In order to survive and sustain in today’s turbulent business environment an organisation needs to explore opportunities and avoid threats constantly. Organisations succeed or fail due to the strategies formulated by its decision makers. Executives working in organisations possess unique perceptions regarding the events occurring in the business environment and they exhibit varied scanning behaviours. This uniqueness is reflected in their decisions and strategies.
Analyzing the current incorporation of social, environmental And economic mea...World-Academic Journal
We theorize about the incorporation of social, environmental and economic dimensions into strategic performance measurement systems. 81Chinese companies were surveyed for the analysis. Along with the increasing of social responsibility pressure, numbers of enterprises are promoting environmental, social and economic performance as strategic sustainability measures. Although the addition of sustainability measures to enterprise’s long term business strategy has long time been a major preoccupation of literature. Some empirical researches have examined if these nonfinancial measures are effectively incorporated into strategic performance measurement systems. In this research, we will examine why the incorporation of sustainability measures into enterprise business strategy vary across enterprises operating in Shanghai.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Analyzing the current incorporation of social, environmental And economic mea...World-Academic Journal
We theorize about the incorporation of social, environmental and economic dimensions into strategic performance measurement systems. 81Chinese companies were surveyed for the analysis. Along with the increasing of social responsibility pressure, numbers of enterprises are promoting environmental, social and economic performance as strategic sustainability measures. Although the addition of sustainability measures to enterprise’s long term business strategy has long time been a major preoccupation of literature. Some empirical researches have examined if these nonfinancial measures are effectively incorporated into strategic performance measurement systems. In this research, we will examine why the incorporation of sustainability measures into enterprise business strategy vary across enterprises operating in Shanghai.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The Role Of Non Market Capability Moderation In The Relationship Between Envi...IOSR Journals
This study aims to: 1) explain the influence of government involvement and resources on the efficiency and performance of Water Supplier Companies; 2) explain the role of non market capability moderation in the relationship between environment, strategies, and the performance of Water Supplier Companies. The data were collected by using a survey on 60 Water Supplier Companies in Sulawesi. From those companies, 54 gave consent to participate in this study, but only 50 questionnaires can be analysed by using PLS. This reserach reveals that: 1) financial support from the local government was on time, and the water production capacity and distribution wereon optimal level; 2) the financial supportwas strengthened by the ability of the Water Supplier Companies to communicate with local government; and 3) the availability of resources - including pipe networks, machines, and pumps – suited the necessity.
Merkl-Davies, Doris M., Brennan, Niamh M. and McLeay, Stuart J. [2011] Impres...Prof Niamh M. Brennan
Purpose – Prior accounting research views impression management predominantly though the lens of economics. Drawing on social psychology research, we provide a complementary perspective on corporate annual narrative reporting as characterised by conditions of ‘ex post accountability’ (Aerts, 2005, p. 497). These give rise to (i) impression management resulting from the managerial anticipation of the feedback effects of information and/or to (ii) managerial sense-making by means of the retrospective framing of organisational outcomes.
Design/methodology/approach – We use a content analysis approach pioneered by psychology research (Newman et al., 2003) which is based on the psychological dimension of word use to investigate the chairmen’s statements of 93 UK listed companies.
Findings – Results suggest that firms do not use chairmen’s statements to create an impression at variance with an overall reading of the annual report. We find that negative organisational outcomes prompt managers to engage in retrospective sense-making, rather than to present a public image of organisational performance inconsistent with the view internally held by management (self-presentational dissimulation). Further, managers of large firms use chairmen’s statements to portray an accurate (i.e., consistent with an overall reading of the annual report), albeit favourable, image of the firm and of organisational outcomes (i.e., impression management by means of enhancement).
Research limitations – The content analysis approach adopted in the study analyses words out of context.
Practical implications – Corporate annual reporting may not only be understood from a behavioural perspective involving managers responding to objectively determined stimuli inherent in the accountability framework, but also from a symbolic interaction perspective which involves managers retrospectively making sense of organisational outcomes and events.
Originality/value – Our approach allows us to investigate three complementary scenarios of managerial corporate annual reporting behaviour: (i) self-presentational dissimulation, (ii) impression management by means of enhancement, and (iii) retrospective sense-making.
Best Management Techniques and Practices for Institutional Growthpaperpublications3
Abstract: This study has been conducted in order to investigate whether different management techniques and practices can influence the firm growth or not. The study has used major three management types such as operations management, human capital management and performance management as well. The question has been asked from the mangers of the firm about these three management types. This study is exploratory in nature. It uses the sample of 30 managers in order to take their view point regarding the importance of management techniques and their impact on firm growth. It was difficult for the researcher to take whole population due to time and cost constraints as well. They all has been asked almost similar questions from the managers included in the sample. Managers tried to explain in their respective interviews that in these management practices the technology has great importance, which cannot be ignored. Open-ended questions have been asked from the managers to ask about management practices. This study is qualitative therefore it can be concluded from the manager’s response that management practices have great impact on the firm growth. The utilization of resources with best management techniques provides best performance to the organizations.
NetMap for Organisational Analysis and RestructuringNetMap
NetMap is a powerful data relationship visualisation analysis software, which lends itself particularly well to analysing communication and information flows within organisations.
The relationship between generic strategies and organizational performance: A...AI Publications
The main purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between generic strategies and organizational performance in selected furniture companies in Kurdistan.The researcher used quantitative research method to analyze the relationship between generic strategies and organizational performance of furniture companies in Kurdistan. The researcher printed and distributed 100 questionnaires, but received only 76 questionnaires from participants. Accordingly the sample size of this study is 76 unitsThe findings of this study revealed that the three generic strategies (cost strategy, differentiation strategy and focus strategy) have positive relationship with organizational performance in selected furniture companies in Kurdistan. A research could be completed in different businesses to see if similar outcomes will be gotten. This research likewise recommends that an exploration study could be done to decide factors impacting successful execution of effective strategy in the business.
The Influence of Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility on...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study aimed to examine the moderating effect of Environment Uncertainty (EU) on the Relationship between Distinctive Capabilities (DC) and Performance of SMEs (PS).Interestingly, only a few empirical researches wereexploredon theeffect of business environment onthe Distinctive Capabilities and Performance
Environmental scanning is one component of the global environmental analysis. Environmental monitoring, environmental forecasting and environmental assessment complete the global environmental analysis
GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS, GLOBE 2018Dmytro Shestakov
Strategic Flexibility as a Key to Innovativeness: Theoretical Framework, Globe 2018, 120-131
Dmytro Shestakov
The article reveals the main strategic changes of the competitive environment, the necessity of flexibility in the new competitive conditions are determined. Flexibility in its various forms has
long played an important role in the organizational change and strategy literature. The theoretical approaches to the definition of the concept of "flexibility", "strategy", "strategic flexibility" are
revealed. Various kinds of flexibility of the company and levels of strategic flexibility are reviewed. With the changed dynamics in the new competitive landscape, firms face multiple discontinuities that often occur simultaneously and are not easily predicted. The article substantiates that managers and government policy makers are encountering major strategic discontinuities that are changing the nature of competition. Firms must be flexible to manage discontinuities and unpredictable change in their environments. Flexibility has been a characteristic of an organization that makes companies less vulnerable to unforeseen external changes or puts it in a better position to respond successfully to change. Strategic flexibility may increase innovation performance of a firm.
Advances In Global
Business And Economics
Proceedings of the GLOBE Conference
in Sarasota, USA, June 4-8, 2018
Editor
Dr. Cihan Cobanoglu
M3 Center
University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee
USA
The Role Of Non Market Capability Moderation In The Relationship Between Envi...IOSR Journals
This study aims to: 1) explain the influence of government involvement and resources on the efficiency and performance of Water Supplier Companies; 2) explain the role of non market capability moderation in the relationship between environment, strategies, and the performance of Water Supplier Companies. The data were collected by using a survey on 60 Water Supplier Companies in Sulawesi. From those companies, 54 gave consent to participate in this study, but only 50 questionnaires can be analysed by using PLS. This reserach reveals that: 1) financial support from the local government was on time, and the water production capacity and distribution wereon optimal level; 2) the financial supportwas strengthened by the ability of the Water Supplier Companies to communicate with local government; and 3) the availability of resources - including pipe networks, machines, and pumps – suited the necessity.
Merkl-Davies, Doris M., Brennan, Niamh M. and McLeay, Stuart J. [2011] Impres...Prof Niamh M. Brennan
Purpose – Prior accounting research views impression management predominantly though the lens of economics. Drawing on social psychology research, we provide a complementary perspective on corporate annual narrative reporting as characterised by conditions of ‘ex post accountability’ (Aerts, 2005, p. 497). These give rise to (i) impression management resulting from the managerial anticipation of the feedback effects of information and/or to (ii) managerial sense-making by means of the retrospective framing of organisational outcomes.
Design/methodology/approach – We use a content analysis approach pioneered by psychology research (Newman et al., 2003) which is based on the psychological dimension of word use to investigate the chairmen’s statements of 93 UK listed companies.
Findings – Results suggest that firms do not use chairmen’s statements to create an impression at variance with an overall reading of the annual report. We find that negative organisational outcomes prompt managers to engage in retrospective sense-making, rather than to present a public image of organisational performance inconsistent with the view internally held by management (self-presentational dissimulation). Further, managers of large firms use chairmen’s statements to portray an accurate (i.e., consistent with an overall reading of the annual report), albeit favourable, image of the firm and of organisational outcomes (i.e., impression management by means of enhancement).
Research limitations – The content analysis approach adopted in the study analyses words out of context.
Practical implications – Corporate annual reporting may not only be understood from a behavioural perspective involving managers responding to objectively determined stimuli inherent in the accountability framework, but also from a symbolic interaction perspective which involves managers retrospectively making sense of organisational outcomes and events.
Originality/value – Our approach allows us to investigate three complementary scenarios of managerial corporate annual reporting behaviour: (i) self-presentational dissimulation, (ii) impression management by means of enhancement, and (iii) retrospective sense-making.
Best Management Techniques and Practices for Institutional Growthpaperpublications3
Abstract: This study has been conducted in order to investigate whether different management techniques and practices can influence the firm growth or not. The study has used major three management types such as operations management, human capital management and performance management as well. The question has been asked from the mangers of the firm about these three management types. This study is exploratory in nature. It uses the sample of 30 managers in order to take their view point regarding the importance of management techniques and their impact on firm growth. It was difficult for the researcher to take whole population due to time and cost constraints as well. They all has been asked almost similar questions from the managers included in the sample. Managers tried to explain in their respective interviews that in these management practices the technology has great importance, which cannot be ignored. Open-ended questions have been asked from the managers to ask about management practices. This study is qualitative therefore it can be concluded from the manager’s response that management practices have great impact on the firm growth. The utilization of resources with best management techniques provides best performance to the organizations.
NetMap for Organisational Analysis and RestructuringNetMap
NetMap is a powerful data relationship visualisation analysis software, which lends itself particularly well to analysing communication and information flows within organisations.
The relationship between generic strategies and organizational performance: A...AI Publications
The main purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between generic strategies and organizational performance in selected furniture companies in Kurdistan.The researcher used quantitative research method to analyze the relationship between generic strategies and organizational performance of furniture companies in Kurdistan. The researcher printed and distributed 100 questionnaires, but received only 76 questionnaires from participants. Accordingly the sample size of this study is 76 unitsThe findings of this study revealed that the three generic strategies (cost strategy, differentiation strategy and focus strategy) have positive relationship with organizational performance in selected furniture companies in Kurdistan. A research could be completed in different businesses to see if similar outcomes will be gotten. This research likewise recommends that an exploration study could be done to decide factors impacting successful execution of effective strategy in the business.
The Influence of Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility on...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study aimed to examine the moderating effect of Environment Uncertainty (EU) on the Relationship between Distinctive Capabilities (DC) and Performance of SMEs (PS).Interestingly, only a few empirical researches wereexploredon theeffect of business environment onthe Distinctive Capabilities and Performance
Environmental scanning is one component of the global environmental analysis. Environmental monitoring, environmental forecasting and environmental assessment complete the global environmental analysis
GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS, GLOBE 2018Dmytro Shestakov
Strategic Flexibility as a Key to Innovativeness: Theoretical Framework, Globe 2018, 120-131
Dmytro Shestakov
The article reveals the main strategic changes of the competitive environment, the necessity of flexibility in the new competitive conditions are determined. Flexibility in its various forms has
long played an important role in the organizational change and strategy literature. The theoretical approaches to the definition of the concept of "flexibility", "strategy", "strategic flexibility" are
revealed. Various kinds of flexibility of the company and levels of strategic flexibility are reviewed. With the changed dynamics in the new competitive landscape, firms face multiple discontinuities that often occur simultaneously and are not easily predicted. The article substantiates that managers and government policy makers are encountering major strategic discontinuities that are changing the nature of competition. Firms must be flexible to manage discontinuities and unpredictable change in their environments. Flexibility has been a characteristic of an organization that makes companies less vulnerable to unforeseen external changes or puts it in a better position to respond successfully to change. Strategic flexibility may increase innovation performance of a firm.
Advances In Global
Business And Economics
Proceedings of the GLOBE Conference
in Sarasota, USA, June 4-8, 2018
Editor
Dr. Cihan Cobanoglu
M3 Center
University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee
USA
Socially responsible human resourcepractices disclosures of.docxlillie234567
Socially responsible human resource
practices: disclosures of the world’s best
multinational workplaces
Charbel Greige Frangieh and Hala Khayr Yaacoub
Abstract
Purpose – This paper aims to explore the socially responsible human resource practices disclosed by
the ‘‘World’s Best Multinational Workplaces,’’ with the aim of facilitating the benchmarking of these
disclosed practices.
Design/methodology/approach – Using the ‘‘World’s Best Multinational Workplaces’’ list was a
strategic decision in this study due to the rigorous methodology used in the preparation of the list as it
concentrated largely on the employees’ feedback, thus ensuring that these listed companies are actually
top workplaces. Both manifest and latent content analysis, are applied on 23 of the 25 listedMultinational
Corporations’ websites and reports, and company reviews done on these companies by the Great Place
toWork for to pinpoint the social responsible human resource practices.
Findings – Most of the practices disclosed are oriented toward enhancing the employees’ work
experiences whether that happened through improving their employment conditions or through having a
diverse and inclusive workplace. Thus, the employee-oriented human resource management practices
got the lion’s share of the disclosures, rather than the legal or the Corporate social responsibility–human
resources facilitation components.
Research limitations/implications – The practices that are already used at small and medium
enterpriseswithin national contexts were not covered in this study.
Practical implications – It is assumed that businesses can benefit from the practices of these MNCs
which are considered as great places to work for, and as pioneers in their socially responsible human
resource approaches.
Originality/value – This study is likely to fill an important gap in the corporate social responsibility
literature, which gave pint-sized attention to the internal stakeholders, rendering the academic coverage
of employee-related practices scarce if not absent
Keywords CSR, Content analysis, Multinational corporations,
Social responsible human resource practices
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
An ethical movement is gaining momentum in the business world as a result of
management malpractices committed in the past decades. The ethical crisis drove
practitioners and researchers around the world to acknowledge the importance of
integrating business ethics and sustainability into their organizations. Engaging in
responsible practices was seen as a means to avoid crises and simultaneously lead to
financial benefits, (Doh et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2015; Voegtlin et al., 2012), produce social
capital (Maak, 2007) and enhance work-related behaviors like retention and workplace
commitment (Waldman and Galvin, 2008; Cameron, 2011; Doh et al., 2011; Doh and
Quigley, 2014; Miska et al., 2014). The misconducts in top management positions gained
extensive media a.
External Business Environment and Performance of Microfinance Institutions: E...AkashSharma618775
This study examined the intensity of competition in the microfinance industry and its relationship
performance of MFIs in Nigeria. From a sample of 121 MFIs in Nigeria, data was collected via a structured
questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM
3.0) using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS v22) and, findings suggest that MFIs were faced with
intense competition in the form of high cost and difficulty of entry, high operational cost and too many players in
the industry regardless of the type of product and services they offer or lending policies they embrace. The result
further reveal that the intensity of competition has significant negative influence on the amount of loans disbursed
and the amount disbursed to women. The study therefore recommends MFI managers to develop operational
mechanisms for cost and risk reduction to survive and excel.
External Business Environment and Performance of Microfinance Institutions: E...AkashSharma618775
This study examined the intensity of competition in the microfinance industry and its relationship
performance of MFIs in Nigeria. From a sample of 121 MFIs in Nigeria, data was collected via a structured
questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM
3.0) using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS v22) and, findings suggest that MFIs were faced with
intense competition in the form of high cost and difficulty of entry, high operational cost and too many players in
the industry regardless of the type of product and services they offer or lending policies they embrace. The result
further reveal that the intensity of competition has significant negative influence on the amount of loans disbursed
and the amount disbursed to women. The study therefore recommends MFI managers to develop operational
mechanisms for cost and risk reduction to survive and excel.
Green Marketing Mix As Strategy to Improve Competitive Advantage in Real Esta...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A stakeholder approach to corporate social responsibility, reputation and bus...Shifur Rahman
A stakeholder approach to corporate
social responsibility, reputation and
business performance
A research paper based presentation. The paper is available through the link mentioned below............
http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30073833
Many countries have seen the importance of financial education by making financial
education a national strategy. In Vietnam, although the National Strategies for Inclusive Financial
Education has been proposed since 2017 and officially included in the National Financial Inclusion
Strategy in 2020, however, financial education is still quite new, and many people are not aware of
the necessity of financial l
Today, in the rapidly emerging globalization process, increasing the competitiveness of enterprises
depends on increasing of their firm performance. Although there are many methods and techniques affecting
firm performance, Information technology (IT) capabilities has become one of the most widely used method,
especially in dealing with supply chain matters of a firm. The aim of our study is to express whether innovation
and organization learning is effective as intermediate variable to the effects of IT capabilities at firm’s
performance. The opinion which claim
Globally, the number of startup companies has rapidly expanded during the last 5-8 years. Offering
products and/or services that greatly enhance the lives of its clients is a major focus for these firms. In India,
local and federal government initiatives have provided new enterprises and entrepreneurs with much
momentum and assistance, helping India become the world's top startup location. The Government of India
(GOI) launched the "Startup India" campaign in 2015 to promote entrepreneurship and support businesses to
achieve this goal (Babu, S., Sridevi, K.,2019). An IBM Center for Business Value and Oxford Economics study
in 2018 found that 90% of Indian companies fail within the first five years of operation. Potential difficulties
that startups may run across, both generally and specifically in the Indian market, have been described by
several authors.
Behaviour finance is the study of how psychological phenomena affect financial behaviour. This
financial science is used in making financial decisions. Amid the development of the digital economy, paylater
innovation has emerged. It is feared that the ease of use of paylater can have a negative impact, one of which is
the attitude of impulsive buying. This research will analyze the effect of financial literacy, self-control, risk
perception, and percieved ease of use on impulsive buying behaviour. This research is based on Decision Affect
Theory, which is a theory that discusses financial decision behaviour that is influenced by self-emotion. This
research is uses purposive sampling wi
Improving the business environment is one of the key strategies to promote local and regional
economic development. However, which factors affect the business environment of the provinces is still
controversial. Using survey data from 400 investors and managers and a multivariate regression analysis
method, this study has identified the factors affecting the business environment of Hai Phong province. The
analysis results show that there are 09 factors affecting the business environment of Hai Phong City, including
entry costs, land access and tenure, transparent, informal charges, time cost, pro-activeness, business support
services, labor training and legal institutions. In
The effect of work attitude and innovation ability on employee innovation performance is of great
significance for improving the innovation ability of manufacturing enterprises and building an "Innovative
Country" in China.This article theoretical analysis was conducted on the mechanism by which the work attitude
of employees in manufacturing enterprises affects innovation performance and the mediating mechanism of
innovation ability. Based on data from Chinese manufacturing enterprises, empirical analysis was conducted
using SEM models. Resear
The concept of organizational resilience continues to grow in focus and importance, but there
has yet to be an agreed upon measure of organizational resilience. Organizational resilience can be seen as a
corporation’s ability to adapt to change and maintain flexibility within their supply chain. Resilience and
flexibility at all organizational levels is necessary, in a proactive manner, to turn resilience into a competitive
advantage
In this paper, by using the basic method of differential geometry, combined with the optimization
theory and the basic technique of data analysis, the definition, basic properties and statistical characteristics of
nonlinear correlation coefficients on manifolds are studied and given, test the rationality and validity of the
nonlinear correlation coefficient defined in this paper. Therefore, the study of this paper has certain theoretical
value and potential practical significance.
This study aims to analyze and prove whether there is a positive and significant influence
between product quality and poki prices on purchasing decisions for Kobba brand coffee. The survey was
conducted using 53 respondents who were buyers who had purchased Kobba brand coffee more than once.
Information from respondents was obtained through a list of questions that were sent and returned by
respondents
In this paper, we introduce a universal framework for mean-distortion robust risk measurement and
portfolio optimization. We take accounts for the uncertainty based on Gelbrich distance and another uncertainty
set proposed by Delage & Ye. We also establish the model under the constraints of probabilistic safety
criteria and compare the different frontiers and the investment ratio to each asset. The empirical analysis in the
final part explores the impact of different parameters on the model results.
Despite the attainment of the famous Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of reducing the number
of poor people across the globe a significant number still live below the poverty line. The problem of poverty is
more endemic in developing countries like Nigeria. Several intervention efforts have been in place to address
the poverty question which persists partly due to serious financial exclusion and unethical activities of informal
finance providers.
The focus of this research was to establish the effect of entrepreneurship Ecosystem in inculcating
entrepreneurial propensity for community development. Promotion of entrepreneurship in Kenya has existed
ever since independence. The Government has shown tremendous support to entrepreneurship growth. The
Government have channelled financial support through funding such as Women Enterprise fund, Youth
Enterprise Fund and Uwezo Fund
In this paper, we consider an AAI with two types of insurance business with p-thinning dependent
claims risk, diversify claims risk by purchasing proportional reinsurance, and invest in a stock with Heston
model price process, a risk-free bond, and a credit bond in the financial market with the objective of maximizing
the expectation of the terminal wealth index effect, and construct the wealth process of AAI as well as the the
model of robust optimal reinsurance-investment problem is obtained, using dynamic programming, the HJB
equation to obtain the pre-default and post-default reinsurance-investment strategies and the display expression
of the value function, respectively, and the sensitivity of the model parameters is analyzed through numerical
experiments to obtain a realistic economic interpretation. The model as well as the results in this paper are a
generalization and extension of the results of existing studies.
:Textiles and clothing are a fundamental part of everyday life and an important sector in the global
economy. It is hard to imagine a world without textiles. Clothes are worn by almost everyone, almost all the time
and it also becomes an important expression for an individuality. In 2015, emission from textiles production
totaled 1.2 billion tons of CO2 equivalent throughout its lifecycle. The fashion industry is a large consumer of
water, high volumes of water containing
In this paper, we construct a Credit Default Swap pricing model for default recovery rates under
distributional uncertainty based on a structured pricing model and distributional uncertainty theory. The model
is algorithmically transformed into a solvable semi-definite programming problem using the Lagrangian dual
method, and the solution of the model is given using the projection interior point method. Finally, an empirical
analysis is conducted, and the results show that the model constructed in this paper is reasonable and efficient
The closures of schools, colleges, and universities in many countries worldwide during the COVID19 pandemic have reshaped every aspect of our normal lives and educational experience. As a result of
extended periods of lockdown, whole populations have been advised to stay in their households and
communicate with others through distance electronic communications methods such as Zoom, Teams, Google
meetings etc. More than 1
Even though economists and academics have been studying money laundering for many years, there
are still gaps in the research because there is a dearth of trustworthy data on the activity as well as an absence
of specific sources and methods of collection in government-based reporting. The Walker-Unger gravity model
was used in this study to determine the countries that Russian-based money launderers used as funding
destinations between the years 2000 and 2020, as well as whether there are any variations in country rankings
during economic downturns. The investigation's findings indicated that even during recessionary times, money
launderers with Russian bases consistently preferred certain countries as their destination
This study will establish a scientific foundation for analyzing and assessing the development of
human resources in industrial parks of Hai Duong province. According to statistics and primary data, the
study analyzes the current situation of human resource development in the industrial parks in Hai Duong
province, states achievements, limitations and their causes, thereby giving solutions to improve the human
resource development in industrial parks of Hai Duong province in the future for the economic development
of industrial parks in particular and Hai Duong province in general.
Solar photovoltaic systems are becoming essential in renewable energy sources to help reduce
dependence on renewable energy sources, fossil fuels and mitigate climate change. In the world today, many
successful businesses bring efficiency to the environment as well as the global economy. However, to evaluate
the business performance of the global supply chain, it is necessary to find an appropriate method. This article
uses data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) methods to compare
performance across businesses
The objective of this research is 1) to study social media usage behavior of the elderly and 2) to
examine the relationship between factors of the social media usage behavior of the elderly in Surat Thani
Province, Thailand. The data were collected from selected elderly aged 60 years and older in Surat Thani
Province. The number of the sample in this study was 400. The questionnaire was used as a tool to collect the
data. Statistics used were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and Chi-Square
More from International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) (20)
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
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The Role of Hierarchical Level and Functional Area in Environmental Scanning Behaviour among Indian Executives
1. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM)
Volume 3 Issue 6 June 2018, P.P. 01-09
ISSN: 2456-4559
www.ijbmm.com
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 1
The Role of Hierarchical Level and Functional Area in
Environmental Scanning Behaviour among Indian Executives
Dr. Manoj K. Sharma, Shefali Malhotra
Professor, University Business School,, Panjab University, Chandigarh
Senior Research Fellow, University Business School,, Panjab University, Chandigarh
ABSTRACT: In order to survive and sustain in today’s turbulent business environment an organisation needs
to explore opportunities and avoid threats constantly. Organisations succeed or fail due to the strategies
formulated by its decision makers. Executives working in organisations possess unique perceptions regarding
the events occurring in the business environment and they exhibit varied scanning behaviours. This uniqueness
is reflected in their decisions and strategies. Therefore, it becomes imperative for managers to incorporate
effective environmental scanning in their strategic management efforts. This paper examined the relationship of
hierarchical level and functional area with the environmental perceptions and scanning behaviour of
executives. Results suggest that a significant relationship existed between hierarchical level and importance of
general environment, between hierarchical level and complexity of task environment and between functional
area and importance of general environment. Neither of these two variables demonstrated a significant
relationship with other variables of environmental scanning and scanning behaviour.
Keywords: Environmental Perceptions, Environmental Scanning, Scanning Behaviour, Hierarchical Level,
Functional Area, Executives
I. INTRODUCTION
Organisations are social entities that work in tandem with the society that they are a part of.
Organisations rely on nature for resources such as land and on people for labour, capital and entrepreneurship.
Thus the interaction between an organisation and the environment is continuous and never ending. A third type
of interaction occurs when certain events occur in the environment that may have an impact on the
organisational survival and success in the short-term or in the long-term. This interaction may or may not be
required by the organisation and instead it is presented to the organisation. The organisations which are able to
respond to it effectively are the organisations that survive, succeed and grow. Managing the core as well as
unprecedented interactions of businesses gives rise to the need of Strategic Management of organisations as
Strategy lies at the core of any activity undertaken with clear objectives and expected outcomes. So it becomes
imperative for a business organisation to accord great importance to Strategic Management. Strategic
Management, as a process, is crucial to the survival and growth of an organisation. It chalks out plans at every
level in the organisation to realise pre determined specific goals as well as the broader Mission & Vision of the
Organisation. Thus, it is essential to achieve and maintain a competitive advantage over other players. In this
context, Environmental Scanning serves as the focal point through which the whole process of strategic
management should be carried out. The purpose of this paper is to describe the concept of environmental
scanning, to highlight its importance and to examine the relationships it has with the hierarchical level and
functional area of executives responsible for it. This paper, which represents a part of the results of a broader
study, has its theoretical foundations in a host of studies described in Sections 1.2 and 1.3. Thereafter, the
research methodology is described and the results are discussed.
II. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
1.II.1 Business Environment
Bourgeoise (1985) classified the business environmental factors into general and task. General business
environmental factors affect the organization indirectly and include political, legal, economic, social,
2. The Role of Hierarchical Level and Functional Area in Environmental Scanning Behaviour among...
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 2
demographic, environmental and technological areas. Task factors have a direct impact on the organisation;
examples include suppliers, competitors, and consumers. (Cook, 201
Morrison (1992) mentions three different environmental domains for scanning viz. The task level consisting of
the organization as well as its customers; the industry level including all the organizations in the society,
associated with the company. The third and the broadest in scope is the macroeconomic level, comprising of all
the external sectors – such as political, economic, social, technological and environmental – which directly or
indirectly influence the organization. Wheelen and Hunger (2010) categorized the business environment into
external environment, further sub-divided into natural, societal and task environmentsnand the internal
environment including different components such as structure (chain of command), culture (beliefs,
expectations, values) and internal resources (assets, skills, competencies, knowledge).
1.II.2 Business Environment Scanning and Perceptions
In his 1967 fundamental work, „Scanning the Business Environment,‟ Harvard Professor Emeritus Francis
Joseph Aguilar described environmental scanning as “…the activity of acquiring information… about events
and relationships in a company‟s outside environment, the knowledge of which would assist top management in
its task of charting the company‟s future course of action.”(as quoted in Auster & Choo, 1993)
1.II.3 Scanning Behaviour
Scanning Behaviour consists of two factors: frequency by which the environmental sectors are scanned and the
sources from which environmental information is obtained. Frequency of scanning has a direct effect on the
amount of information an executive obtains from the environment (Hambrick, 1982). Scanning mode pertains to
the source or medium through which managers learn about the environment. According to Aguilar (as cited in
Elenkov, 1997) modes or information sources can be personal, impersonal, internal or external.
1.II.4 Hierarchical Level
Previous researches did not establish a strong relationship between Hierarchical Level and scanning activities.
(Kefalas & Schoderbeck, 1973; Hambrick 1981) Hierarchical Level was operationalised as a self-reported
measure. The categories were: Lower Management, Middle Management and Top Management.
1.II.5 Functional Area
Kefalas & Schoderbeck (1973) found extensive scanning of the market sector by executives of all functions.
However, no statistical significance was demonstrated. Hambrick (1981) also found limited support for this
hypothesis, only in case of output scanning and accounting/finance function. Five Functional area categories
were defined for this study. These include: Human Resources (HR), Production/Operations, Finance, Marketing
and General Management.
III. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Kefalas & Schoderbek (1973) examined the relationship between external environment characteristics and
organizational information-acquisition behaviors. Two industries were selected, namely, Farm Equipment and
Meat Packing Industry. The external environments of the two industries were classified into stable and dynamic.
While data for objective criterion was collected through secondary sources, data for subjective criterion was
collected through personal interviews and questionnaires filled by 14 top executives of the six companies (3
from each industry). The farm machinery industry was classified as functioning within a dynamic environment,
whereas the meatpacking industry worked within a stable environment. Data regarding scanning activities was
collected through a scanning questionnaire from 40 executives of these six companies who occupied different
hierarchical positions and functional specializations. It was found that executives in dynamic environment spent
more time in acquiring external information than executives in stable environment. Executives in upper levels
devoted more time to scanning than executives in lower levels. Market Sector was found out to be the most
important in terms of time spent for scanning followed by the technology sector. Marketing and R&D
executives focused on their own sectors while finance; accounting and corporate planning executives focused on
government and external growth sectors. Also, documented sources of information were preferred more in
comparison to human sources.
Hambrick (1981) carried out an empirical study using responses of 195 executives from three service
industries-colleges, general hospitals and life insurance firms to study the existence of any association between
executives‟ hierarchical level and his/her scanning activity and executives‟ functional area and his/her scanning
activity. Questionnaire was used as the research instrument and Correlation was used as the data analysis tool.
The study found a limited relationship between hierarchical level and scanning activities with positive
relationship existing between the two in case of colleges only. It was also found that functional area was a
3. The Role of Hierarchical Level and Functional Area in Environmental Scanning Behaviour among...
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 3
limited predictor of scanning activity. The relationship was positive in case of accounting/finance function and
scanning in throughput sector.
Daft et al. (1988) examined the data collected from 50 CEOs through personal interviews. Descriptive analysis,
Scheffe‟s multiple range tests and correlation analysis were applied. It was found that customer, economic and
competition sectors had greater strategic uncertainty than technological, regulatory and sociocultural sectors.
The analysis indicated that strategic uncertainty is a predictor of the frequency with which top executives
scanned sectors. The higher the uncertainty in the environmental sectors, the more frequently top executives
relied on personal modes within and outside the organization. Chief executive scanning in higher-performing
firms was characterized by more frequent scanning and by careful customization of scanning to perceived
strategic uncertainty compared to lower-performing firms.
Preble et al. (1988) directed their study on environmental assessment activities of multinational firms
headquartered in US. The final sample size was 95 and questionnaire was used for data collection. The data
analysis yielded that more than one half of the sample respondent firms were conducting in-house international
environment scanning and it was found that most respondents rated economic domain as high in importance
with regards to other sectors like competitive, political, legal and technological. Internal sources of information
were preferred to external sources and a formal system of environmental scanning was in place in more than
one-half of the respondent firms. Expert opinion and trend extrapolation were more popular as forecasting
techniques in comparison to scenario analysis and computer simulations.
Stewart et al. (2008) conducted a study to explore scanning behaviour of entrepreneurial firms in the context of
two countries-India and US. Survey approach was used and the final sample for the study was 46 entrepreneurs
in the United States and 57 entrepreneurs in India. The results indicated that Indian and US entrepreneurs show
similar scanning behaviour. It was found that Indian entrepreneurs scanned more frequently than their US
contemporaries. Both Indian and US entrepreneurs ranked task sectors (competitors, technology, and customers)
highest in perceived strategic uncertainty. It was found that entrepreneurs in both the countries scanned more
often when they perceived high rates of change in the environment. The results showed that scanning is
significantly higher among entrepreneurs in the US and India when accessibility is high.
Cancellier, Junior and Rossetto (2014) aimed their study to analyse the relationship between environmental
information scanning, strategic behaviour and performance of 61 car dealer companies. The questionnaire used
in the study adopted the strategic behaviour typology of Miles and Snow (1978). The sample obtained
comprised of three out of four types of strategic behaviour, which enabled the analysis of differences among the
groups. It was found that the scanning of information was more associated with organisational performance than
to the strategy measured specific typology. Overall, the client sector was the most frequently scanned sector and
the internal personal sources had a higher frequency followed by written external, external personal and internal
written. The results suggested that prospectors reported higher frequency in the scanning of the external
environment, thereby showing that, the relationship with the environment changes according to the type of
strategic behaviour.
Two key research questions emerge:
1. Is there an association between an executive‟s hierarchical level and his/her environmental perceptions
and scanning behaviour?
2. Is there an association between an executive‟s functional area and his/her environmental perceptions
and scanning behaviour?
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1.4.1 Research Instrument:
For the purpose of the present study, Business environment forms the overall surroundings encompassing an
organisation. It is further divided into external and internal environments. External environment consists of the
environmental forces outside the organisation; Internal environment is made up of forces working within the
organisation. External Environment is further subdivided into General and Task environments. For this study,
General Environment consisted of the following six sectors:
Political
Legal
Economic
Social
Cultural
Technological
The task environment consisted of the following four sectors:
Customers
4. The Role of Hierarchical Level and Functional Area in Environmental Scanning Behaviour among...
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 4
Competitors
Resources used by the Organisation
Suppliers
The Internal Environment consisted of the following ten dimensions:
Mission & Vision of your Organisation
Organisational Structure of the Organisation
Human Resource Practices
Management Style
Organisational Culture
Financial Resources Management
Supply Chain Management
Internal systems and processes
Marketing Management
Innovation Level in Organisation
Environmental Scanning involves the bifurcation of environment into relevant sectors, collecting data
pertinent to these sectors and predicting changes in important variables in those sectors. (Preble et al.,1988)
Environmental Scanning is important for the decision making of organisations as environments cause
uncertainty. This uncertainty is caused due to certain Environmental Characteristics that are perceived by
the executives. These include: Impact, Importance, Rate of Change and Complexity. Scanning Behaviour
may be defined as employing one of the many available ways to gather information about the business
environment and thus includes, Scanning Frequency, which in simple terms can be defined as the
occurrence of the act of scanning and Scanning Sources which refer to the various media adopted by
executives to gather information about the environment. Four types of scanning sources were used-
Personal, Impersonal External and Internal (Daft et al., 1988)
A Questionnaire comprising of 4 sections was used as the research instrument for the survey. Section A
enlisted questions relating to demographic profile of the respondents; Section B included questions
pertaining to environmental perceptions measured on a five-point Likert Scale ranging from 1(very low), 2
(low), 3 (medium), 4(high), 5(very high). The questions measuring impact comprised of 79 items, 60 for
general environment and 19 for task environment. For importance, rate of change and complexity, the
questions related to 6 sectors of general environment and 4 sectors of task environment. Section C consisted
of questions regarding overall scanning frequency and scanning frequency using personal external,
impersonal external, personal internal and impersonal internal sources of information measured ona five-
point Likert scale ranging from 1(less than once a year), 2 (few times a year), 3 (monthly), 4 (weekly),
5(daily), following the works of Daft et al. 1988. Personal External Sources included Customers,
Competitors, Business/Professional Associates, Government Officials, Industry & Trade Associations,
Conferences & Seminars. Impersonal External Sources included Newspapers & Periodicals, Government
Publications, Broadcast Media. Personal Internal Sources included Board Members, Superior Managers,
Subordinate Managers. Impersonal Internal Sources included Internal Memos, Internal Reports and
Studies, Management Information System (MIS).
The Questionnaire was pre-tested using responses from target population members as well subject and
management experts. Suggested changes were duly incorporated and the questionnaire was revised for
better understanding and accurate responses.
1.4.2 Sample Description:
Out of an initial sample of 1000 respondents, a final sample of 805 executives was found to be useable,
resulting in a response rate of 80.5%. Quota Sampling on the basis of gender was used to seek adequate
representation of both male and female workforce. In the final sample, the number of male respondents was
550 and the number of female respondents was 300. Self-reported designation categories and functional
areas led to the following sample, as exhibited in Tables 1.1 and 1.2.
5. The Role of Hierarchical Level and Functional Area in Environmental Scanning Behaviour among...
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 5
Table 1.1
No. of Executives
Designation
Lower Mgmt 212
Middle Mgmt 301
Top Mgmt 292
Total 805
Table 1.2
No. Of Executives
Functional Area
HR 57
Production/Op
r 80
Finance 156
Marketing 324
Gen Mgmt 188
Total 805
1.4.3 Data Analysis Tool & Research Hypothesis
This study used chi-square test for independence as one of the data analysis tools. The chi-square test of
association determines whether two categorical variables appear to be associated, in the sense that they exhibit a
tendency for their respective values to co-occur in some pattern. The research hypotheses of the study are as
follows:
H01a -028a: There is no association between hierarchical level and variables of environmental perceptions and
scanning behaviour.
H01b-028b: There is no association between hierarchical level and variables of environmental perceptions and
scanning behaviour.
RESULTS
1.4.4 Hierarchical Level and Environmental Perceptions and Scanning Behaviour: The chi-square
results for testing association between Hierarchical Level and environmental perception variables
and scanning behaviour variables are described in Table 1.3
Table 1.3
Variable Null
Hypothesis
Chi-
Square
Value
Significance p-value
Hierarchical Level & Impact of Political
Sector
Accepted .154 Insignificant .926
Hierarchical Level & Impact of Legal
Sector
Accepted .525 Insignificant .769
Hierarchical Level & Impact of Economic
Sector
Accepted 2.151 Insignificant .341
Hierarchical Level & Impact of Social
Sector
Accepted 1.531 Insignificant .465
Hierarchical Level & Impact of Cultural
Sector
Accepted 3.938 Insignificant .140
6. The Role of Hierarchical Level and Functional Area in Environmental Scanning Behaviour among...
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 6
Hierarchical Level & Impact of
Technological Sector
Accepted 2.732 Insignificant .255
Hierarchical Level & Impact of
Customers Sector
Accepted .235 Insignificant .889
Hierarchical Level & Impact of
Competitors Sector
Accepted 1.653 Insignificant .438
Hierarchical Level & Impact of Resources
Sector
Accepted .346 Insignificant .841
Hierarchical Level & Impact of Suppliers
Sector
Accepted 3.520 Insignificant .172
Hierarchical Level & Importance of
General Environment
Rejected 73.642 Significant .000
Hierarchical Level & Importance of Task
Environment
Accepted .779 Insignificant .677
Hierarchical Level & Rate of Change of
General Environment
Accepted 2.312 Insignificant .315
Hierarchical Level & Rate of Change of
Task Environment
Accepted .854 Insignificant .652
Hierarchical Level & Complexity of
General Environment
Accepted 3.915 Insignificant .141
Hierarchical Level & Complexity of Task
Environment
Rejected 7.853 Significant .020
Hierarchical Level & Frequency of
Scanning of General Environment
Accepted 1.643 Insignificant .440
Hierarchical Level & Frequency of
Scanning of Task Environment
Accepted .731 Insignificant .694
Hierarchical Level & Frequency of
Scanning of General Environment using
Personal External Sources
Accepted 1.913 Insignificant .384
Hierarchical Level & Frequency of
Scanning of Task Environment using
Personal External Sources
Accepted 1.862 Insignificant .394
Hierarchical Level & Frequency of
Scanning of General Environment using
Impersonal External Sources
Accepted 1.886 Insignificant .390
Hierarchical Level & Frequency of
Scanning of Task Environment using
Impersonal External Sources
Accepted 1.886 Insignificant .390
Hierarchical Level & Frequency of
Scanning of General Environment using
Personal Internal Sources
Accepted 1.913 Insignificant .384
Hierarchical Level & Frequency of
Scanning of Task Environment using
Personal Internal Sources
Accepted .015 Insignificant .993
Hierarchical Level & Frequency of
Scanning of General Environment using
Impersonal Internal Sources
Accepted .854 Insignificant .652
Hierarchical Level & Frequency of
Scanning of Task Environment using
Impersonal Internal Sources
Accepted 1.031 Insignificant .597
Hierarchical Level & Importance of
Internal Environment
Accepted .376 Insignificant .829
Hierarchical Level & Frequency of
Scanning of Internal Environment
Accepted 1.863 Insignificant .394
As can be seen from Table 1.3,
The chi-square test revealed a significant relationship between Hierarchical Level and Importance of General
Environment, χ2
(2, N=805) = 73.642, p=0.000 (at 0.05 level of significance)
7. The Role of Hierarchical Level and Functional Area in Environmental Scanning Behaviour among...
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 7
The chi-square test revealed a significant relationship between Hierarchical Level and Complexity of Task
Environment, χ2
(2, N=805) = 7.853, p=0.020. (at 0.05 level of significance)
1.4.5 Functional Area and Environmental Perceptions and Scanning Behaviour: The chi-square
results for testing association between Functional Area and Environmental perception variables
and Scanning behaviour variables are described in Table 1.4.
Table 1.4
Variable Null
Hypothesis
Chi-
Square
Value
Significance p-value
Functional Area & Impact of Political
Sector
Accepted 1.999 Insignificant .736
Functional Area & Impact of Legal Sector Accepted 1.762 Insignificant .779
Functional Area & Impact of Economic
Sector
Accepted 2.505 Insignificant .644
Functional Area & Impact of Social
Sector
Accepted 5.656 Insignificant .226
Functional Area & Impact of Cultural
Sector
Accepted 5.815 Insignificant .213
Functional Area & Impact of
Technological Sector
Accepted 4.144 Insignificant .387
Functional Area & Impact of Customers
Sector
Accepted .393 Insignificant .983
Functional Area & Impact of Competitors
Sector
Accepted .783 Insignificant .941
Functional Area & Impact of Resources
Sector
Accepted 1.245 Insignificant .871
Functional Area & Impact of Suppliers
Sector
Accepted .230 Insignificant .994
Functional Area & Importance of
General Environment
Rejected 118.395 Significant .000
Functional Area & Importance of Task
Environment
Accepted 1.898 Insignificant .754
Functional Area & Rate of Change of
General Environment
Accepted 1.872 Insignificant .759
Functional Area & Rate of Change of
Task Environment
Accepted 1.673 Insignificant .796
Functional Area & Complexity of General
Environment
Accepted 1.858 Insignificant .762
Functional Area & Complexity of Task
Environment
Accepted 2.354 Insignificant .671
Functional Area & Frequency of
Scanning of General Environment
Accepted 1.604 Insignificant .808
Functional Area & Frequency of
Scanning of Task Environment
Accepted 3.604 Insignificant .462
Functional Area & Frequency of
Scanning of General Environment using
Personal External Sources
Accepted 1.011 Insignificant .908
Functional Area & Frequency of
Scanning of Task Environment using
Personal External Sources
Accepted 1.595 Insignificant .810
Functional Area & Frequency of
Scanning of General Environment using
Impersonal External Sources
Accepted 3.574 Insignificant .467
Functional Area & Frequency of
Scanning of Task Environment using
Impersonal External Sources
Accepted 3.574 Insignificant .467
Functional Area & Frequency of Accepted 1.011 Insignificant .908
8. The Role of Hierarchical Level and Functional Area in Environmental Scanning Behaviour among...
International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM) Page 8
Scanning of General Environment using
Personal Internal Sources
Functional Area & Frequency of
Scanning of Task Environment using
Personal Internal Sources
Accepted 1.103 Insignificant .894
Functional Area & Frequency of
Scanning of General Environment using
Impersonal Internal Sources
Accepted 1.673 Insignificant .796
Functional Area & Frequency of
Scanning of Task Environment using
Impersonal Internal Sources
Accepted 1.769 Insignificant .778
Functional Area & Importance of
Internal Environment
Accepted .703 Insignificant .951
Functional Area & Frequency of
Scanning of Internal Environment
Accepted 1.412 Insignificant .842
As can be seen from Table 1.4,
The chi-square test revealed a significant relationship between Functional Area and Importance of General
Environment, χ2
(4, N=805) = 118.395, p=0.000. (at 0.05 level of significance)
DISCUSSION
As the results indicate, both hierarchical level and functional area were found to have statistically significant
association with Importance of General Environment. The general environment comprised of items related to
political, legal, economic, social, cultural and technological sectors. The routine character of the general
environment as well as the understandable dimensions may be regarded as the plausible explanation for this
perception of the Indian executives. Importance of General environment was found to have a relationship with
the functional area of the executives implying that functional area has an impact on the perception of general
environment. Hierarchical level was also found to have a statistically significant association with Complexity of
Task Environment. However, no statistically significant association was found to exist between functional area
and complexity of task environment. The scanning of task environment may be confined to specific individuals
who are assigned with this job and therefore no association was found between hierarchical level and
environmental perceptions and scanning behaviour of executives or between functional area and environmental
perceptions and scanning behavior of executives.
CONCLUSION
The aforementioned literature highlights the fact that Environmental Scanning forms the backbone of strategic
management process by contributing the most important resource needed----Information. Decisions taken on the
basis of incomplete information can often disrupt the functioning of an organisation and hence it is very
important for organisations to invest in this otherwise ignored management function. Efforts must be made to
make executives aware regarding the importance of scanning task environment so as to incorporate the results of
overall scanning in the growth of organisations.
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