The Skin Functional Anatomy and Aging. An Injector Eye. Part One.pptx
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We live in an "era of injectables." facial fillers and botulinum toxin injections have become popular in facial surgery over the past decade, as they offer remarkable aesthetic benefits with little recovery time. In "The Skin Function Anatomy and Aging In an Injector Eye" course, you will learn about what will help you understand how the skin, the subcutaneous fat, and the facial muscles interact to produce facial expressions and support the facial structure. You will also learn how aging affects the skin's function and how it impacts our well-being and attractiveness. These are the essential factors that influence the results and safety of facial injections. Whether you aim to treat a disease or reverse signs of aging, you need to understand the functional anatomy of the skin and the various factors that can affect its function. Knowing will help you apply existing knowledge or discover a novel way to achieve your goals and minimize potential complications that might arise.
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The facial muscles are a group of about 20 muscles that lie under the skin and control facial expressions. They also help with chewing and moving the ears, eyes, nose, and mouth. The facial muscles are innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII) and supplied by the facial artery. The facial muscles can be divided into five groups: muscles of the mouth, nose, eyelid, cranium, neck, and external ear.
Facial muscles are responsible for facial expressions, but they also influence the shape and contour of the face over time. The constant activity of facial muscles, combined with their eventual reduction in strength, changes the appearance of the face. They also influence the distribution and loss of subcutaneous fat, contributing to the facial volume. The effect of facial muscles on aesthetics and aging of the face is a complex topic that involves various factors. The author recommends investigating the relationship between adipose tissue facial muscles further.
Functional Anatomy of Facial Muscles. An Injector Eye. Part Two.pptx
The facial muscles are a group of about 20 muscles that lie under the skin and control facial expressions. They also help with chewing and moving the ears, eyes, nose, and mouth. The facial muscles are innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII) and supplied by the facial artery. The facial muscles can be divided into five groups: muscles of the mouth, nose, eyelid, cranium, neck, and external ear.
Facial muscles are responsible for facial expressions, but they also influence the shape and contour of the face over time. The constant activity of facial muscles, combined with their eventual reduction in strength, changes the appearance of the face. They also influence the distribution and loss of subcutaneous fat, contributing to the facial volume. The effect of facial muscles on aesthetics and aging of the face is a complex topic that involves various factors. The author recommends investigating the relationship between adipose tissue facial muscles further.
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We live in an "era of injectables." facial fillers and botulinum toxin injections have become popular in facial surgery over the past decade, as they offer remarkable aesthetic benefits with little recovery time. In "The Skin Function Anatomy and Aging In an Injector Eye" course, you will learn about what will help you understand how the skin, the subcutaneous fat, and the facial muscles interact to produce facial expressions and support the facial structure. You will also learn how aging affects the skin's function and how it impacts our well-being and attractiveness. These are the essential factors that influence the results and safety of facial injections.
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The facial muscles are a group of about 20 muscles that lie under the skin and control facial expressions. They also help with chewing and moving the ears, eyes, nose, and mouth. The facial muscles are innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII) and supplied by the facial artery. The facial muscles can be divided into five groups: muscles of the mouth, nose, eyelid, cranium, neck, and external ear.
Facial muscles are responsible for facial expressions, but they also influence the shape and contour of the face over time. The constant activity of facial muscles, combined with their eventual reduction in strength, changes the appearance of the face. They also influence the distribution and loss of subcutaneous fat, contributing to the facial volume. The effect of facial muscles on aesthetics and aging of the face is a complex topic that involves various factors. The author recommends investigating the relationship between adipose tissue facial muscles further.
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The facial muscles are a group of about 20 muscles that lie under the skin and control facial expressions. They also help with chewing and moving the ears, eyes, nose, and mouth. The facial muscles are innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII) and supplied by the facial artery. The facial muscles can be divided into five groups: muscles of the mouth, nose, eyelid, cranium, neck, and external ear.
Facial muscles are responsible for facial expressions, but they also influence the shape and contour of the face over time. The constant activity of facial muscles, combined with their eventual reduction in strength, changes the appearance of the face. They also influence the distribution and loss of subcutaneous fat, contributing to the facial volume. The effect of facial muscles on aesthetics and aging of the face is a complex topic that involves various factors. The author recommends investigating the relationship between adipose tissue facial muscles further.
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We live in an "era of injectables." facial fillers and botulinum toxin injections have become popular in facial surgery over the past decade, as they offer remarkable aesthetic benefits with little recovery time. In "The Skin Function Anatomy and Aging In an Injector Eye" course, you will learn about what will help you understand how the skin, the subcutaneous fat, and the facial muscles interact to produce facial expressions and support the facial structure. You will also learn how aging affects the skin's function and how it impacts our well-being and attractiveness. These are the essential factors that influence the results and safety of facial injections.
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• Facebook link: https://goo.gl/tui98A
• Youtube link: https://goo.gl/mk7jfm
• Linkedin link: https://goo.gl/PrPgpB
• Slideshare link : http://goo.gl/0HY6ep
• Twitter Page : https://goo.gl/tohkcI
• Instagram page : https://goo.gl/OOGVig
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• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
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Dr Sachdeva's Dental clinic and Facial aesthetic centre is one of the leading clinics performing facelift without surgery in Delhi. So hurry up and come book an appointment with us at Dr.Sachdeva’s Dental Institute, Ashok Vihar, Delhi which has state of the art clinic and all the latest and advanced equipments.
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Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
Director & Mentor
Dr Sachdeva’s Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
Our Websites:
www.sachdevadentalcare.com
www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
Facebook- dentalcoursesdelhi
Youtube- drrajatsachdeva
Linkedin- drrajatsachdeva
Slideshare- Dr Rajat Sachdeva
Twitter Page- drrajatsachdeva
Instagram page- surgicalmasterrajat
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Dr Sachdeva's Dental clinic and Facial aesthetic centre is one of the leading clinics performing lip fillers and lip augmentation procedures in Delhi. So hurry up and come book an appointment with us at Dr.Sachdeva’s Dental Institute, Ashok Vihar, Delhi which has state of the art clinic and all the latest and advanced equipments.
To book an appointment contact:
Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
Director & Mentor
Dr Sachdeva’s Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
Our Websites:
www.sachdevadentalcare.com
www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
Facebook- dentalcoursesdelhi
Youtube- drrajatsachdeva
Linkedin- drrajatsachdeva
Slideshare- Dr Rajat Sachdeva
Twitter Page- drrajatsachdeva
Instagram page- surgicalmasterrajat
Why choose Dermal Fillers Treatment ?
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Unit 7: Principles of Dermal Filler Use in Aesthetic Medicine
This document outlines the following information for this unit:
Learning Outcomes
Assessment Criteria and Assessment Method
Indicative Content
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Autologous Fat Injection, where your own fat harvested from some other area can be used to restore volume of cheeks.
Some other fillers like Hyaluronic acid, Ca Hydroxide and Polymethyl Metacrylate are injected with fine needles in the target area eliminate wrinkles and enhances cheeks volume.
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Call us regarding treatment for Moles removal:-
919818894041,01142464041
Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
drrajatsachdeva@gmail.com
Follow us here:-• Google+ link: https://goo.gl/vqAmvr
• Facebook link: https://goo.gl/tui98A
• Youtube link: https://goo.gl/mk7jfm
• Linkedin link: https://goo.gl/PrPgpB
• Slideshare link : http://goo.gl/0HY6ep
• Twitter Page : https://goo.gl/tohkcI
• Instagram page : https://goo.gl/OOGVig
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• www.sachdevadentalcare.com
• www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
• www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
• www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
• www.facialaestheticsdelhi.com
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Mesotherapy employs multiple microinjections of pharmaceutical medications , amino acids , vitamins and others into the mesoderm.
Face lift without surgery
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Botox
ultherapy
laser
threadlifts
LED
laser skin resurfacing
fillers
All these are age defying non surgical facelift alternatives
No risk of surgery is involved.These treatments encourages increased collagen production or remodelling of existing collagen.Supportive underlying tissues of the skin contract,resulting in tighter,more uplifted appearance of the skin.
Dr Sachdeva's Dental clinic and Facial aesthetic centre is one of the leading clinics performing facelift without surgery in Delhi. So hurry up and come book an appointment with us at Dr.Sachdeva’s Dental Institute, Ashok Vihar, Delhi which has state of the art clinic and all the latest and advanced equipments.
To book an appointment contact:
Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
Director & Mentor
Dr Sachdeva’s Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
Our Websites:
www.sachdevadentalcare.com
www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
Facebook- dentalcoursesdelhi
Youtube- drrajatsachdeva
Linkedin- drrajatsachdeva
Slideshare- Dr Rajat Sachdeva
Twitter Page- drrajatsachdeva
Instagram page- surgicalmasterrajat
The Art of Liquid Face Lift (Dermal Fillers)
Soft tissue fillers are flexible substances that can be injected into the skin to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, plump lips, fill hollow cheeks, repair various facial imperfections, improve scars, and elevate deep folds. Perhaps nothing is more gratifying for cosmetic patients than having an immediate correction of rhytides or scars as a result of the injection of a dermal filler The result is a smoother, more youthful appearance with minimal "downtime" and maximum safety. Prof. Moawad uses a variety of soft tissue fillers, including, hyaluronic acid, and autologous fat (one's own fat) among others. Since filler substances do not involve major surgery and are generally cost-effective, men and women are using these youth-enhancing techniques more than ever. With the increasing desire for people to achieve a more youthful appearance, the aging baby boomer population, and the increased demand for "lunch-time procedures," the pharmaceutical market has responded by providing the cosmetic surgeon with an increasing number of options to meet the demands of the cosmetic patient.
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Breast reduction liposuction has gradually evolved into a primary or secondary modality for treating breast hyperplasia. Enlargement of the breast as the result of localized deposits of subcutaneous fat, primarily with normal or slightly increased glandular breast tissue, is known as pseudo-gynecomastia in male patients.
Back Liposuction.pptx
Liposuction of the back primarily reduces subcutaneous fat and results in skin retraction, more so in the upper back than in the lower back, due to the thicker skin and more fibrous fat found in the upper back. Suction lipectomy of the lumbar, flanks, and upper back unmasks and enhances the buttock region. Liposuction of the back often nicely complements abdomen liposuction in men and in women to give a more global improvement in the torso with improvement in the waistline. Liposuction of the upper back is an excellent complement to the arm, and breast lifts, while lower back liposuction will complement the abdomen, buttocks, and thigh lifts.
Arms and Axilla Liposuction.pptx
Patients present for arms contouring are classified according to the scheme proposed by Teimourian and Malekzadeh. Arm liposuction is done in all categories as a primary procedure or/ and in combination with brachioplasty. The goal of the liposuction surgeon is to reduce the bulk of fat all over the arm without creating a masculine appearance for female patients. Liposuction of the arm varies according to the amount of fat excess and the location and severity of skin redundancies. Although most complaints will be the inferior aspect of the arm, slenderizing (circumferential), the entire arm will produce a more optimal result.
Cervicofacial Liposuction.pptx
Liposuction is usually performed in the fatty layer superficial to the platysma in the neck, an extremely safe region devoid of vital neurovascular structures. Fat is present in the area that extends between the sternocleidomastoid muscles from the mandibular border to the thyroid cartilage region. More fat is present inside the anterior cervical triangles at the submental and submandibular neck levels. Ideal candidates for neck liposuction are patients with isolated fat deposits, good skin tone, and minimal platysmal laxity. In appropriately selected patients, liposuction of the neck using tumescent local anesthesia can effectively remove fatty deposits with excellent skin redraping and contraction.
Surgical Fat Reduction (liposuction). Part II.pptx
The newer liposuction methods aim to disrupt the fatty cell membrane – liquefaction – to enable more efficient fat removal.
Outcomes may be further enhanced by a degree of dermal injury, which promotes cutaneous retraction.
However, one should remember that any trauma under the skin risks collateral damage with the subcutaneous layer richly supplied by delicate vascular, neural, and fibrous supporting systems.
Liposuction techniques can be classified as superficial vs. deep, syringe vs. machine, and standard vs. energy assistant cannula. I will mention these techniques emphasizing syringe reduction liposuction and a technique I call external ultrasound-power assistant liposuction (U-PAL).
Surgical Fat Reduction (liposuction) Part I.pptx
The absolute number of adipose cells varies during childhood. After a rapid increase during puberty, the genetically determined number becomes fixed. With obesity, the lamellar layer can increase its thickness much more than the areolar layer. In obese patients, it may be eight to ten times thicker than in normal-weight people, while the areolar tissue may only double in thickness. The only way to reduce the hypertrophic fatty layer is to destroy it in vivo or to take it out of the body. We can do that either invasively (liposuction) or non-invasively with the help of energy-dependent devices or chemically.
Adipose tissue "fattening" or localized fatty deposits with resultant body contour deformities result from adipose cell hypertrophy rather than hyperplasia. The transcutaneous delivery of ultrasound, radiofrequency, tissue cooling, low-level laser, physical massage, or a combination of these modalities) are marketed recently as a non-invasive fat reduction device. All devices have different characteristics influencing suitability for a particular practice, such as operator dependence, delegation capabilities, maintenance, and consumables. These devices lack the evacuation phase that is inherent to liposuction, so a physiologic macrophage-mediated phagocytic process accomplishes fat clearance.
The Science of the Subcutneous Adipose Tissue.pptx
Dermatologists studied the panniculus adiposus (subcutaneous fat) as a metabolic depot, insulation, and buffer against trauma. In addition, it has endocrine effects and a role in local and systemic inflammation. Adipose tissue is a specialized connective tissue involved in the synthesis and storage of fat. It is mainly composed of specialized cells (adipocytes) enmeshed in a structural network of collagen fibers. The fat stored in adipose tissue comes from dietary fats or is produced in the body. Adipose tissue includes numerous anatomic depots. In adults, it is located beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow), in breast tissue, and in deposits between the muscles and in other organs. In humans, the distribution of adipose tissue varies due to genetics, age, sex, race, and, for some depots, sensitivity to hormones and glucocorticoids.
From Adding (1997) to Removing Fat (2022). The Liposuction Journey.pptx
As a dermatologist, I was fascinated with Dr. J. Fulton's videos (American dermatologist and medical researcher who co-invented Retin-A) in the early nineties and how he treated patients suffering from acne scars (having acne scars himself). He used all available resurfacing techniques, i.e., chemical peels, dermabrasion, and ablative CO2 lasers. What drew my attention was fat grafting. I dreamed of filling those atrophic scars resistant to resurfacing techniques. I realized the paradigm shift of volume surgery to treat those scars. In 1996 I attended Dr. Sydney Colman's course (Lipo-structure: A New Paradigm for Micro-infiltration. New York). I bought his tools (cannulas and vac-Lock 10 ml syringes) and decided to do it! It was a great chance to learn from the master of fat grafting.
Hair Loss and Trichoscopy
• In recent years, the usefulness of trichoscopy (scalp dermoscopy) (videodermatoscopy) has been reported for diagnosing hair loss diseases. This method allows viewing of the hair and scalp at X20 to X160 magnifications. Characteristic trichoscopy features of alopecia areata are black dots, tapering hairs (exclamation mark hairs), broken hairs, yellow dots, and short vellus hairs. In androgenetic alopecia (AGA), hair diameter diversity (HDD), perifollicular pigmentation/peripilar sign, and yellow dots are trichoscopically observed. In all cases of AGA and female AGA, HDD, more than 20%, which corresponds to vellus transformation, can be seen. In cicatricial alopecia (CA), the loss of orifices, a hallmark of CA, and the associated changes including perifollicular erythema or scale and hair tufting were observed. Different hair shafts variation such as vellus, terminal, micro-exclamation mark type, monilethrix, Netherton type, and pili annulati hairs can be seen . The number of hairs in one pilosebaceous unit can be assessed. Healthy Hair follicles variation healthy, empty, fibrotic ("white dots"), filled with hyperkeratotic plugs ("yellow dots"), or containing dead hair ("black dots"). Abnormalities of scalp skin color or structure include honeycomb-type hyperpigmentation, perifollicular discoloration (hyperpigmentation), and scaling are also seen with the help of trichoscopy.
Tattoo laser removal. what's up after 25 years
• There is a need to increase awareness in the youth today regarding increased risks of tattooing when carried out in potential unsterile environments.
• Tattoo parlors should also be educated about the risks involved and the importance of using proper infection control procedures.
• Better regulation of tattoo inks and dyes can help ensure safe application and ease of removal, but it is currently lacking.
• Lasers are the established gold standard for tattoo removal, but employing the appropriate device and technique does not always guarantee a successful outcome. QS lasers are created technologies against blue, black, red, and green tattoos, with varying degrees of effectiveness. Other colors can be challenging to treat, although outcomes using fractional resurfacing and picosecond lasers are promising. Multi-pass treatments are a new approach for faster and more effective removal of tattoo pigments.
• The mechanisms responsible for variable responses of cosmetic tattoos to laser treatment are numerous and often interrelated.
• The laser industry and the tattoo practitioner are on different poles
The art of non surgical facial skin rejuvenation
Aging of the skin can be divided into two main categories: intrinsic aging, due to genetic factors characterized by laxity and deep rhytides, and aging due to ultraviolet (UV) damage, termed photoaging or photodamage, characterized by dyschromia, elastosis, fine rhytides, redness, spider veins, surface changes, and keratoses. The old face is the consequence of several concurrent factors, including skin laxity, soft tissue ptosis, and volume loss. The First step for successful treatment is to diagnose skin problems; dark spots, red spots, pimples, scars, wrinkles or skin folds with advanced diagnostic tools such wood’s light, polarized light, videodermoscope, dermatoscope, and venoscope according to your skin condition.
Improving the condition of the skin is most commonly done with resurfacing procedures, laser and light therapy, daily skin care, and ultraviolet (UV) protection. Correction of soft tissue ptosis is usually surgically treated with a brow lift, mid face lift, and lower face rhytidectomy or non-surgically by energy-based technologies such as radiofrequency or ultrasound. To recapture youth, the lost volume must be restored by means at our disposal.
Dermatologists have an increasing number of modalities to improve the appearance of aging skin, including injectable botulinum toxins and dermal fillers, non-ablative and ablative laser treatments, chemical peels, and a diverse array of topical agents, including prescription retinoids and bleaching agents and nonprescription cosmeceuticals. A joint approach is considered ideal for many patients.
The goal of type 1 rejuvenation is the optimization of epidermal turnover, and uniform chromo¬phore distribution is achieved with visible lasers, light, fractional radiofrequency, chemical peels, microdermabrasion, and skin care products.
Type 2 rejuvenation is more profound, and tar¬gets decreased collagen, disorganized glycosaminoglycans, and elastin, manifested by superficial rhytides and is best treated with non-ablative mid infrared lasers, and intense pulsed light (IPL).
Rejuvenation type 3 is most in-depth and targets deep dermal collagen disorders and skin laxity; here comes the role of fractional lasers, radiofrequency, infra-red light, ultrasound are the most effective). For each of these rejuvenation goals, various energy-based technologies are available. Loss and redistribution of sub-¬dermal fat in aging is handled with liposuction and Liquid face lift (Botox, fillers, and fat.
Monopolar radiofrequency. a new tool for non surgical skin tightening and bod...
Monopolar radiofrequency delivers the electric current to the skin. The epidermis is spared by applying a cooling spray that protects it from the heating while dermis is then heated uniformly and volumetrically. Partial collagen denaturation occurs which leads to collagen contraction and skin tightening. More tightening follows due to a natural wound healing response that triggers new collagen formation and further skin contraction. Aside from wrinkles reduction, successful treatment of moderate to severe cystic acne, acne scarring, and cellulite. Radiofrequency technology continues to advance rapidly, providing dermatologists with an expanding array of skin rejuvenation techniques that result in few adverse effects and minimal downtime for patients. Everybody is a good candidate for RF, but it is of special significance to those who do not like invasive surgical intervention, and who is still young for surgery.
Acne scars treatment What's Up?
It has been written that ‘‘there is no single disease which causes more psychic trauma, more maladjustment between parent and children, more general insecurity and feelings of inferiority and greater sums of psychic suffering than does acne vulgaris.’’ Acne scars lead to emotional debilitation, embarrassment, poor self-esteem, social isolation, preoccupation, low confidence, altered social interactions, body image alterations, identity difficulties, anger, frustration, confusion, unemployment, lowered academic performance, exacerbation of the psychiatric disease, anxiety, or depression. Treatment of the real scars resulting from acne must reflect several considerations by the physician. Cost of treatment, the severity of lesions, physician goals, patient expectations, side-effect profiles, psychological or emotional effects to the patient, and prevention measures should all play a role. The purpose of any intervention is for improvement, not for a total cure or perfection. The therapies/techniques used for the treatment of acne scars are to be individualized, taking into consideration many factors like age, gender, Fitzpatrick skin phototype, site of injuries, clinical type of acne scars, grading of scars, socioeconomic constraints, psychological and physical health of the patient, etc. Various treatment modalities available for acne scars are topical therapies, chemical peelings, micro-needling or microdermabrasion, subcision, autologous ⁄ non-autologous dermal fillers, fractioned ⁄ non-fractionated lasers, ablative/nonablative lasers, pigment or vascular-specific lasers, pigment transfer techniques, and minor surgical procedures. Many times, a combination of these modalities must obtain satisfactory results in an individual patient.
Excessive sweating. what's up
In a novel approach, Prof. Moawad performs liposuction of the axilla as an effective treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis, as a local surgical procedure, apocrine glands, as well as eccrine glands, are removed by the liposuction technique through one or two tiny incision holes without the sacrifice of overlying axillary skin. The success of this technique may be due to the disruption of the nerve supply to the sweat glands and the removal or destruction of the apocrine organs that are present in high density in the axilla. With proficiency in the technique, Prof Moawad performs this procedure successfully with few complications and low recurrence rates. New bipolar RF devices can destroy the eccrine glands by process of thermolysis at the interface of the deep dermis and subcutis while minimizing damage to the surrounding tissue Fractional microneedle radiofrequency (FMR) treatment appears to be a new safe and effective treatment alternative for moderate to severe primary axillary hyperhidrosis. Prof Moawad suggests It is repeated sessions of FMR be considered to achieve a complete response
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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
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Non-respiratory Functions of the Lungs.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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