This is a complete report on the topic BLUE BRAIN TECHNOLOGY.It's a very big project and it is also very much costly and IBM is working on this project .EPFL(Ecole Polytechnique Federal de lausaane) working on this and swiss government providing the funding to this project and on movie maker is also making a movie on this technology.There is a youtube channel is also available.
This is a complete report on the topic BLUE BRAIN TECHNOLOGY.It's a very big project and it is also very much costly and IBM is working on this project .EPFL(Ecole Polytechnique Federal de lausaane) working on this and swiss government providing the funding to this project and on movie maker is also making a movie on this technology.There is a youtube channel is also available.
Human brain is the most valuable creation of God. The man is intelligent because of the brain. "Blue brain" is the name of the world’s first virtual brain. That means a machine can function as human brain. Today scientists are in research to create an artificial brain that can think, response, take decision, and keep anything in memory. The main aim is to upload human brain into machine. So that man can think, take decision without any effort. After the death of the body, the virtual brain will act as the man .So, even after the death of a person we will not lose the knowledge, intelligence, personalities, feelings and memories of that man that can be used for the development of the human society.
3. Behind the CurtainMusic and the Mind Machine12.docxtamicawaysmith
3. Behind the Curtain
Music and the Mind Machine
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4th Pass Pages
For cognitive scientists, the word mind refers to that part of each ofus that embodies our thoughts, hopes, desires, memories, beliefs,
and experiences. The brain, on the other hand, is an organ of the body,
a collection of cells and water, chemicals and blood vessels, that resides
in the skull. Activity in the brain gives rise to the contents of the mind.
Cognitive scientists sometimes make the analogy that the brain is like a
computer’s CPU, or hardware, while the mind is like the programs or
software running on the CPU. (If only that were literally true and we
could just run out to buy a memory upgrade.) Different programs can
run on what is essentially the same hardware—different minds can arise
from very similar brains.
Western culture has inherited a tradition of dualism from René
Descartes, who wrote that the mind and the brain are two entirely sepa-
rate things. Dualists assert that the mind preexisted, before you were
born, and that the brain is not the seat of thought—rather, it is merely an
instrument of the mind, helping to implement the mind’s will, move mus-
cles, and maintain homeostasis in the body. To most of us, it certainly
feels as though our minds are something unique and distinctive, separate
from just a bunch of neurochemical processes. We have a feeling of what
it is like to be me, what it is like to be me reading a book, and what it is
18828_01_1-270_r9kp.qxd 5/23/06 3:18 PM Page 81
like to think about what it is like to be me. How can me be reduced so un-
ceremoniously to axons, dendrites, and ion channels? It feels like we are
something more.
But this feeling could be an illusion, just as it certainly feels as though
the earth is standing still, not spinning around on its axis at a thousand
miles per hour. Most scientists and contemporary philosophers believe
that the brain and mind are two parts of the same thing, and some be-
lieve that the distinction itself is flawed. The dominant view today is that
that the sum total of your thoughts, beliefs, and experiences is repre-
sented in patterns of firings—electrochemical activity—in the brain. If
the brain ceases to function, the mind is gone, but the brain can still ex-
ist, thoughtless, in a jar in someone’s laboratory.
Evidence for this comes from neuropsychological findings of regional
specificity of function. Sometimes, as a result of stroke (a blockage of
blood vessels in the brain that leads to cell death), tumors, head injury,
or other trauma, an area of the brain becomes damaged. In many of these
cases, damage to a specific brain region leads to a loss of a particular
mental or bodily function. When dozens or hundreds of cases show loss
of a specific function associated with a particular brain region, we infer
that this ...
Human brain is the most valuable creation of God. The man is intelligent because of the brain. "Blue brain" is the name of the world’s first virtual brain. That means a machine can function as human brain. Today scientists are in research to create an artificial brain that can think, response, take decision, and keep anything in memory. The main aim is to upload human brain into machine. So that man can think, take decision without any effort. After the death of the body, the virtual brain will act as the man .So, even after the death of a person we will not lose the knowledge, intelligence, personalities, feelings and memories of that man that can be used for the development of the human society.
3. Behind the CurtainMusic and the Mind Machine12.docxtamicawaysmith
3. Behind the Curtain
Music and the Mind Machine
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For cognitive scientists, the word mind refers to that part of each ofus that embodies our thoughts, hopes, desires, memories, beliefs,
and experiences. The brain, on the other hand, is an organ of the body,
a collection of cells and water, chemicals and blood vessels, that resides
in the skull. Activity in the brain gives rise to the contents of the mind.
Cognitive scientists sometimes make the analogy that the brain is like a
computer’s CPU, or hardware, while the mind is like the programs or
software running on the CPU. (If only that were literally true and we
could just run out to buy a memory upgrade.) Different programs can
run on what is essentially the same hardware—different minds can arise
from very similar brains.
Western culture has inherited a tradition of dualism from René
Descartes, who wrote that the mind and the brain are two entirely sepa-
rate things. Dualists assert that the mind preexisted, before you were
born, and that the brain is not the seat of thought—rather, it is merely an
instrument of the mind, helping to implement the mind’s will, move mus-
cles, and maintain homeostasis in the body. To most of us, it certainly
feels as though our minds are something unique and distinctive, separate
from just a bunch of neurochemical processes. We have a feeling of what
it is like to be me, what it is like to be me reading a book, and what it is
18828_01_1-270_r9kp.qxd 5/23/06 3:18 PM Page 81
like to think about what it is like to be me. How can me be reduced so un-
ceremoniously to axons, dendrites, and ion channels? It feels like we are
something more.
But this feeling could be an illusion, just as it certainly feels as though
the earth is standing still, not spinning around on its axis at a thousand
miles per hour. Most scientists and contemporary philosophers believe
that the brain and mind are two parts of the same thing, and some be-
lieve that the distinction itself is flawed. The dominant view today is that
that the sum total of your thoughts, beliefs, and experiences is repre-
sented in patterns of firings—electrochemical activity—in the brain. If
the brain ceases to function, the mind is gone, but the brain can still ex-
ist, thoughtless, in a jar in someone’s laboratory.
Evidence for this comes from neuropsychological findings of regional
specificity of function. Sometimes, as a result of stroke (a blockage of
blood vessels in the brain that leads to cell death), tumors, head injury,
or other trauma, an area of the brain becomes damaged. In many of these
cases, damage to a specific brain region leads to a loss of a particular
mental or bodily function. When dozens or hundreds of cases show loss
of a specific function associated with a particular brain region, we infer
that this ...
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
3. What is psychology of learning and memory?
• Learning is the acquisition of skill or knowledge, while memory is the
expression of what you've acquired.
• Another difference is the speed with which the two things happen.
Which part of the brain is
responsible for learning and
memory?
Hippocampus. A curved
seahorse-shaped organ on the
underside of each temporal lobe,
the hippocampus is part of a
larger structure called the
hippocampal formation. It
supports memory, learning,
navigation and perception of
space
There are two basic categories of learning science: cognitive
neuroscience and cognitive psychology
Memories are formed as a result of connections between neurons in the
brain. New connections (synapses) are formed each time a new activity is
learned. The more a person participates in a particular activity, the stronger
the synapses and associated memories tied to the activity become.
Learning and Memory
4. THE SCIENCE OF LEARNING AND MEMORY
ILLUSION
&
HOW ONE PERCEIVES
THE DATA & INFORMATION
6. LAW OF CLOSURE
.
The human brain tends to perceive complete shapes even if those forms are incomplete.
7. .
.
An illusion is a distortion of the senses, which can reveal how the mind
normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation.
Although illusions distort our perception of reality, they are generally
shared by most people.
9. .
.
The Circles in This Illusion Actually Aren't Changing Shape or Moving at All
10. .
.
A colour saturation optical illusion is where the object appears to
change colour as it moves through different backgrounds but it in fact
just remains the same colour throughout.
This occurs due to our brain perceiving the colour of the object to
change when it changes environment. As the moving image shows,
the circle appears a lighter blue at the start when up against a darker
blue background and the opposite at the end when it looks a darker
blue against a light blue background.
The way we view colours and brightness is due to the cells we have in
our retina at the back of our eye. The cones are the judge of colour,
and the rods judge the brightness of the image we are seeing. These
two cells send information to our brain through the optic nerve and the
brain from that signal tries to interpret what we see. When judging
colour, the brain perceives it differently when it is compared to what is
surrounding that object, suggesting why we think the blue circle
changes colour in this illusion.
Optical illusions through a combination of colours, patterns and lighting can create images
that can be deceptive to our brains.
11. .
One hemisphere of the brain is dominant over other half. It leads to different ways of thinking and
led to different personality traits in different individuals.
Which face looks happier? This optical illusion can reveal your personality.
Are you brainy or creative?
12. BRAIN
.
Do you know what the difference between data and information is? Data are raw
facts, like how many apples you have. Information is more complex; it’s data put into
context, interpreted to give you a better understanding… like knowing you have
enough apples to make a pie.
A colour contrast optical
illusion makes it look like
the balls are different
colours. In reality they are
all the same colour and
shading.
The image was
created
by David
Novick, a
computer and
information
science
13. REALITY AND MEMORY
.
The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision,
breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body. Together, the brain and
spinal cord that extends from it make up the central nervous system, or CNS.
Weighing about 3 pounds in the average adult, the brain is
about 60% fat. The remaining 40% is a combination of
water, protein, carbohydrates and salts. The brain itself is
a not a muscle. It contains blood vessels and nerves,
including neurons and glial cells.
The brain sends and receives chemical and electrical
signals throughout the body. Different signals control
different processes, and your brain interprets each. Some
make you feel tired, for example, while others make you
feel pain.
Some messages are kept within the brain, while others
are relayed through the spine and across the body’s vast
network of nerves to distant extremities. To do this, the
central nervous system relies on billions of neurons (nerve
cells).
14. Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and
retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of
influencing future action. past events could not be remembered, it would be impossible for
language, relationships, or personal identity to develop. Memory loss is usually described
as forgetfulness or amnesia.
.
15. MEMORY
.
Memory is often understood as an informational processing system ,made up of
a sensory processor ( short-term (or working) memory, and long-term
memory.) This can be related to the neuron. The sensory processor allows
information from the outside world.
Memory refers to the psychological processes of acquiring, storing, retaining, and later
retrieving information. There are three major processes involved in memory: encoding,
storage, and retrieval.
Human memory involves the ability to both preserve and recover information.
However, this is not a flawless process. Sometimes people forget or misremember
things. Other times, information is not properly encoded in memory in the first place.
16. HUMAN MEMORY
.
The capacity of human memory is impressive. participants can recognize
several thousands of visual objects in great details even with a single viewing
of a few seconds per image [event-relate potential (ERP)]
it is possible to remember 80% of masked pictures when presented for 120
ms but only 50% if presented for only 50 ms.
The repetition of briefly presented pictures improves memory performance.
The number of items recalled after 4 s of a continuous presentation was the same
as the number of items recalled after 4 trials of 1 s
17. Photographic memory has been found in 2 to 10 percent of children aged
6 to 12.
.
A person who seems to recall, Just as a photograph freezes a moment in
time. They can take mental snapshots and then recall these snapshots
without error.
19. FRAMES PER SECOND
.
1.1. 24fps is the standard frame rate for movies. In the era of streaming media when the line between
movies and television is more blurred than ever, many television shows also use 24fps to achieve a
more cinematic look.
2.2. 25fps is the standard frame rate for television shows broadcast in the Phase Alternating Line (PAL)
format. PAL is the official color-encoding system for TV broadcasts in most countries outside of North
America.
3.3. 30fps is the standard frame rate for television shows broadcast in the National Television System
Committee (NTSC) format. NTSC is the official color-encoding system for TV broadcasts in the United
States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, Taiwan, Korea, and some parts of Central and South America.
With the advancement of technology in the videography sector, triple-digit frame rates are
becoming popular (120, 144, 240,480 fps, and more).
Most movies are now produced at 60 frames per second, giving more smoothness over 30 frames per
second. Generally, computers have adopted 60 fps as the bare minimum output frame rate. 30 fps is
slowly becoming a thing of the past in modern gaming and display.
240 – 480 FPS – Motions that happen too quickly for eyes to
see (fast sports, water splashing, skiing, golf swings)
960 FPS – Great for balloons popping, breaking things,
explosion scenes.
21. LEARNING
.
Learning is the
process of
acquiring new
understanding,
knowledge,
behaviours, skills,
values, attitudes,
and preferences.
The ability to learn is
possessed by
humans, animals,
and some machines;
there is also
evidence for some
kind of learning in
certain plants.
26. PATTERN MATCHING FOR MENTAL
CALCULATIONS
. mental calculations are mostly related to
memorization and pattern matching, and putting
various significant constraints on the problems being
asked.
29. Tools to Develop Essential
Cognitive Functions
• Personal Zen – Take time to relax – Sleep
• Brain Trainer – Split the Memory into several
categories such as focus, spatial memory, working
memory, and concentration.
• Peak – Gradually increase the level of difficulty for
you to think harder and conclude better
• Happify – Reward yourself on each level
completion to reduce anxiety and stress
• Mind Map – Try to identify the main problem and
brainstorm on possible support / solution possible
.
Editor's Notes
Learning and memory are closely related concepts.
. If you acquire the new skill or knowledge slowly and laboriously, that's learning.
