
Biological
Psychiatry, 67(5), 439–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.
2009.11.001.
Meier, B. P., Moeller, S. K., Riemer-Peltz, M., & Robinson, M.
D. (2012).
Sweet taste preferences and experiences predict prosocial infer-
ences, personalities, and behaviors. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 102(1), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1037/
a0025253.
142. Mello, N. K., Negus, S. S., Knudson, I. M., Kelly, M., &
Mendelson, J. H.
(2008). Effects of estradiol on cocaine self-administration and
co-
caine discrimination by female rhesus monkeys.
Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 783–795.
Mello, N. K., Knudson, I. M., Kelly, M., Fivel, P. A., &
Medelson, J. H.
(2011). Effects of progesterone and testosterone on cocaine
self-
administration and cocaine discrimination by female rhesus
mon-
keys. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 2187–2199.
Mulligan, E. M., Nelson, B. D., Infantolino, Z. P., Luking, K.
R., Sharma,
R., & Hajcak, G. (2018). Effects of menstrual cycle phase on
electrocortical response to reward and depressive symptoms in
women. Psychophysiology, 55, e13268. https://doi.org/10.1111/
psyp.13268.
Quilty, L. C., DeYoung, C. G., Oakman, J. M., & Bagby, R. M.
(2014).
Extraversion and behavioral activation: Integrating the
components
of approach (Article). Journal of Personality Assessment, 96(1),
87–
94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.834440.
Reynolds, W. (1982). Development of reliable and valid short
forms of
the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale. Journal of
Clinical
Psychology, 38(1), 119–125.
143. Sagioglou, C., & Greitemeyer, T. (2016). Individual differences
in bitter
taste preferences are associated with antisocial personality
traits.
Appetite, 96, 299–308.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.031.
Saliba, A. J., Wragg, K., & Richardson, P. (2009). Sweet taste
preference
and personality traits using a white wine (Article). Food Quality
and
Preference, 20(8), 572–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.
2009.05.009.
Schroeder, J. A., Niculescu, M., & Unterwald, E. M. (2003).
Cocaine
alters mu but not delta or kappa opioid receptor-stimulated in
situ
[35S]GTPgammaS binding in rat brain. Synapse, 47(1), 26–32.
https://doi.org/10.1002/syn.10148.
Sena-Esteves, M. M., Mota, M., & Malfeito-Ferreira, M. (2018).
Patterns
of sweetness preference in red wine according to consumer
charac-
terisation (Article). Food Research International, 106, 38–44.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.043.
Snaith, R. P., Hamilton, M., Morley, S., Humayan, A.,
Hargreaves, D., &
Trigwell, P. (1995). A scale for the assessment of hedonic tone
the
Snaith-Hamilton pleasure scale. The British Journal of
Psychiatry,
167(1), 99–103.
144. Strauss, G. P., & Cohen, A. S. (2017). A transdiagnostic review
of neg-
ative symptom phenomenology and etiology. Schizophrenia
Bulletin, 43, 712–719.
Sofuoglu, M., Dudish-Poulsen, S., Nelson, D., Pentel, P. R., &
Hatsukami, D. K. (1999). Sex and menstrual cycle differences
in
the subjective effects from smoked cocaine in humans.
Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7(3), 274–283.
Treadway, M. T., & Zald, D. H. (2011). Reconsidering
anhedonia in
depression: Lessons from translational neuroscience.
Neuroscience
and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 537–555. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.neubiorev.2010.06.006.
Tsypes, A., Owens, M., Hajcak, G., & Gibb, B. E. (2018).
Neural reward
responsiveness in children who engage in nonsuicidal self-
injury: an
ERP study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59,
1289–
1297. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12919.
Tucci, S. A., Murphy, L. E., Boyland, E. J., Dye, L., & Halford,
J. C.
(2010). Oral contraceptive effects on food choice during the
follic-
ular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. A laboratory
based
study. Appetite, 55(3), 388–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.
2010.06.005.
Vittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., Thase, M. E., & Jarrett, R. B.
145. (2015).
Predictors of longitudinal outcomes after unstable response to
acute-phase cognitive therapy for major depressive disorder.
Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 52(2), 268–277.
https://doi.org/10.
1037/pst0000021.
Weafer, J., Burkhardt, A., & de Wit, H. (2014). Sweet taste
liking is
associated with impulsive behaviors in humans. Frontiers in
Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 228. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.
2014.00228.
Weafer, J., Lyon, N., Hedeker, D., & de Wit, H. (2017). Sweet
taste liking
is associated with subjective response to amphetamine in
women but
not men. Psychopharmacology, 234(21), 3185–3194. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00213-017-4702-x.
Wronski, M., Skrok-Wolska, D., Samochowiec, J., Ziolkowski,
M.,
Swiecicki, L., Bienkowski, P., et al. (2007). Perceived intensity
and pleasantness of sucrose taste in male alcoholics. Alcohol
and
Alcoholism, 42(2), 75–79.
https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agl097.
248 J Psychopathol Behav Assess (2019) 41:235–248
https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.2.269
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.alc.0000099265.60216.23
https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2017.1369531
https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agq040.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2503-1
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-011-2503-1