The document provides background information on the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century, including key events and figures that led European powers to colonize Africa. It discusses how improved technology and the belief in European superiority drove imperialism in Africa. Specific people mentioned include David Livingstone, Henry Stanley, and King Leopold II of Belgium and his exploitation of the Congo. Military innovations of Shaka that strengthened the Zulu Empire are outlined. Conflicts between European powers and African groups like the Zulus and Boers over territory in South Africa are also summarized.
The document discusses the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century as European imperial powers colonized the continent. Key events included David Livingstone and Henry Stanley's exploration of central Africa, King Leopold II of Belgium claiming the Congo Free State, and the Berlin Conference formalizing the process of European colonization. In southern Africa, the British fought wars against the Zulu kingdom and Boer settlers. Technological advantages and the ideology of social Darwinism helped Europeans dominate militarily and seize control of African territories.
The Age of Imperialism saw European nations scramble to colonize Africa during the late 19th century. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Factors like new technologies, weapons and the susceptibility of Africans to disease helped the Europeans dominate politically, economically and socially. At the Berlin Conference of 1884, European powers divided Africa without input from African rulers. Some groups like the Zulu and Boers resisted colonization through warfare but were ultimately defeated by European military superiority. While colonial rule had some positive impacts like reduced wars, improved infrastructure and economic growth, it largely exploited Africa for the benefit of European interests and negatively impacted African peoples, cultures and sovereignty.
European nations scrambled to colonize Africa in the late 19th century, dividing the continent amongst themselves without input from African rulers. New technologies like steam ships and guns gave Europeans advantages over African peoples. By 1914, Europe had colonized almost all of Africa for economic and political gain, though resistance like the Zulu and Boer Wars delayed some colonization efforts. Colonial rule had both negative impacts like loss of independence and positive impacts like reduced wars and increased infrastructure, but mainly benefited European interests over Africans.
European nations scrambled to colonize Africa in the late 19th century over fears of missing out on the continent's raw materials. At the 1884 Berlin Conference, European powers divided up Africa without African representation and agreed to claim territories by establishing outposts. By 1914, Europe had colonized over 90% of Africa, exploiting its resources and altering African societies, though Ethiopia and Liberia maintained independence through military resistance.
1) Europeans colonized much of Africa and Asia during the Age of Imperialism from 1850-1914, ignoring existing political structures and claiming large portions as colonies.
2) Imperialist motives included expanding markets for industrialized goods, competing for global economic and political power, and beliefs in social Darwinism and Western superiority.
3) European colonial powers divided Africa at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, and expanded their empires by taking territory from declining Muslim states like the Ottoman Empire.
4) Britain established control over most of India by the 1800s and large parts of Southeast Asia, while other European powers like France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the US also claimed Asian and Pacific territories.
The document summarizes the imperialization of Sub-Saharan Africa in the late 19th century. European powers scrambled to colonize Africa due to economic, political, and military motivations. Explorers like David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley helped Europeans learn about Africa's natural resources and potential for trade. King Leopold II of Belgium established a private colony in the Congo through treaties negotiated by Stanley. The Berlin Conference formally divided African territories among European nations. France and Britain competed for control of the Nile River, and Britain defeated the Boers to gain control of South African land and its resources.
The document discusses the colonization of Africa by European powers between the 15th-20th centuries. It outlines how Portugal established the first colonies in the 1400s, followed by other European nations seeking resources like gold, ivory and slaves. By the 1880s, European powers divided up most of Africa through treaties with local leaders. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 formalized the colonial boundaries, ignoring African peoples' rights and leading to political fragmentation in Africa. By 1900, most of the continent was under European rule except for Ethiopia and Liberia.
European colonization of Africa began in the late 15th century and continued into the late 19th century. Key events included Portugal helping Ethiopia fight Arab invaders in 1542; Britain beginning the slave trade in Africa in 1562; Angola becoming a Portuguese colony in 1570; Holland and France becoming involved in the slave trade in the 17th century; and Britain, France, Portugal, and other European powers establishing colonies, trading posts, and influence over various African kingdoms and empires throughout this period. By the late 19th century, most of Africa was under formal European colonial control or influence.
The document discusses the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century as European imperial powers colonized the continent. Key events included David Livingstone and Henry Stanley's exploration of central Africa, King Leopold II of Belgium claiming the Congo Free State, and the Berlin Conference formalizing the process of European colonization. In southern Africa, the British fought wars against the Zulu kingdom and Boer settlers. Technological advantages and the ideology of social Darwinism helped Europeans dominate militarily and seize control of African territories.
The Age of Imperialism saw European nations scramble to colonize Africa during the late 19th century. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Factors like new technologies, weapons and the susceptibility of Africans to disease helped the Europeans dominate politically, economically and socially. At the Berlin Conference of 1884, European powers divided Africa without input from African rulers. Some groups like the Zulu and Boers resisted colonization through warfare but were ultimately defeated by European military superiority. While colonial rule had some positive impacts like reduced wars, improved infrastructure and economic growth, it largely exploited Africa for the benefit of European interests and negatively impacted African peoples, cultures and sovereignty.
European nations scrambled to colonize Africa in the late 19th century, dividing the continent amongst themselves without input from African rulers. New technologies like steam ships and guns gave Europeans advantages over African peoples. By 1914, Europe had colonized almost all of Africa for economic and political gain, though resistance like the Zulu and Boer Wars delayed some colonization efforts. Colonial rule had both negative impacts like loss of independence and positive impacts like reduced wars and increased infrastructure, but mainly benefited European interests over Africans.
European nations scrambled to colonize Africa in the late 19th century over fears of missing out on the continent's raw materials. At the 1884 Berlin Conference, European powers divided up Africa without African representation and agreed to claim territories by establishing outposts. By 1914, Europe had colonized over 90% of Africa, exploiting its resources and altering African societies, though Ethiopia and Liberia maintained independence through military resistance.
1) Europeans colonized much of Africa and Asia during the Age of Imperialism from 1850-1914, ignoring existing political structures and claiming large portions as colonies.
2) Imperialist motives included expanding markets for industrialized goods, competing for global economic and political power, and beliefs in social Darwinism and Western superiority.
3) European colonial powers divided Africa at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, and expanded their empires by taking territory from declining Muslim states like the Ottoman Empire.
4) Britain established control over most of India by the 1800s and large parts of Southeast Asia, while other European powers like France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the US also claimed Asian and Pacific territories.
The document summarizes the imperialization of Sub-Saharan Africa in the late 19th century. European powers scrambled to colonize Africa due to economic, political, and military motivations. Explorers like David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley helped Europeans learn about Africa's natural resources and potential for trade. King Leopold II of Belgium established a private colony in the Congo through treaties negotiated by Stanley. The Berlin Conference formally divided African territories among European nations. France and Britain competed for control of the Nile River, and Britain defeated the Boers to gain control of South African land and its resources.
The document discusses the colonization of Africa by European powers between the 15th-20th centuries. It outlines how Portugal established the first colonies in the 1400s, followed by other European nations seeking resources like gold, ivory and slaves. By the 1880s, European powers divided up most of Africa through treaties with local leaders. The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 formalized the colonial boundaries, ignoring African peoples' rights and leading to political fragmentation in Africa. By 1900, most of the continent was under European rule except for Ethiopia and Liberia.
European colonization of Africa began in the late 15th century and continued into the late 19th century. Key events included Portugal helping Ethiopia fight Arab invaders in 1542; Britain beginning the slave trade in Africa in 1562; Angola becoming a Portuguese colony in 1570; Holland and France becoming involved in the slave trade in the 17th century; and Britain, France, Portugal, and other European powers establishing colonies, trading posts, and influence over various African kingdoms and empires throughout this period. By the late 19th century, most of Africa was under formal European colonial control or influence.
Positive and Negative Effects of Imperialization on South AfricaBlake_Morgan
The colonization of South Africa by the Dutch and British had both positive and negative effects:
The Dutch established settlements and farms, bringing slavery which negatively impacted native populations. However, agriculture prospered.
The British later gained control, improving travel between Britain and India but also causing tensions as the Dutch-descended Boers migrated inland, conflicting with native groups.
This led to the establishment of independent Boer republics, but the discovery of resources attracted renewed British influence and conflict, culminating in the Anglo-Boer wars.
Imperialism began in the late 1800s as European nations expanded their empires, driven by nationalism, advances in technology and industry, and beliefs of cultural and racial superiority. European powers sought to dominate weaker nations for economic and strategic reasons by controlling their resources, markets, and territories. The period saw aggressive imperial expansion by European countries in Africa, Asia, and other regions around the world.
The document provides definitions and context about European imperialism between 1870-1914. It discusses the motives and causes of late 19th century European imperialism including economic factors, nationalism, social Darwinism, and the white man's burden. Specific examples of European colonialism are given for Britain, France, Germany, and the United States in Africa and Asia during this era of imperialism.
Africa is a continent comprised of many countries, each with their own unique languages, cultures, and traditions. While early interactions between Europeans and Africans along the coasts were minimal in the 1400s due to fear of malaria, by the late 1800s European powers had colonized much of Africa following conferences like the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 that divided the continent among themselves without African representation. This set the stage for conflicts Africa still faces today.
During the Age of Imperialism from 1800-1914, European nations extended their political, economic, and social control over weaker nations in Africa and Asia. There were several factors driving this, including the need for raw materials and new markets due to industrialization, nationalism promoting colonial expansion, and beliefs of European racial and cultural superiority. Most of Africa and Asia was colonized by European powers through military force and unequal treaties. This led to exploitation of resources and oppression of local populations. By the early 1900s, only Ethiopia and Liberia in Africa remained independent, and European colonialism dominated Asia as well.
European nations engaged in imperialism in the late 19th century, conquering much of Africa and Asia. The main drivers of imperialism were economic motivations like access to raw materials and new markets, as well as political and social factors like nationalism, social Darwinism, and a desire to spread Christianity. Many European powers competed to establish colonies in Africa and Asia, including Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, and Japan. Imperialism had both positive and negative impacts on colonized regions, bringing modernization but also exploitation and division. Resistance to imperialism emerged in places like Algeria, India, and China.
The document discusses the major imperialist nations in the late 1800s and some of their colonial influences and practices. It provides context on the economic and political motivations for imperialism after the industrial revolution. The major imperialist nations discussed are Britain, France, Germany, and Belgium. Britain held the most global colonial territories and influenced regions in Asia like India and Africa. France also held large African and Asian colonies like Vietnam. Germany and Belgium had fewer but still exploited African colonies. The consequences of imperialism discussed include both positive impacts like trade but mostly negative impacts like stripping resources, brutalizing native populations, and setting up colonial political systems that failed after independence.
European imperialism in Africa during the late 19th century led to the colonization and exploitation of much of the continent. Europeans established political control over African states and territories through military force and the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885. The colonization had both positive impacts such as development of infrastructure, and extremely negative impacts including the brutal exploitation of Africans under King Leopold II in the Congo which caused 10 million deaths.
Belgian Congo and British in South AfricaGreg Sill
The document summarizes European colonization of Africa in the late 19th century through two case studies:
1) The Berlin Conference divided up African land among European powers without considering existing borders or populations. This led to conflicts over resources and land.
2) King Leopold II of Belgium took control of the Congo Basin through deceitful treaties and appointed a private company to exploit rubber and ivory resources. The company was brutally abusive to local people, chopping off limbs for quotas. International outcry grew over these human rights abuses.
Lecture on the British empire in Africa before and after the Scramble for Africa, obstacles ot African colonization, and British motivations and strategy. It also covers the expriences of Livingstone, and Stanley.
In the late 19th century, European nations engaged in the "Scramble for Africa", competing to colonize the continent. Explorers like Livingstone and Stanley generated interest in Africa. Figures like Rhodes and Leopold helped facilitate the European occupation and division of African lands. By 1914, most of Africa was under European control, with Britain and France possessing the most territory. Only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent African nations at this time.
Powerpoint presentation based on Strayer's 3rd edition Ways of the World text for High School AP and Honors history students. Chapter covers Imperialism of the 19th century.
The document outlines the timeline of European involvement in Africa from the 1884-1885 Berlin Conference where European powers divided up Africa, to the role of explorers, traders, and Christian missionaries in the 19th century who paved the way for imperialism. It then discusses the period of formal European colonial rule from 1870-1898 where they established political and economic control over African territories and implemented systems of administration. The document also notes both perceived benefits and negative impacts of the European colonial system in Africa.
1) European imperialism in the late 19th century was driven by industrialization and the need for new markets, resources, and land for military and trade posts.
2) Europeans scrambled to claim territories in Africa, dividing the continent at the 1884 Berlin Conference with little regard for local populations and cultures.
3) British imperialism expanded to control many regions including India, Nigeria, and Southeast Asia, often exploiting local peoples for economic gain and imposing colonial rule.
4) Western imperialism challenged Chinese sovereignty through the Opium Wars and unequal treaties, fueling Chinese nationalism, while Japan modernized and itself became an imperial power.
Lecture 2 european conquest of africa - online shorterLACCD
Europeans colonized Africa in the late 19th century for economic and geopolitical reasons. New technologies like steamships and quinine increased Europe's ability to explore and conquer Africa. At the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, European powers divided up much of Africa without African input. Nations like Britain, France, Germany, Portugal and Belgium established colonies across Africa to gain control of resources and trade routes. King Leopold II of Belgium personally controlled the Congo Free State for rubber and used brutal forced labor that killed millions. European colonization of Africa was driven by competition for land and wealth between rising imperial powers in the late 19th century.
The Scramble for Africa began with increased European exploration and competition for trade and resources in Africa in the late 1800s. King Leopold II of Belgium wanted to "civilize" Africa but was really interested in its resources, establishing the Congo Free State and imposing brutal forced labor. The French took control of Algeria and built the Suez Canal, while the British viewed the canal as essential and established Egypt as a protectorate. Africans' rights decreased as they faced apartheid in South Africa and were forced into labor, with some resisting through leaders like Samouri Toure and Menelik II of Ethiopia.
European nations extended their power into Muslim regions in several ways:
1) They exploited internal weaknesses in Muslim empires like the Ottomans and external challenges like nationalist revolts.
2) European powers sought to capitalize on the declining power of these empires and gain influence through advisors, education programs, and economic ties.
3) Eventually European nations were able to gain control over key regions and protect strategic interests by taking on debts and securing concessions then sending troops when their interests were threatened.
South Africa after the Berlin ConferenceJoem Magante
The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 was organized by Otto von Bismarck to avoid European conflicts over colonial claims in Africa. Fourteen European nations attended and divided Africa among themselves, with France, Germany, Britain, and Portugal controlling most territories. In Southern Africa after the Conference, Britain controlled Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, while Portugal controlled Angola, Mozambique, and Namibia, and Germany controlled Namibia. This led to the Boer War between British forces and the independent Boer republics of the Orange Free State and Transvaal from 1899-1902, resulting in their absorption into the British Empire.
This document discusses European colonization of Africa from the 15th to early 20th centuries. It provides context for European exploration and mapping of the African interior in the 19th century, including key figures like David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley. It then covers the Berlin Conference of 1884-85 which established rules for territorial claims and European colonization patterns. Specific examples discussed include the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium, the Dutch settlement of South Africa in 1652, the Zulu under Shaka, and tensions between the Boers and British in South Africa leading to the Boer War of 1899-1900.
The document discusses the process of imperialism between 1875-1900, where European powers rapidly expanded their political and economic control over Africa and Asia. Key factors driving imperialism included nationalism, industrialization, a belief in the superiority of European civilization, and competition between European nations for global influence. During this period, European control of Africa increased from 10% to 90% of the continent. The Berlin Conference of 1884 essentially divided Africa among European powers without African representation, laying the groundwork for modern political issues.
The document discusses the colonization of Africa by European powers in the late 19th century, known as the "Scramble for Africa". It asks questions about which European countries fought for territory in Africa according to a cartoon, how the 1884 Berlin Conference led to the situation depicted, and what percentage of Africa had been colonized by 1913 according to a graph, with Britain and France having colonized the most territory. The document also prompts drawing one's own cartoon about the Scramble for Africa containing more detailed information and creating an advertisement from the European perspective to draw interest in traveling to colonies.
Positive and Negative Effects of Imperialization on South AfricaBlake_Morgan
The colonization of South Africa by the Dutch and British had both positive and negative effects:
The Dutch established settlements and farms, bringing slavery which negatively impacted native populations. However, agriculture prospered.
The British later gained control, improving travel between Britain and India but also causing tensions as the Dutch-descended Boers migrated inland, conflicting with native groups.
This led to the establishment of independent Boer republics, but the discovery of resources attracted renewed British influence and conflict, culminating in the Anglo-Boer wars.
Imperialism began in the late 1800s as European nations expanded their empires, driven by nationalism, advances in technology and industry, and beliefs of cultural and racial superiority. European powers sought to dominate weaker nations for economic and strategic reasons by controlling their resources, markets, and territories. The period saw aggressive imperial expansion by European countries in Africa, Asia, and other regions around the world.
The document provides definitions and context about European imperialism between 1870-1914. It discusses the motives and causes of late 19th century European imperialism including economic factors, nationalism, social Darwinism, and the white man's burden. Specific examples of European colonialism are given for Britain, France, Germany, and the United States in Africa and Asia during this era of imperialism.
Africa is a continent comprised of many countries, each with their own unique languages, cultures, and traditions. While early interactions between Europeans and Africans along the coasts were minimal in the 1400s due to fear of malaria, by the late 1800s European powers had colonized much of Africa following conferences like the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 that divided the continent among themselves without African representation. This set the stage for conflicts Africa still faces today.
During the Age of Imperialism from 1800-1914, European nations extended their political, economic, and social control over weaker nations in Africa and Asia. There were several factors driving this, including the need for raw materials and new markets due to industrialization, nationalism promoting colonial expansion, and beliefs of European racial and cultural superiority. Most of Africa and Asia was colonized by European powers through military force and unequal treaties. This led to exploitation of resources and oppression of local populations. By the early 1900s, only Ethiopia and Liberia in Africa remained independent, and European colonialism dominated Asia as well.
European nations engaged in imperialism in the late 19th century, conquering much of Africa and Asia. The main drivers of imperialism were economic motivations like access to raw materials and new markets, as well as political and social factors like nationalism, social Darwinism, and a desire to spread Christianity. Many European powers competed to establish colonies in Africa and Asia, including Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, and Japan. Imperialism had both positive and negative impacts on colonized regions, bringing modernization but also exploitation and division. Resistance to imperialism emerged in places like Algeria, India, and China.
The document discusses the major imperialist nations in the late 1800s and some of their colonial influences and practices. It provides context on the economic and political motivations for imperialism after the industrial revolution. The major imperialist nations discussed are Britain, France, Germany, and Belgium. Britain held the most global colonial territories and influenced regions in Asia like India and Africa. France also held large African and Asian colonies like Vietnam. Germany and Belgium had fewer but still exploited African colonies. The consequences of imperialism discussed include both positive impacts like trade but mostly negative impacts like stripping resources, brutalizing native populations, and setting up colonial political systems that failed after independence.
European imperialism in Africa during the late 19th century led to the colonization and exploitation of much of the continent. Europeans established political control over African states and territories through military force and the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885. The colonization had both positive impacts such as development of infrastructure, and extremely negative impacts including the brutal exploitation of Africans under King Leopold II in the Congo which caused 10 million deaths.
Belgian Congo and British in South AfricaGreg Sill
The document summarizes European colonization of Africa in the late 19th century through two case studies:
1) The Berlin Conference divided up African land among European powers without considering existing borders or populations. This led to conflicts over resources and land.
2) King Leopold II of Belgium took control of the Congo Basin through deceitful treaties and appointed a private company to exploit rubber and ivory resources. The company was brutally abusive to local people, chopping off limbs for quotas. International outcry grew over these human rights abuses.
Lecture on the British empire in Africa before and after the Scramble for Africa, obstacles ot African colonization, and British motivations and strategy. It also covers the expriences of Livingstone, and Stanley.
In the late 19th century, European nations engaged in the "Scramble for Africa", competing to colonize the continent. Explorers like Livingstone and Stanley generated interest in Africa. Figures like Rhodes and Leopold helped facilitate the European occupation and division of African lands. By 1914, most of Africa was under European control, with Britain and France possessing the most territory. Only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent African nations at this time.
Powerpoint presentation based on Strayer's 3rd edition Ways of the World text for High School AP and Honors history students. Chapter covers Imperialism of the 19th century.
The document outlines the timeline of European involvement in Africa from the 1884-1885 Berlin Conference where European powers divided up Africa, to the role of explorers, traders, and Christian missionaries in the 19th century who paved the way for imperialism. It then discusses the period of formal European colonial rule from 1870-1898 where they established political and economic control over African territories and implemented systems of administration. The document also notes both perceived benefits and negative impacts of the European colonial system in Africa.
1) European imperialism in the late 19th century was driven by industrialization and the need for new markets, resources, and land for military and trade posts.
2) Europeans scrambled to claim territories in Africa, dividing the continent at the 1884 Berlin Conference with little regard for local populations and cultures.
3) British imperialism expanded to control many regions including India, Nigeria, and Southeast Asia, often exploiting local peoples for economic gain and imposing colonial rule.
4) Western imperialism challenged Chinese sovereignty through the Opium Wars and unequal treaties, fueling Chinese nationalism, while Japan modernized and itself became an imperial power.
Lecture 2 european conquest of africa - online shorterLACCD
Europeans colonized Africa in the late 19th century for economic and geopolitical reasons. New technologies like steamships and quinine increased Europe's ability to explore and conquer Africa. At the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, European powers divided up much of Africa without African input. Nations like Britain, France, Germany, Portugal and Belgium established colonies across Africa to gain control of resources and trade routes. King Leopold II of Belgium personally controlled the Congo Free State for rubber and used brutal forced labor that killed millions. European colonization of Africa was driven by competition for land and wealth between rising imperial powers in the late 19th century.
The Scramble for Africa began with increased European exploration and competition for trade and resources in Africa in the late 1800s. King Leopold II of Belgium wanted to "civilize" Africa but was really interested in its resources, establishing the Congo Free State and imposing brutal forced labor. The French took control of Algeria and built the Suez Canal, while the British viewed the canal as essential and established Egypt as a protectorate. Africans' rights decreased as they faced apartheid in South Africa and were forced into labor, with some resisting through leaders like Samouri Toure and Menelik II of Ethiopia.
European nations extended their power into Muslim regions in several ways:
1) They exploited internal weaknesses in Muslim empires like the Ottomans and external challenges like nationalist revolts.
2) European powers sought to capitalize on the declining power of these empires and gain influence through advisors, education programs, and economic ties.
3) Eventually European nations were able to gain control over key regions and protect strategic interests by taking on debts and securing concessions then sending troops when their interests were threatened.
South Africa after the Berlin ConferenceJoem Magante
The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 was organized by Otto von Bismarck to avoid European conflicts over colonial claims in Africa. Fourteen European nations attended and divided Africa among themselves, with France, Germany, Britain, and Portugal controlling most territories. In Southern Africa after the Conference, Britain controlled Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, while Portugal controlled Angola, Mozambique, and Namibia, and Germany controlled Namibia. This led to the Boer War between British forces and the independent Boer republics of the Orange Free State and Transvaal from 1899-1902, resulting in their absorption into the British Empire.
This document discusses European colonization of Africa from the 15th to early 20th centuries. It provides context for European exploration and mapping of the African interior in the 19th century, including key figures like David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley. It then covers the Berlin Conference of 1884-85 which established rules for territorial claims and European colonization patterns. Specific examples discussed include the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium, the Dutch settlement of South Africa in 1652, the Zulu under Shaka, and tensions between the Boers and British in South Africa leading to the Boer War of 1899-1900.
The document discusses the process of imperialism between 1875-1900, where European powers rapidly expanded their political and economic control over Africa and Asia. Key factors driving imperialism included nationalism, industrialization, a belief in the superiority of European civilization, and competition between European nations for global influence. During this period, European control of Africa increased from 10% to 90% of the continent. The Berlin Conference of 1884 essentially divided Africa among European powers without African representation, laying the groundwork for modern political issues.
The document discusses the colonization of Africa by European powers in the late 19th century, known as the "Scramble for Africa". It asks questions about which European countries fought for territory in Africa according to a cartoon, how the 1884 Berlin Conference led to the situation depicted, and what percentage of Africa had been colonized by 1913 according to a graph, with Britain and France having colonized the most territory. The document also prompts drawing one's own cartoon about the Scramble for Africa containing more detailed information and creating an advertisement from the European perspective to draw interest in traveling to colonies.
This document provides an introduction to imperialism, including its definition and different types. Imperialism is when a powerful nation dominates other countries politically, economically, or socially. There are four main types of imperialism discussed: colonies, protectorates, spheres of influence, and economic imperialism. The document then examines potential motives for why nations practice imperialism, such as exploratory, political, ideological, religious, and economic goals. Nations may seek to map new territories, control other governments, civilize foreign populations, convert people to their religion, or gain access to raw materials and trade.
Nationalism in Italy and Germany in the 19th century led to their unification. In Italy, Mazzini advocated for unification, Cavour used diplomacy, and Garibaldi led military campaigns. They drove out Austria and united northern and southern Italy. In Germany, Bismarck used war against Denmark, Austria, and France to unite the German states under Prussian leadership, crowning Wilhelm I as the first emperor in 1871. Both countries faced challenges after unification due to regional and cultural differences within their new borders.
The document discusses decolonization in several regions following World War II, including India, Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. It summarizes the independence of India from Britain and the subsequent partition into India and Pakistan, causing mass violence between Hindus and Muslims. It also discusses the independence of other nations like the Philippines and Ghana from colonial rule, and the struggles some faced with authoritarian leaders and coups in the post-colonial period.
The document discusses the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century as European imperial powers colonized the continent. Key events included David Livingstone and Henry Stanley's exploration of central Africa, King Leopold II of Belgium claiming the Congo Free State, and the Berlin Conference formalizing the process of European colonization. In southern Africa, the British fought wars against the Zulu kingdom and the Boers. Technological advantages and the ideology of social Darwinism helped Europeans dominate militarily and seize control of African territories.
1. Imperialism refers to the policy of extending control over other countries or territories economically, politically, and socially.
2. Nations industrialized due to incentives like wealth, power, nationalism, and spreading culture. They required factors of production like land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship as well as political stability and transportation networks to trade.
3. European imperial powers colonized Africa in the late 19th century to gain access to resources and markets. They established systems of direct, indirect, and sphere of influence control over African peoples and territories.
The document provides background information on European imperialism in Africa in the late 19th century, known as the "Scramble for Africa". It describes factors that initially kept Europeans out of exploring Africa's interior, and key events and figures that sparked renewed European interest in colonizing Africa in the late 1800s. These included missionaries like David Livingstone and Henry Stanley's expeditions, as well as King Leopold II of Belgium's brutal colonization of the Congo. The document also summarizes conflicts between European colonial powers and African groups like the Zulus and Boers in South Africa, and how new technologies helped the Europeans dominate militarily.
European nations scrambled to colonize Africa in the late 19th century over fears of missing out on the continent's raw materials. At the 1884 Berlin Conference, European powers divided up Africa without African representation and agreed to claim territories by establishing outposts. By 1914, Europe had colonized over 90% of Africa, exploiting its resources and altering African societies, though Ethiopia and Liberia maintained independence through military resistance.
1) European powers competed for control of land and resources in sub-Saharan Africa in the late 19th century, carving up the region into colonies.
2) The Boers established colonies in South Africa and fought the native Zulu tribe for land, eventually being defeated by the British.
3) Diamonds and gold were discovered in South Africa, intensifying the rivalry between the British and Boers and leading to war, after which the British united the territories into the Union of South Africa.
The document summarizes the Boer War between the British Empire and the Boers of the Orange Free State and Transvaal from 1899-1902. It describes the key players, early battles, new tactics like scorched earth and concentration camps, and the aftermath. The Boers were Dutch/German descendant farmers who wanted independence for their territories in South Africa, while the British wanted control over the region's gold mines. Though the Boers had early successes, they eventually surrendered after brutal guerrilla warfare and the deaths of thousands of civilians in British concentration camps.
The document summarizes the imperialization of Sub-Saharan Africa in the late 19th century. European powers scrambled to colonize Africa due to economic, political, and military motivations. Explorers like David Livingstone and Henry Morton Stanley helped Europeans learn about Africa's natural resources and potential for trade. King Leopold II of Belgium established a private colony in the Congo through treaties negotiated by Stanley. The Berlin Conference formally divided African territories among European nations. France and Britain competed for control of the Nile River, and Britain defeated the Boers to gain control of South African land and its resources.
The document discusses reasons why European countries colonized other parts of the world in the late 19th century. The six main reasons given are: 1) National security and economic interests, 2) Strategic advantage over other European powers, 3) Nationalism and pride, 4) Social Darwinism and racism, 5) Missionary and civilizing impulses, 6) Access to raw materials and new markets for industrial economies. The colonization disrupted traditional cultures and economies but also brought Western education and technology to some colonized peoples.
The document discusses the "Scramble for Africa" period from 1870-1900 where European powers rapidly colonized the African continent. It explains that initially Europeans had only established coastal colonies and influence in Western Africa for the slave trade. However, over a brief 30 year period, European control of Africa expanded from 10% to 90% of the land mass. Major European powers like France, Britain, Belgium, and Portugal partitioned Africa among themselves through conferences like the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, with no African representation or consideration of internal African borders and groups.
The document provides an overview of European imperialism in Africa from the early 1800s to 1914. It discusses factors that prompted European imperialism like nationalism, demand for resources from industrialization, and feelings of cultural/racial superiority. It then describes how European powers came to control most of Africa through exploration, missionary activities, and the Berlin Conference which partitioned African territory to prevent conflict between European nations over claims in Africa. Resistance to European rule is also mentioned. Key figures like Livingstone, Stanley, and the activities of countries like Britain, France, and Belgium in places like North Africa, Egypt and the Congo are summarized.
Africa was divided amongst ethnic and linguistic groups prior to European colonization. Europeans initially only colonized coastal areas due to threats of disease, difficult river travel, and African military resistance. The "Scramble for Africa" in the late 19th century saw European powers rapidly divide and conquer Africa between 1870-1918. No African kings were involved in the Berlin Conference that divided the continent among European nations.
Late 19th century European states expanded their imperial control over other regions and peoples through increasing political and economic dominance. Motivations included acquiring raw materials, new markets, and strategic locations. Technological advantages in transportation, military equipment, and communications facilitated the Scramble for Africa and colonization of Asia, Oceania, and parts of the Americas. Over time, colonized peoples increasingly resisted imperial rule, with movements like the Indian National Congress demanding more self-governance and eventually independence.
West Africa and North Africa were colonized in the late 19th century as Europeans sought raw materials and new markets. Britain, France, Germany, and other powers established colonies and protectorates across the regions. In Central and East Africa, explorers like Livingstone paved the way for further colonization by Belgium in the Congo under King Leopold II. By the early 20th century, all of Africa except Ethiopia and Liberia had been divided among European colonial powers, who established systems of direct or indirect rule that increasingly angered educated Africans seeking independence.
Lecture 2 european conquest of africa - online shorterLACCD
Europeans colonized Africa in the late 19th century due to growing imperial rivalries and technological advances that increased their military and economic power over African states. Charter companies and explorers indirectly influenced the scramble for Africa by portraying the continent as undeveloped and available for European control. Direct colonization began in the 1880s through the Berlin Conference, where European powers divided African territory among themselves. By the early 1900s, Europeans had partitioned most of Africa.
Used for our unit on Imperialism in the 1800s. There is more in here than actually needed. I tend to pick and choose various parts as needed and hide the others.
The British ChallengedThe end of Zulu sovereignty came at the hand.docxmehek4
The British Challenged
The end of Zulu sovereignty came at the hands of the British, but not without a significant cost the British. The invincible British military, proved vulnerable and experienced one of the deadliest and humiliating defeats in British history. By 1870, the British had adopted a forward policy in Southern Africa. The intent of the policy was to bring all people in together under the control of them.
Included in this policy was the vision to implement economic development in the region, specifically to facilitate the excavation of goods for the boughs of the earth and to transport such goods efficiently and effectively to Western cultures in trade. Sir Heny Bartle Frere saw the sovereign, economically viable Zulu kingdom as a direct threat to his success.
Frere viewed the British military as the greatest in the world and therefore could not conceive of a scenario under which the ill-armed Zulu's would be a threat. In December 1878, Frere picked a fight with the Zulu king Cetshwayo kaMpande. Before the war the Tugela River formed the boundary between Zulu territory and Natal, British territory. When Cetshwayo became king he refused to to submit British hegemony. A army of 40 - 60,000 men was called and prepared for battle. In December 1878, Cetshwayo was given an ultimatum - disband the Zulu army and pay reparations for insults against the British people and crown or suffer the consequences.
Cetshwayo refused to respond, which promoted the British under Lord Chelmsford, to attack. Arrogant, the British invaders advanced into Zululand without using advance scouts or sentries. The Zulu army attacked and annihilated the central British column at Isandhlwana, killing 1300 British soldiers and their African allies, taking nearly 1,000 rifles, with ammunition, as they fled (Source: The Zulu War 1878-1879). When the news reach British shores of the devastating defeat at Isandhlwana, there was an uproar.
Sporadic battles broke-out over the opening months of 1879 while Lord Chelmsford reorganized his troops and waited for reinforcements from Britain, most which saw the Zulu as victors. Favor began to shift to the British when they repelled a Zulu attack on their camp on March 29, 1879. As fresh British troops arrived in Southern Africa, the stage was set for the final invasion of Zululand, battles which lasted from May through July 1879. King Cetshwayo conceded defeat and requested terms of surrender, which the British refused demanding an unconditional surrender.
In many respects, the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 was merely the first act in the protracted destruction of the Zulu kingdom. British policy was to destroy the unity of the nation by undermining the influence of the Zulu Royal House, and to prevent the Zulus posing a further threat to British settler interests in the region. Their systematic policy to break up the institutions of the old Zulu sate led to deep divisions within the country, to civil war and ultimately to the dispo ...
Scramble For Afric Summary Essay
Essay on The Scramble for Africa
Scramble for Africa
The Scramble for Africa
Scramble for Africa
The Scramble for Africa
The Scramble for Africa Essay
The European motivations for colonizing Africa in the late 19th century were:
1) Pursuit of new markets and raw materials for European industries undergoing rapid industrialization.
2) Nationalism and imperialism, with European nations competing for colonies to demonstrate their power and status on the global stage.
3) Ideas of social Darwinism and European racial superiority, which held that Europeans were better suited to develop Africa's lands and peoples.
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2. QUESTIONS: WRITE THESE FIRST
—LEAVE ANSWER SPACE!
1. Define “imperialism.”
2. Name two things that kept Europeans out
of Africa before the Industrial Revolution.
3. Who was David Livingstone?
4. Who was Henry Stanley?
5. Who was Leopold II, and what did he do to
the Congo?
3. Questions: continued
6. What were the forces driving European
imperialism?
7. What is “social Darwinism”?
8. How did European technology help
dominate Africa? Give two examples.
9. Who was Shaka?
10. Name three of Shaka’s military innovations
or strategies.
4. Questions: continued
11. What was the Anglo-Zulu War?
12. What happened at the Battle of
Isandlwana?
13. What happened at Rorke’s Drift?
14. THINKING QUESTION: Why do you think
the British emphasized the victory at
Rorke’s Drift over Isandlwana the same
day?
5. Questions: continued
15. Who were the Boers?
16. What was The Great Trek?
17. Why were the British trying to get control of Boer
territory?
18. What tactics did the Boer’s use against the British?
19. What tactics did the British use against the Boers?
20. From the illustrations of the casualties in the Boer War,
what tactics were used that were later used in World
War I?
6. Setting the Stage
Industrialization fueled the interest of
European countries in Africa
These nations looked to Africa as a source
for raw materials.
Colonial powers seized vast area of Africa
during the 19th and 20th centuries.
The seizure of a country or territory by a
stronger country is called imperialism.
7. Africa Before European Domination
In the mid-1800s before European domination African
peoples were divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic
groups.
Europeans had contact with sub-Saharan peoples, but large
African armies kept Europeans out of Africa for 400 years.
European travel was hindered by difficult rivers and African
diseases like malaria.
Nations Compete for Overseas Empires
Europeans who did penetrate the interior of Africa were
explorers, missionaries, or humanitarians who opposed the
slave trade.
Travel books, newspapers, and magazines encouraged interest
in Africa
8. Stanley and
Livingstone
David Livingstone was
a Scottish missionary
who traveled deep into
Africa in the late
1860s and
disappeared.
Many people thought
Livingstone was dead.
9. Stanley and
Livingstone
The New York Herald hired
Henry Stanley to travel to
Africa to find Livingstone.
Stanley was given an unlimited
amount of money for this
expedition.
When Stanley found Dr.
Livingstone he is reported to
have said this famous greeting,
“Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”,
which made headlines around
the world.
10. The Congo Sparks Interest
Stanley set out to explore
Africa and trace the
Congo.
King Leopold II of
Belgium commissioned
Stanley to help him
obtain land in the Congo.
Stanley signed treaties
with local chiefs who
gave Leopold II control
over these lands.
11. Leopold’s Abuse of the Congo
Leopold II claimed that his reason for control was to
abolish the slave trade.
He licensed companies to harvest sap from rubber
trees.
Leopold’s private army mutilated people who would not
harvest rubber.
Millions of people from the Congo died doing this.
The Belgian government took control of the colony from
Leopold II as a result. The French were alarmed by
Belgium taking control of this country and began
claiming parts of Africa. Soon other countries followed.
13. Forces Driving Imperialism
Industrial Revolution—search for new markets
and raw materials
Belief in European Superiority
National pride—empire as the measure of national
greatness
Racism, the superiority of one race over another was
expressed in
Social Darwinism. This applied Darwin’s theory of natural
selection to society. The phrase “survival of the fittest”
comes from Social Darwinism.
Duty to bring civilization and progress to the “uncivilized” is
also prompted by racism and Social Darwinism.
14. Factors Promoting Imperialism in
Africa
European technological superiority
Superior arms—Maxim gun (1884)—first
automatic machine gun
Means to control an empire
Steam engine, railroads, cables, and steam ships
Medical advances-development of quinine, an
anti-malaria drug, in 1829.
Rival groups within Africa gave Europeans an
advantage.
15.
16. The Division of Africa
Diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) were
discovered in South Africa.
Berlin Conference (1884-85): 14 European
nations agreed to lay down rules for the division
of Africa. No African ruler was invited to this
conference.
Demand of Raw Materials: Africa was rich in
mineral resources like copper and tin in the
Congo and gold and diamonds in South Africa.
Cash crop plantations for peanuts, palm oil,
cocoa, and rubber were also developed.
17. Three Groups Clash over South Africa
Zulus Fight the British
Around 1816, Shaka,
used highly disciplined
warriors and good military
organization to create a
large centralized Zulu
state.
18. Shaka’s Military Innovations
Short spear was the principal weapon requiring
close combat. Large shield was introduced.
Warriors went bare foot so that the soles of the
feet would be toughened.
Constant drilling to keep warriors physically fit.
Boys six and over were apprentice warriors who
carried rations. They were highly organized.
Regiments were given various tasks based on the
age range of the men making up the regiment.
“Buffalo horn formation” is credited to Shaka.
19. Anglo-Zulu War
Shaka’s successors
could not keep
power against
superior British
arms.
In 1879 the Anglo-
Zulu War broke out.
20. vs.
Army of the United Kingdom
Army of the Zulu Kingdom
rifle
shield and spear
technology
close combat
21. Anglo-Zulu War
On January 22,1879, Zulu
king Cetshwayo (pictured
right) attacked the British
at the Battle of Isandlwana
with an army of 20,000
Zulus against 850 British
soldiers and 450 Africans
in British service. Only 50
enlisted British soldiers
and 5 officers escaped.
23. Rorke’s Drift
The Battle of Rorke’s Drift mission
station occurred the same day and
the next (22-23 Jan 1879),
immediately following the British
defeat at Isandlwana. However,
139 British soldiers successfully
defended their garrison against a
force of 5,000 Zulus. The 1964 film
Zulu is a depiction of this battle.
27. Boers and the British Settle the Cape
The first Europeans to settle South Africa were
the Dutch. They later became known as the
Boers (also called Afrikaners).
British control of South Africa caused a clash
between the Boers and British.
Boers move north on the Great Trek, but clash
with Zulus.
28. The Boer Wars
After the discovery of
diamonds and gold in
South Africa, the Boers
tried to keep outsiders
coming into South Africa
from gaining political
rights.
The First Boer War was
briefly fought in 1880-81
and successfully kept the
British from annexing Boer
territory called Transvaal
(in orange).
29. Second Boer War
The Second Boer War was In
1899, the Boers end up taking
up arms against the British.
This is the first “total war”. The
Boers use commando raids
and guerilla tactics against the
British. The British burn Boer
farms and imprison women
and children in concentration
camps.
The British finally won this
war. In 1910 the Boer
Republic joins the Union of
South Africa.
31. British casualties after the Battle of Spion Kop,
24 January 1900. The Battle resulted in a British
defeat.
32. Dead British soldiers lying in trenches
after the Battle of Spion Kop, near
Ladysmith, Natal
33. This photo shows a section of the British
This photo shows a section of the British
graves at the site of the Battle of
graves at the site of the Battle of
Spioenkop. Many of the fallen soldiers
Spioenkop. Many of the fallen soldiers
were buried in the trenches where they
were buried in the trenches where they
died. These graves therefore give an
died. These graves therefore give an
indication of where the trenches were
indication of where the trenches were
located at the time of the battle
located at the time of the battle
34. A surviving
A surviving
blockhouse in
blockhouse in
South Africa.
South Africa.
Blockhouses were
Blockhouses were
constructed by the
constructed by the
British to secure
British to secure
supply routes from
supply routes from
Boer raids during
Boer raids during
the war
the war
35. Christiaan De Wet
Christiaan De Wet
(pictured) was
(pictured) was
considered the most
considered the most
formidable leader of the
formidable leader of the
Boer guerrillas. He
Boer guerrillas. He
successfully evaded
successfully evaded
capture on numerous
capture on numerous
occasions and was later
occasions and was later
involved in the
involved in the
negotiations for a peace
negotiations for a peace
settlement
settlement
37. 1
Take up the White Man's burden—
Send forth the best ye breed--
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild--
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
38. 2
Take up the White Man's burden--
In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain
To seek another's profit,
And work another's gain.
39. 3
Take up the White Man's burden--
The savage wars of peace--
Fill full the mouth of Famine
And bid the sickness cease;
And when your goal is nearest
The end for others sought,
Watch sloth and heathen Folly
Bring all your hopes to nought.
40. 4
Take up the White Man's burden--
No tawdry rule of kings,
But toil of serf and sweeper--
The tale of common things.
The ports ye shall not enter,
The roads ye shall not tread,
Go mark them with your living,
And mark them with your dead.
41. 5
Take up the White Man's burden--
And reap his old reward:
The blame of those ye better,
The hate of those ye guard--
The cry of hosts ye humour
(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:--
"Why brought he us from bondage,
Our loved Egyptian night?"
42. 6
Take up the White Man's burden--
Ye dare not stoop to less--
Nor call too loud on Freedom
To cloke your weariness;
By all ye cry or whisper,
By all ye leave or do,
The silent, sullen peoples
Shall weigh your gods and you.
43. 7
Take up the White Man's burden--
Have done with childish days--
The lightly proferred laurel,
The easy, ungrudged praise.
Comes now, to search your manhood
Through all the thankless years
Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom,
The judgment of your peers!
44. How do you interpret Kipling’s poem?
Is he being Eurocentric and asserting that
European culture has a duty to bring civilization to
the rest of the world?
Is he using satire against notions of imperialism
and making fun of these ideas of the superiority of
the white race?
Here are some ways political cartoons and even
advertisements depicted the so called “white
man’s burden.”
47. An advertisement for Pears’
Soap uses a racist
message: “The first step
towards lightening is
through teaching the virtues
of cleanliness” the
advertisement asserts.
“Pears’ Soap is a potent
factor in brightening the
dark corners of the earth as
civilization advances, while
amongst the cultured of all
nations it holds the highest
place—it is the ideal toilet
soap.”