This document summarizes the development of the ECOWAS Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security. It discusses how ECOWAS has evolved from focusing primarily on economic cooperation to developing institutions and protocols to address security issues and humanitarian intervention in member states. While progress has been made, challenges remain regarding implementation and achieving consensus among members on security. The document recommends strengthening regional values, democratic governance, capacity building, and developmental regionalism to further cooperative security in West Africa.
The document outlines a roadmap developed by the African Union Peace and Security Council to silence the guns in Africa by 2020. It identifies key challenges fueling insecurity including political, economic and social issues. The roadmap proposes practical steps in areas such as fully implementing the African Peace and Security Architecture, addressing illicit arms flows, strengthening democracy and human rights, and imposing sanctions for violations of AU instruments. The African Union Commission, member states, regional bodies and other stakeholders are identified as responsible for implementing the various actions between 2017 and 2020.
Silencing the Gun - AU PSC 14 june17 Desire AssogbaviDésiré Assogbavi
The document discusses challenges and steps needed to achieve the goal of silencing guns in Africa by 2020. It identifies key sources of conflicts as inequality, poverty, challenges to democracy like political exclusion and term limits, human rights violations, proliferation of arms, and state fragility enabled by corruption and exploitation of natural resources. It argues the existing roadmap to silence guns is too generic and needs prioritization of active conflicts with benchmarks. Additional steps proposed include independent monitoring of democracy and human rights, sanctions for failures, limiting presidential terms, protecting civic space, and improving accountability mechanisms like the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights. Control of arms proliferation through agreements and limiting their availability is also emphasized.
438946 (Article 24(1) of the UN Charter, the Security Council and reform)Callum Hughes
The UN Security Council plays a primary role in maintaining international peace and security, but its system is often criticized as poorly suited to current realities. While reform has long been discussed, past attempts produced minor changes due to veto powers held by the 5 permanent members (P5). Meaningful reform is difficult but important to make the Council more democratic and transparent. Simply changing Council membership would not necessarily achieve this, as it could undermine effectiveness and decision making. More effective reform focuses on improving working methods, decision processes, and encouraging transparency and accountability. Reforms to democratize operations may allow the Council to better address current international issues.
Objectives of the presentation
•To briefly discuss peacekeeping as a tool of the international community in conflict situations
•Its evolution in concept, practice and context - from traditional peacekeeping to peace support operations
•To discuss how inadequacies in peacekeeping triggered the development of the concept of peacebuilding
•Highlight some of notable dilemmas that international peacebuilding effort encounter in the face of continued humanitarian crisis & political uncertainty in conflict ravaged societies
PRESENTED AT THE SACCPS CONFERENCE
HELD IN LUSAKA, ZAMBIA FROM 21 – 23 SEPTEMBER 2012.
Francis Kabosha, Copperbelt University, Zambia
"Problems of small arms and light weapons in the ECOWAS region"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Nairobi, Kenya | 26-27 November 2014
The document discusses the ECOWAS Protocol Relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peace-Keeping and Security. It summarizes that:
1) ECOWAS adopted the Protocol in 1999 to put future interventions on better legal ground after interventions in the 1990s faced issues.
2) The 1990 ECOWAS intervention in Liberia's civil war was launched without strong legal foundations and faced challenges, motivating the later Protocol.
3) The success of the Protocol and ECOWAS's ability to secure peace in the region is important for decentralizing peacekeeping and encouraging other regions.
The document outlines 4 actions the UN Secretary General should take to strengthen the UN:
1. Reform the veto power of the Security Council's permanent members to make it more democratic.
2. Reform the operations of UN bodies like the General Assembly to make them more effective and representative.
3. Focus on conflict prevention rather than just resolution through political engagement and negotiation support.
4. Improve communication with the public, especially youth, to build support for issues like sustainable development and pressure governments to commit to global goals.
The document discusses United Nations peace operations, including peacekeeping, peacebuilding, and conflict management. It defines peacekeeping as helping to implement peace agreements and maintain ceasefires. Peacebuilding aims to address the root causes of conflict and help countries build sustainable peace. The challenges facing UN peace operations include overstretch due to taking on many missions simultaneously, as well as coordination problems between peacekeeping and peacebuilding efforts.
The document outlines a roadmap developed by the African Union Peace and Security Council to silence the guns in Africa by 2020. It identifies key challenges fueling insecurity including political, economic and social issues. The roadmap proposes practical steps in areas such as fully implementing the African Peace and Security Architecture, addressing illicit arms flows, strengthening democracy and human rights, and imposing sanctions for violations of AU instruments. The African Union Commission, member states, regional bodies and other stakeholders are identified as responsible for implementing the various actions between 2017 and 2020.
Silencing the Gun - AU PSC 14 june17 Desire AssogbaviDésiré Assogbavi
The document discusses challenges and steps needed to achieve the goal of silencing guns in Africa by 2020. It identifies key sources of conflicts as inequality, poverty, challenges to democracy like political exclusion and term limits, human rights violations, proliferation of arms, and state fragility enabled by corruption and exploitation of natural resources. It argues the existing roadmap to silence guns is too generic and needs prioritization of active conflicts with benchmarks. Additional steps proposed include independent monitoring of democracy and human rights, sanctions for failures, limiting presidential terms, protecting civic space, and improving accountability mechanisms like the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights. Control of arms proliferation through agreements and limiting their availability is also emphasized.
438946 (Article 24(1) of the UN Charter, the Security Council and reform)Callum Hughes
The UN Security Council plays a primary role in maintaining international peace and security, but its system is often criticized as poorly suited to current realities. While reform has long been discussed, past attempts produced minor changes due to veto powers held by the 5 permanent members (P5). Meaningful reform is difficult but important to make the Council more democratic and transparent. Simply changing Council membership would not necessarily achieve this, as it could undermine effectiveness and decision making. More effective reform focuses on improving working methods, decision processes, and encouraging transparency and accountability. Reforms to democratize operations may allow the Council to better address current international issues.
Objectives of the presentation
•To briefly discuss peacekeeping as a tool of the international community in conflict situations
•Its evolution in concept, practice and context - from traditional peacekeeping to peace support operations
•To discuss how inadequacies in peacekeeping triggered the development of the concept of peacebuilding
•Highlight some of notable dilemmas that international peacebuilding effort encounter in the face of continued humanitarian crisis & political uncertainty in conflict ravaged societies
PRESENTED AT THE SACCPS CONFERENCE
HELD IN LUSAKA, ZAMBIA FROM 21 – 23 SEPTEMBER 2012.
Francis Kabosha, Copperbelt University, Zambia
"Problems of small arms and light weapons in the ECOWAS region"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Nairobi, Kenya | 26-27 November 2014
The document discusses the ECOWAS Protocol Relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peace-Keeping and Security. It summarizes that:
1) ECOWAS adopted the Protocol in 1999 to put future interventions on better legal ground after interventions in the 1990s faced issues.
2) The 1990 ECOWAS intervention in Liberia's civil war was launched without strong legal foundations and faced challenges, motivating the later Protocol.
3) The success of the Protocol and ECOWAS's ability to secure peace in the region is important for decentralizing peacekeeping and encouraging other regions.
The document outlines 4 actions the UN Secretary General should take to strengthen the UN:
1. Reform the veto power of the Security Council's permanent members to make it more democratic.
2. Reform the operations of UN bodies like the General Assembly to make them more effective and representative.
3. Focus on conflict prevention rather than just resolution through political engagement and negotiation support.
4. Improve communication with the public, especially youth, to build support for issues like sustainable development and pressure governments to commit to global goals.
The document discusses United Nations peace operations, including peacekeeping, peacebuilding, and conflict management. It defines peacekeeping as helping to implement peace agreements and maintain ceasefires. Peacebuilding aims to address the root causes of conflict and help countries build sustainable peace. The challenges facing UN peace operations include overstretch due to taking on many missions simultaneously, as well as coordination problems between peacekeeping and peacebuilding efforts.
Ecowas has established mechanisms for conflict prevention and resolution in West Africa, including the Ecowas Standby Force (ESF) to monitor conflicts, deploy peacekeeping troops, and enforce peace agreements. The ESF aims to preserve Mali's territorial integrity and enforce peace after political instability. The Ecowas Conflict Prevention Framework provides the legal basis for Ecowas intervention in regional conflicts, and the African Union also has a mandate to support regional security efforts through its Peace and Security Council. Neighboring countries like Niger, Nigeria, and Chad are consulting on addressing security threats in the Sahel region stemming from Mali's conflict.
The document provides an overview of the role of the UN in peacekeeping. It discusses the history of UN peacekeeping, beginning in 1948 with the first peacekeeping mission in the Middle East. It notes that since then, 69 peacekeeping operations have been deployed, with over 120 countries contributing military and civilian personnel. The document then discusses the early years of peacekeeping, the post-Cold War surge in missions, and the current state of UN peacekeeping operations. It also outlines the UN's related roles in conflict prevention, peacemaking, peace enforcement, and peacebuilding to maintain international peace and security.
This document discusses factors that can initiate a review of security policy in African countries. It outlines that policy formulation should involve diverse actors from both within and outside of government. It also stresses the importance of adequate human and institutional capacity to successfully carry out the policy process. The document identifies four main factors that can trigger a major security policy review: 1) major political shifts, 2) major strategic shifts, 3) significant economic changes, and 4) cultural crises within security institutions. Effective policy analysis is also highlighted as the backbone of any policy process.
The United Nations Secretariat is led by the Secretary-General and carries out the day-to-day work of the UN. It services the principal organs of the UN and implements their programs and policies. The Secretariat has over 43,000 staff members worldwide. As international civil servants, UN staff take an oath to be impartial and only take direction from the UN. The Secretary-General is appointed by the UN General Assembly for a five-year renewable term, on the recommendation of the Security Council. The Secretary-General oversees the Secretariat and represents the UN on global issues.
The document discusses challenges facing Caribbean nations in implementing UNSCR 1540, which aims to prevent proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. It notes their limited resources and the need to demonstrate how non-proliferation relates to other security issues like terrorism, arms trafficking, and violence. The CARICOM program is working to build capacity by linking non-proliferation to existing priorities, providing training, and developing a legal framework to help states strengthen controls on strategic goods and transhipments. The goal is a cooperative approach that addresses both non-proliferation and broader development challenges.
The national doctrine for defeating Ukraine current crisisAndrii Ryzhenko
The document outlines a proposed national crisis doctrine for Ukraine to address the ongoing crisis. It proposes establishing a National Crisis Centre to coordinate all government agencies involved in crisis response across security, intelligence, public relations, and stabilization efforts. It emphasizes establishing political and civilian control, securing territory through coordinated military and police operations, gathering and sharing intelligence, upholding the rule of law, and coordinating hard security operations with soft power activities to isolate enemy forces and win local support. The doctrine argues this multi-pronged approach is needed to stabilize the crisis areas and restore Ukrainian sovereignty.
Un security council protocols in papua new guineaBILU KASANDA
This presentation research is done as part of the major assignment on the UN Security Councils and its protocols. PNG do adopt some of its measures from UN since independence in 1975
The KCLMUN Blue Book has been written as an intensive guide for beginners to MUN. Although it provides a good preparation for participating in any university-level MUN conference, it is designed to support the Society's weekly training sessions. Much of the MUN experience can only be understood when experienced at firsthand. Join your KCLMUN and experience it for yourself.
Conflict Resolution Mechanism of the African Union and the Management of Darf...paperpublications3
Abstract: This article identified whether the conflict resolution mechanism of the African Union helped in the management of the conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan between 2003 and 2009. The study contends that with the increase in intensity in the Darfur crisis, an Inter-Sudanese Peace Talks was arranged in Abuja-Nigeria in 2005, under the auspices of an African Union (AU) mediation team led by Salim Ahmed Salim and supported by the United Nation (UN), the United Kingdom (UK,) the United States (US) and other international partners. The Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) was signed on 5th May, 2006, by the government and by Minni Minawi, the leader of one of the two SLM factions, but was rejected by Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and Abdel Wahid al Nur, the leader of the other Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) faction. Thus, all the factions concerned with the crisis were not involved in the deliberations instead foreigners dominated the deliberations. The study revealed that such conflict management efforts that treat Darfur outside of its Sudanese context became counter-productive, thus, the conflict resolution mechanisms of the African Union failed in the management of the conflict in the Darfur region. The study suggested the need for a fundamental overhaul of AU's conflict management mechanisms thus, the AU should adopt the conventional process for conflict resolution with all the parties or factions participating in the process without any form of external imposition or interference and threat.
1. The document discusses Afghanistan's legal and regulatory framework for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) as it applies to the country's insurance sector. It outlines Afghanistan's AML/CFT laws, including the Anti-Money Laundering and Proceeds of Crime Law and the Counter Financing of Terrorism Law.
2. It notes that insurance companies are required to have AML/CFT compliance programs under Afghan law and in line with the FATF recommendations. The compliance program should include policies, procedures, compliance and audit functions, and training.
3. The document provides guidance for insurance companies on developing an AML/CFT policy and
ECOWAS was established in 1975 with the goal of maintaining peace through economic integration. In 1990, faced with diplomatic inertia from other organizations in responding to the Liberian civil war, ECOWAS established the ECOMOG peacekeeping force to intervene. ECOMOG consisted of thousands of troops from West African countries, with Nigeria providing most of the forces. While some praise ECOWAS' unprecedented action, others like Walraven are more critical of ECOMOG's role and how ECOWAS institutions like the Standing Mediation Committee and Authority made decisions regarding the conflict. The document provides historical background on the Liberian conflict and outlines the various ECOWAS organs involved in its
This document discusses the challenges facing integration efforts of the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). It outlines the historical evolution of both organizations and their objectives. Some of the main hurdles to integration in Africa mentioned include economic weaknesses in African countries, a lack of commitment to agreements, inadequate private sector involvement, and lengthy customs procedures. Other challenges are lack of intra-African trade due to similar industries and high transport costs, as well as problems with secretariat management and policy harmonization. Bad governance and instability in many African nations pose additional barriers to successful regional integration.
The United Nations Security Council has primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. It has 15 members, including 5 permanent members (China, France, Russia, UK, US) and 10 non-permanent members elected for 2-year terms. Decisions require 9 votes with no veto from a permanent member. The Council has broad powers to investigate disputes, recommend dispute resolution, authorize use of force, impose sanctions, and establish international tribunals. It works to resolve conflicts through peaceful means such as mediation, peacekeeping forces, and sanctions before authorizing military action.
This document discusses the role that civil society organizations can play in supporting governments' implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1540, which aims to prevent weapons of mass destruction from being used by terrorists. It outlines several ways civil society can help, such as monitoring government compliance, raising awareness of 1540, sharing information, providing legal and technical expertise, training, fundraising, and building networks. The document recommends that civil society organizations assess their countries' implementation programs, notify the UN of their expertise, coordinate activities internationally, and develop a database of civil society capabilities to support 1540.
This document summarizes a speech given by Ameerah Haq, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Timor-Leste and Head of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT). In the speech, Haq discusses recent experiences with transitions from peacekeeping to peacebuilding in Timor-Leste. She emphasizes that peacekeeping and peacebuilding are not sequential but complementary processes. She outlines how UNMIT supported peacebuilding in Timor-Leste following a 2006 crisis and discusses challenges of transition planning and implementation.
The document provides an overview of United Nations peacekeeping operations and Bangladesh's involvement. It begins by outlining the purpose of UN peacekeeping as maintaining international peace and security. It then discusses how Bangladesh first deployed peacekeepers in 1988 and has since contributed troops to over 30 operations in 25 countries. As of 2014, Bangladesh contributed the highest number of total peacekeeping personnel with over 8,700 deployed worldwide, though 88 Bangladeshi peacekeepers have been killed. Bangladesh's peacekeeping forces have been praised for their performance and professionalism.
This document summarizes a consultation held in Abuja, Nigeria to discuss the report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) titled "The Responsibility to Protect". The consultation was organized by the Centre for Democracy & Development and brought together civil society organizations from West Africa. Key discussions focused on examining the conceptual basis of the responsibility to protect, its relevance in the regional context of West Africa, and how its principles could be operationalized in the region. Regional perspectives on applying the report's flexible view of sovereignty were presented.
International organizations like NATO, the EU, UN, OSCE, and Council of Europe work together to promote peace, security, and human rights. NATO protects members through political and military cooperation and crisis operations. The EU strives for closer integration of members and develops security policies with NATO. The UN aims to maintain global peace and security through nearly 200 member countries. The OSCE develops democracy, human rights, and prevents conflicts in Europe. The Council of Europe focuses on human rights, law, and democratic principles across issues besides defense.
The document is a study guide for the Social, Cultural and Humanitarian Committee (SOCHUM) at the LGSMUN 2013 conference. It provides background information on SOCHUM's mandate to address various social, cultural and humanitarian issues at the UN. It outlines the committee's agenda for the conference, which includes discussing the balance between religious defamation laws and freedom of expression, and examining the treatment of women and children during the Arab Spring uprisings. The guide gives an overview of the topics, relevant history and issues to consider in the committee's deliberations.
ECOWAS was established in 1975 through the adoption of the ECOWAS Treaty with the goal of promoting cooperation, integration, and economic development in West Africa. It aims to establish an economic and monetary union and has achieved progress in areas like free movement of people and trade. However, ECOWAS faces challenges like weak infrastructure hindering intra-regional trade and weak institutional structures with limited authority over member states.
From Regional Security to Regional Integration in West AfricaKayode Fayemi
June 2001 5
CDD Occasional Paper Series 6 Regional Integration in West Africa
1. The document discusses regional integration efforts in West Africa through the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and draws lessons from the experience of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
2. It finds that while ECOWAS aimed to promote economic integration and development, it has spent much of its existence resolving crises in member countries and achieved little economic integration. Intra-regional trade remains low.
3. In contrast, ASEAN promoted trade liberalization and industrial cooperation which supported development in Southeast Asia and its members experienced strong economic growth. However, the ASE
Ecowas has established mechanisms for conflict prevention and resolution in West Africa, including the Ecowas Standby Force (ESF) to monitor conflicts, deploy peacekeeping troops, and enforce peace agreements. The ESF aims to preserve Mali's territorial integrity and enforce peace after political instability. The Ecowas Conflict Prevention Framework provides the legal basis for Ecowas intervention in regional conflicts, and the African Union also has a mandate to support regional security efforts through its Peace and Security Council. Neighboring countries like Niger, Nigeria, and Chad are consulting on addressing security threats in the Sahel region stemming from Mali's conflict.
The document provides an overview of the role of the UN in peacekeeping. It discusses the history of UN peacekeeping, beginning in 1948 with the first peacekeeping mission in the Middle East. It notes that since then, 69 peacekeeping operations have been deployed, with over 120 countries contributing military and civilian personnel. The document then discusses the early years of peacekeeping, the post-Cold War surge in missions, and the current state of UN peacekeeping operations. It also outlines the UN's related roles in conflict prevention, peacemaking, peace enforcement, and peacebuilding to maintain international peace and security.
This document discusses factors that can initiate a review of security policy in African countries. It outlines that policy formulation should involve diverse actors from both within and outside of government. It also stresses the importance of adequate human and institutional capacity to successfully carry out the policy process. The document identifies four main factors that can trigger a major security policy review: 1) major political shifts, 2) major strategic shifts, 3) significant economic changes, and 4) cultural crises within security institutions. Effective policy analysis is also highlighted as the backbone of any policy process.
The United Nations Secretariat is led by the Secretary-General and carries out the day-to-day work of the UN. It services the principal organs of the UN and implements their programs and policies. The Secretariat has over 43,000 staff members worldwide. As international civil servants, UN staff take an oath to be impartial and only take direction from the UN. The Secretary-General is appointed by the UN General Assembly for a five-year renewable term, on the recommendation of the Security Council. The Secretary-General oversees the Secretariat and represents the UN on global issues.
The document discusses challenges facing Caribbean nations in implementing UNSCR 1540, which aims to prevent proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. It notes their limited resources and the need to demonstrate how non-proliferation relates to other security issues like terrorism, arms trafficking, and violence. The CARICOM program is working to build capacity by linking non-proliferation to existing priorities, providing training, and developing a legal framework to help states strengthen controls on strategic goods and transhipments. The goal is a cooperative approach that addresses both non-proliferation and broader development challenges.
The national doctrine for defeating Ukraine current crisisAndrii Ryzhenko
The document outlines a proposed national crisis doctrine for Ukraine to address the ongoing crisis. It proposes establishing a National Crisis Centre to coordinate all government agencies involved in crisis response across security, intelligence, public relations, and stabilization efforts. It emphasizes establishing political and civilian control, securing territory through coordinated military and police operations, gathering and sharing intelligence, upholding the rule of law, and coordinating hard security operations with soft power activities to isolate enemy forces and win local support. The doctrine argues this multi-pronged approach is needed to stabilize the crisis areas and restore Ukrainian sovereignty.
Un security council protocols in papua new guineaBILU KASANDA
This presentation research is done as part of the major assignment on the UN Security Councils and its protocols. PNG do adopt some of its measures from UN since independence in 1975
The KCLMUN Blue Book has been written as an intensive guide for beginners to MUN. Although it provides a good preparation for participating in any university-level MUN conference, it is designed to support the Society's weekly training sessions. Much of the MUN experience can only be understood when experienced at firsthand. Join your KCLMUN and experience it for yourself.
Conflict Resolution Mechanism of the African Union and the Management of Darf...paperpublications3
Abstract: This article identified whether the conflict resolution mechanism of the African Union helped in the management of the conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan between 2003 and 2009. The study contends that with the increase in intensity in the Darfur crisis, an Inter-Sudanese Peace Talks was arranged in Abuja-Nigeria in 2005, under the auspices of an African Union (AU) mediation team led by Salim Ahmed Salim and supported by the United Nation (UN), the United Kingdom (UK,) the United States (US) and other international partners. The Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) was signed on 5th May, 2006, by the government and by Minni Minawi, the leader of one of the two SLM factions, but was rejected by Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and Abdel Wahid al Nur, the leader of the other Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) faction. Thus, all the factions concerned with the crisis were not involved in the deliberations instead foreigners dominated the deliberations. The study revealed that such conflict management efforts that treat Darfur outside of its Sudanese context became counter-productive, thus, the conflict resolution mechanisms of the African Union failed in the management of the conflict in the Darfur region. The study suggested the need for a fundamental overhaul of AU's conflict management mechanisms thus, the AU should adopt the conventional process for conflict resolution with all the parties or factions participating in the process without any form of external imposition or interference and threat.
1. The document discusses Afghanistan's legal and regulatory framework for anti-money laundering and countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) as it applies to the country's insurance sector. It outlines Afghanistan's AML/CFT laws, including the Anti-Money Laundering and Proceeds of Crime Law and the Counter Financing of Terrorism Law.
2. It notes that insurance companies are required to have AML/CFT compliance programs under Afghan law and in line with the FATF recommendations. The compliance program should include policies, procedures, compliance and audit functions, and training.
3. The document provides guidance for insurance companies on developing an AML/CFT policy and
ECOWAS was established in 1975 with the goal of maintaining peace through economic integration. In 1990, faced with diplomatic inertia from other organizations in responding to the Liberian civil war, ECOWAS established the ECOMOG peacekeeping force to intervene. ECOMOG consisted of thousands of troops from West African countries, with Nigeria providing most of the forces. While some praise ECOWAS' unprecedented action, others like Walraven are more critical of ECOMOG's role and how ECOWAS institutions like the Standing Mediation Committee and Authority made decisions regarding the conflict. The document provides historical background on the Liberian conflict and outlines the various ECOWAS organs involved in its
This document discusses the challenges facing integration efforts of the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). It outlines the historical evolution of both organizations and their objectives. Some of the main hurdles to integration in Africa mentioned include economic weaknesses in African countries, a lack of commitment to agreements, inadequate private sector involvement, and lengthy customs procedures. Other challenges are lack of intra-African trade due to similar industries and high transport costs, as well as problems with secretariat management and policy harmonization. Bad governance and instability in many African nations pose additional barriers to successful regional integration.
The United Nations Security Council has primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. It has 15 members, including 5 permanent members (China, France, Russia, UK, US) and 10 non-permanent members elected for 2-year terms. Decisions require 9 votes with no veto from a permanent member. The Council has broad powers to investigate disputes, recommend dispute resolution, authorize use of force, impose sanctions, and establish international tribunals. It works to resolve conflicts through peaceful means such as mediation, peacekeeping forces, and sanctions before authorizing military action.
This document discusses the role that civil society organizations can play in supporting governments' implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1540, which aims to prevent weapons of mass destruction from being used by terrorists. It outlines several ways civil society can help, such as monitoring government compliance, raising awareness of 1540, sharing information, providing legal and technical expertise, training, fundraising, and building networks. The document recommends that civil society organizations assess their countries' implementation programs, notify the UN of their expertise, coordinate activities internationally, and develop a database of civil society capabilities to support 1540.
This document summarizes a speech given by Ameerah Haq, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Timor-Leste and Head of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT). In the speech, Haq discusses recent experiences with transitions from peacekeeping to peacebuilding in Timor-Leste. She emphasizes that peacekeeping and peacebuilding are not sequential but complementary processes. She outlines how UNMIT supported peacebuilding in Timor-Leste following a 2006 crisis and discusses challenges of transition planning and implementation.
The document provides an overview of United Nations peacekeeping operations and Bangladesh's involvement. It begins by outlining the purpose of UN peacekeeping as maintaining international peace and security. It then discusses how Bangladesh first deployed peacekeepers in 1988 and has since contributed troops to over 30 operations in 25 countries. As of 2014, Bangladesh contributed the highest number of total peacekeeping personnel with over 8,700 deployed worldwide, though 88 Bangladeshi peacekeepers have been killed. Bangladesh's peacekeeping forces have been praised for their performance and professionalism.
This document summarizes a consultation held in Abuja, Nigeria to discuss the report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) titled "The Responsibility to Protect". The consultation was organized by the Centre for Democracy & Development and brought together civil society organizations from West Africa. Key discussions focused on examining the conceptual basis of the responsibility to protect, its relevance in the regional context of West Africa, and how its principles could be operationalized in the region. Regional perspectives on applying the report's flexible view of sovereignty were presented.
International organizations like NATO, the EU, UN, OSCE, and Council of Europe work together to promote peace, security, and human rights. NATO protects members through political and military cooperation and crisis operations. The EU strives for closer integration of members and develops security policies with NATO. The UN aims to maintain global peace and security through nearly 200 member countries. The OSCE develops democracy, human rights, and prevents conflicts in Europe. The Council of Europe focuses on human rights, law, and democratic principles across issues besides defense.
The document is a study guide for the Social, Cultural and Humanitarian Committee (SOCHUM) at the LGSMUN 2013 conference. It provides background information on SOCHUM's mandate to address various social, cultural and humanitarian issues at the UN. It outlines the committee's agenda for the conference, which includes discussing the balance between religious defamation laws and freedom of expression, and examining the treatment of women and children during the Arab Spring uprisings. The guide gives an overview of the topics, relevant history and issues to consider in the committee's deliberations.
ECOWAS was established in 1975 through the adoption of the ECOWAS Treaty with the goal of promoting cooperation, integration, and economic development in West Africa. It aims to establish an economic and monetary union and has achieved progress in areas like free movement of people and trade. However, ECOWAS faces challenges like weak infrastructure hindering intra-regional trade and weak institutional structures with limited authority over member states.
From Regional Security to Regional Integration in West AfricaKayode Fayemi
June 2001 5
CDD Occasional Paper Series 6 Regional Integration in West Africa
1. The document discusses regional integration efforts in West Africa through the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and draws lessons from the experience of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
2. It finds that while ECOWAS aimed to promote economic integration and development, it has spent much of its existence resolving crises in member countries and achieved little economic integration. Intra-regional trade remains low.
3. In contrast, ASEAN promoted trade liberalization and industrial cooperation which supported development in Southeast Asia and its members experienced strong economic growth. However, the ASE
Challenges of Security Sector Transformation in the Philippines by banlaoiRommel Banlaoi
This article discusses security sector transformation in the Philippines and provides recommendations for the new Aquino administration. It defines security sector broadly, including not just the military but also police, coast guard, government oversight bodies, and civil society organizations. It analyzes challenges facing the Philippine security sector, such as weak governance, armed groups, and internal conflicts. The article recommends the Aquino administration strengthen democratic governance of the security sector to resolve conflicts and counter political violence through respect for human rights and the rule of law. Security sector transformation is seen as key to peace, development and protecting human security in the Philippines.
The Diversity of the Private Security Industry in Sub-Saharan AfricaIPSS-Addis
The document provides an overview of the private security industry in sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that the global industry is valued at $100-165 billion annually and employs 19.5-25.5 million people worldwide. Country-specific data is given for several African nations showing hundreds of thousands to millions employed as private security personnel. Case studies of South Sudan, Kenya, and South Africa are examined in more detail, noting the lack of regulation in some countries and the extensive regulation in South Africa through government authorities and self-regulating associations.
Responsibility to Rebuild: Challenges of Security Sector Reconstruction in Si...Kayode Fayemi
This document discusses the challenges of security sector reconstruction in Sierra Leone and Liberia after periods of conflict. It outlines four key factors that provide context: the legacies of authoritarian rule and conflict in both countries, the breakdown of state security sectors and rise of private violence, the end of the Cold War removing imperial influence, and regionalization of conflicts. The document analyzes the peace processes, transitional political arrangements, rebuilding of public institutions, economic development efforts, and post-conflict justice mechanisms in the two countries' security sector reconstruction programs.
The document discusses strategies for mainstreaming environmental considerations into Kenya's development planning process. It recommends focusing the environmental debate on achieving food, energy and water security and adapting to climate change to highlight the strategic importance of the environment. Using tools like strategic environmental assessments and economic instruments, it suggests analyzing scenarios and collaboration between sectors to integrate environmental priorities. Drawing from other countries' experiences, it emphasizes the need for high-level political support, institutional mandates, engagement across sectors, and coordination between stakeholders to effectively mainstream the environment into planning, policymaking, and budgets.
Assessing Determinants of Public Pension System Reform in KenyaOkoth George
This research project was submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Business Science Actuarial at Strathmore University.
Top 5 operations manager cover letter samplesdaviporic
The document provides resources for operations manager cover letters, resumes, and interview preparation. It lists over 50 links to samples and guides on coverletter123 related to writing cover letters, resumes, and preparing for interviews for an operations manager position. The links include cover letter samples, resume samples, interview questions, tips for writing effective resumes and cover letters, and suggestions for interview attire, research, and follow-up.
This document discusses using messaging to power front-end applications. It covers using messaging for broadcasting notifications to all clients, sending targeted responses to single clients, adding fault tolerance through message persistence, and scaling concerns. The document provides examples using SignalR and RabbitMQ to demonstrate broadcasting notifications, targeted responses, handling faults when a handler is offline, and addressing scaling issues.
Wanja michuki , The role of government in promoting private sector developme...Ruth Adams
Kenya's Vision 2030 is a long-term development plan launched in 2008 with the goal of transforming Kenya into a middle-income country by 2030. It focuses on economic, social, and political pillars and aims to achieve 10% annual GDP growth. Key economic sectors include tourism, agriculture, manufacturing, and financial services. The government is promoting private sector development through initiatives like improving infrastructure, expanding energy access, land reforms, reducing bureaucracy, and establishing special economic zones with tax incentives. Major projects underway include developing industrial parks, capital markets, transport corridors linking Kenya to Ethiopia and South Sudan, and an oil refinery in Lamu.
This document provides information about a masterclass on maritime security in Africa hosted by Dirk Siebels on December 3rd, 2014 in Central London. The masterclass will discuss political developments related to maritime security in Africa, examine case studies on illegal fishing and offshore oil and gas, and explore the potential for public-private partnerships to address capability gaps in maritime security. The target audience includes representatives from private maritime security companies, regulatory bodies, governments, and international organizations. The agenda outlines presentations and discussions on these topics from 12:30-17:30 PM.
Gerard Wandera, Deputy Director, Kenya School of Government (KSG)Geneva Declaration
"Policing Contemporary Kenya- KPR and Private Security"
Regional Review Conference on the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development
Nairobi, Kenya | 26-27 November 2014
http://www.genevadeclaration.org/2014rrc/rrckenya/programme.html
James Ngului, Deputy Director, Kenya National Focal Point on Small Arms and L...Geneva Declaration
This presentation addresses the challenges of armed violence in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Kenya, which has faced security issues due to the proliferation of illicit small arms and light weapons. Kenya has implemented initiatives to address both the supply and demand of these weapons, including arms collection, destruction, record keeping, and legal/policy reforms. However, external factors like weapons trafficking from conflict areas, terrorism, and regional instability still pose challenges. A comprehensive, integrated approach is needed that combines security and development efforts to address the root causes of armed violence in a sustainable manner.
This document contains information related to performing a job performance evaluation for a security operations manager, including:
1. Sample performance evaluation forms for a security operations manager with rating scales and categories like administration, knowledge, communication, and customer service.
2. Examples of positive and negative phrases that can be used in a performance review for areas like attitude, creativity, decision-making, and problem-solving.
3. An overview of the top 12 methods for performance evaluation, including management by objectives, critical incident method, behaviorally anchored rating scales, and 360-degree feedback.
Key Performance Indicators And Knowledge ManagementJames Mullan
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) can be used to measure knowledge management performance and objectives. When identifying KPIs, they should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound. KPIs can measure the overall KM program, projects, activities, and systems at the organizational, team and personal levels. Examples of KPIs include the number of knowledge assets created, the percentage of staff contributing or accessing documents, and the number of searches. Relating KPIs to what matters most to the audience, such as financial results or performance, helps make the metrics more meaningful.
This document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for security officers. It provides steps to create KPIs for security officers, including defining objectives, identifying key result areas and tasks, and determining methods to measure results. The document cautions against creating too many KPIs and notes that KPIs should be linked to strategy and empower employees. Various types of KPIs are defined, such as process, input, output, leading, and lagging KPIs. Resources for additional KPI materials are referenced.
The Peace and Security Challenges Facing Africa: Can the African Union and NE...Kayode Fayemi
This document discusses the challenges facing the African Union (AU) and the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) in addressing peace and security issues on the continent. It analyzes the peace and security cluster of the NEPAD strategy, highlighting both positive and critical aspects. It examines the causes, nature, and context of conflicts in Africa in order to understand the values of security that need to be promoted. Finally, it discusses prospects for addressing current challenges and the need for genuine global partnership to resolve Africa's violent conflicts.
Preventing conflict and promoting peace and security within nepad and the afr...Kayode Fayemi
This document discusses the peace and security cluster of NEPAD and its operational challenges. It notes that while NEPAD recognizes the importance of peace and security for development, the original document had a limited understanding of the linkages between governance, security, and development. The document summarizes additions made at a later meeting to strengthen the peace and security cluster, including emphasizing democracy, human rights, and a human security approach. It argues this conceptualization of security is commendable and should scaffold NEPAD's implementation. However, challenges remain in translating these understandings into specific policies and ensuring effective implementation.
Preventing conflict and promoting peace and security within nepad and the afr...Kayode Fayemi
The document discusses the peace and security cluster of NEPAD and the African Union. It provides context on the causes and nature of conflicts in Africa. Key points include:
- NEPAD recognizes the importance of peace and security but its understanding of the link between governance, security, and development is limited.
- Democracy, good governance, and human rights need to be explicitly prioritized to effectively link human security to development.
- Africa's conflicts are complex with roots in economic issues, shifts in global power, and the proliferation of small arms exacerbating internal divisions.
- A human security approach focusing on democracy, political solutions, and collective security is needed to build peace.
Preventing Conflict and Promoting Peace and Security Within NEPAD and the Afr...Kayode Fayemi
This document discusses the peace and security cluster of NEPAD and the African Union. It notes that while NEPAD recognizes the importance of peace and security to development, it could take a more holistic, human security approach. It summarizes the key areas of focus in the peace and security cluster and comments that emphasizing democracy, governance, and human rights is commendable. However, translating these ideals into specific policies and ensuring effective implementation remains a challenge.
This document provides an introduction to security sector transformation processes in developing countries. It begins by making the case that security sector transformation is needed in Africa to place people at the center of security and protect them from violence. It defines security from a human security perspective that includes both national security and individual protection. The document discusses how transformation differs from and is more profound than reform. It outlines principles of democratic governance that should underlie security sector processes and discusses challenges that African countries face in implementing security sector transformation.
The document summarizes the key discussions and outcomes from a 2011 conference on enhancing protection of civilians in peacekeeping operations. Some of the main points covered in the summary include:
- There have been efforts by the UN and AU to strengthen protection of civilians in peace operations over the last 10 years, but challenges remain as conflicts persist.
- The conference brought together 200 experts to discuss implementing recent policy reforms to better protect civilians.
- Issues discussed included defining protection of civilians, developing guidance for comprehensive protection strategies, challenges in translating policy to practice in the field, and improving training, coordination, and accountability.
- Key themes that emerged were the need for a holistic approach to protection that addresses all needs, and acknowledging more
"Small Arms and Light Weapons". Task Forces on Strengthening Multilateral Sec...Daniel Dufourt
International Peace Institute
Task Forces on Strengthening Multilateral Security Capacity
"Small Arms and Light Weapons"
IPI Blue Papers, n°5, 2009, 68 pages
Regional actors and security sector governanceKayode Fayemi
This document discusses security sector reform from a regional perspective in Africa. It examines how democratic governance in the security sector fits within regional security arrangements and how security sector governance can be harmonized and monitored regionally. Examples of promising regional initiatives in Africa that incorporate security sector governance are discussed, including ECOWAS' Mechanism for conflict prevention, resolution, and peacekeeping. The roles of regional hegemons and how external actors can coordinate their approaches regionally are also covered.
Toward an African Security Lexicon. My View from 2002Amos Anyimadu
This document proposes a seminar on African security concepts to be held in Abuja, Nigeria. It discusses strategic considerations for framing the seminar, including balancing discussions of state sovereignty with recognition that sovereignty has already eroded over time. It suggests focusing on positive examples of intervention in Africa and linking discussions to concepts like human security and development. The document outlines seven proposed themes for the seminar, including security and vulnerability and linking human security to development and environmental issues. It also proposes organizing a youth forum and press training alongside the main conference.
This document discusses the political will needed among African leaders to protect civilians. It notes that while the African Union has committed to intervening in humanitarian crises, leaders like Mugabe are skeptical of concepts like R2P. The document analyzes challenges in generating political will, like in Darfur where the AU struggled despite commitments. Ultimately, consistent action is needed to judge if leaders will fulfill responsibilities to protect civilians when crises occur.
SOF, the Sahel and the African Peace and Security Architecture. Synergies and...César Pintado
This document discusses opportunities for a new EU Training Mission (EUTM) focused on special operations forces (SOF) in the Sahel region of Africa. It notes that SOF have proven effective in Mali and that a regional security sector reform is needed. It proposes a new EUTM aimed at developing African SOF, combined with establishing a center of excellence for special forces, to help address security challenges in the Sahel region in a way that is consistent with the goals of the African Peace and Security Architecture. However, it acknowledges that funding such an initiative will be challenging given the limited resources currently available from African nations and their dependence on external donors like the EU and United States.
Parliamentary oversight of defense and security sectors plays an important role in maintaining democracy and accountability. Effective oversight requires balancing transparency with necessary secrecy. Oversight mechanisms like budget reviews and security committees allow parliaments to ensure public funds are properly used while mitigating risks of corruption and rights violations.
This document summarizes a report on delivering human security through multi-level governance. It discusses conceptualizing human security, assessing human security at the local level, the role of regional governance in promoting human security using the EU as a case study, and other regional experiences. The key conclusions are that human security encompasses freedom from fear and want, shifts the focus from states to individuals, and is context-specific. It requires actors at all levels of governance from local to global. Regional organizations like the EU and AU play an important role in aspects of human security within their regions. Local assessment of human security indicators can empower communities and improve governance.
The UN began reforms in 2000 to strengthen its capacity for peacekeeping operations in response to increasing demands and complex challenges. Peacekeeping faced deploying large, expensive, and complex operations; transitioning stable operations; and building local capacity for long-term peace. The Secretary-General established an independent panel in 2014 to assess and advise on evolving needs and improving UN peace operations, including changing conflict nature, mandates, partnerships, and protection of civilians.
Democratic oversight of the security sector the nigerian experienceKayode Fayemi
This document discusses democratic oversight of the security sector in Nigeria. It notes that while constitutions may outline provisions for oversight, actual parliamentary oversight is more challenging. It examines legislative oversight in Nigeria over the past three years, looking at constitutional provisions, relationships between security and oversight actors, legal frameworks, political commitment to oversight, and oversight institutions' capacity. Key issues include the role of parliament in defense policymaking and budgeting, use of the military for internal security, and external military assistance. Overall it analyzes the effectiveness of democratic oversight of the security sector in Nigeria.
Final technical report on the project on good governance and the transformati...Kayode Fayemi
The project produced a handbook on security sector transformation in Africa to facilitate good governance. Workshops were held across Africa to review drafts of the handbook. The final handbook provides a framework for security sector governance and has impacted policies in Africa and among international organizations. The project succeeded in its objectives of initiating dialogue on security sector reform and establishing governance procedures. It has increased understanding of these issues and remains an important reference.
This document provides an overview of security system reform (SSR) efforts in Africa. It finds that while most African governments have undertaken some degree of reform, few conform fully to the OECD definition of SSR. Reforms have often been piecemeal and driven by changing political and economic circumstances. The document then analyzes SSR contexts and efforts region by region in Africa. It finds drivers of reform include peace agreements, democratization, fiscal pressures, and deteriorating security situations. However, information on SSR remains limited. Overall, the document provides high-level context on security sector governance and reform across the African continent.
THE AFRICAN UNION CONVENTION ON CORRUPTION AND NEPAD’S AFRICAN PEER REVIEW ME...Dr Lendy Spires
The document discusses two African initiatives to address corruption: 1) The African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption which 35 countries have signed and 9 ratified, aiming to promote anti-corruption measures. 2) The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD)’s African Peer Review Mechanism which 23 countries have acceded to for self-monitoring of governance. It establishes an oversight panel and multi-stage review process to evaluate countries' governance and support reforms. Both initiatives aim to strengthen transparency and accountability, though implementation faces challenges of technical capacity and engaged civil society.
Helping prevent terrorism and violent conflict the development dimensionKayode Fayemi
The document discusses the development dimension of preventing terrorism and violent conflict in Africa. It argues that narrowly defining security as a military issue fails to address the root causes of conflicts, which are often related to lack of economic opportunity and political legitimacy. A human security approach is needed that considers individual livelihoods and promotes democracy, justice and inclusive development. International organizations must support long-term peacebuilding in a holistic manner rather than just focusing on short-term goals like elections.
Similar to The Responsibility to Protect Report: Lessons from West Africa (20)
Productivity for Sustainable Entrepreneurship and EmploymentKayode Fayemi
Being the Keynote Address by
H.E. Dr. Kayode Fayemi, CON
Minister of Mines and Steel Development
Federal Republic of Nigeria
at the Annual Lecture of the
16th National Productivity Day organized by
THE NATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY CENTRE
STATE OF THE SOLID MINERALS SECTOR AND WAY FORWARDKayode Fayemi
STATE OF THE SOLID MINERALS SECTOR AND WAY FORWARD
Presented by
Dr. ‘Kayode Fayemi, CON
Minister of Solid Minerals Development
at the Inaugural Media Briefing of the Ministry
on Monday, December 21, 2015
Promoting Stewardship in Public ServiceKayode Fayemi
By
J. ’Kayode FAYEMI, PhD., CON
Former Governor of Ekiti State, Nigeria
at the
Excellence in Leadership Conference 2015
Daystar Christian Centre, Oregun, Lagos
Wednesday, November 4, 2015
LEADERSHIP FACTORS AND GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: KEY TO NATIONAL GROWTH AND ...Kayode Fayemi
Paper by His Excellency
J. ’Kayode FAYEMI
Former Governor of Ekiti State, Nigeria
at the 2015 Edition of the
Akintola Williams Distinguished Lecture Series
Muson Centre, Onikan, Lagos, Nigeria
Thursday, October 22, 2015
Intellectuals In Politics And Governance In Africa: The Lessons And Legacies ...Kayode Fayemi
the text of the paper by His Excellency
Dr. John Kayode Fayemi
Former Governor of Ekiti State, Nigeria
At the 3rd Annual John Atta Mills Memorial Lecture
Accra, Ghana
Tuesday, July 21, 2015
19 Ekiti State House of Assembly Members Letter Kayode Fayemi
19 APC members of the Ekiti State House of Assembly writes the Minister of Finance, Body of Attorney generals and Minister of Works denouncing the appointment of Commissioner for works, Commissioner for finance and Commissioner for justice in the state.
As the last child in the Fayemi household, my arrival was heralded with song and dance. Although my birth elicited genuine excitement on the part of my siblings, it was for my mother a cautious welcome. My mother’s caution was understandable having lost a boy and two girls in quick succession before my arrival.
The document is a speech given by Dr. Kayode Fayemi, the Governor of Ekiti State in Nigeria, at The Future Awards Symposium for Young and Emerging Leaders in 2012. In the speech, he discusses three main points:
1) The importance of grooming a successor generation of leaders through formal education, training, and mentorship in order to ensure sustained development through a planned political succession process.
2) The need for leadership to be values-driven by motivating citizens to solve community problems rather than reinforcing state control, and rebuilding public and private institutions.
3) The challenge for political leaders to reconnect democratic choices with people's daily lives
Tackling Poverty from the Roots – the Role of MediaKayode Fayemi
The document discusses the role of media in tackling poverty in Nigeria. It notes that poverty in Nigeria is widespread and deep, with over 70% of the population living below the poverty line. It argues that poverty is rooted in unequal power relations and mismanagement of resources. The media can play a crucial role in highlighting the scope and depth of poverty, and ensuring stakeholders comprehensively address it. The document outlines lessons for developing an effective anti-poverty strategy, including the need for conceptual clarity, local empowerment, reconciling economic and social development, problematizing the link between globalization and poverty reduction, and locating poverty reduction within democratic governance. It emphasizes that empowering local communities and decentralizing power is key to ultimately
Translating Transition to Transformation in Nigeria - Options and Issues for ...Kayode Fayemi
(1) The new Nigerian government faces challenges in reforming the military and establishing civilian control while maintaining stability. It must define the military's mission, separate policy and operational control, and address entrenched military influence in politics and business.
(2) Military restructuring cannot be isolated from national restructuring. The government should pursue constitutional reform through an inclusive national forum to build trust and address regional alienation threatening national cohesion.
(3) Reforming military recruitment, reducing size, and demobilizing soldiers will test the government but could professionalize the forces if done properly with job programs. Comprehensive security sector reform is needed to establish civilian and legislative oversight.
Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Federal authorities have advised the public to remain vigilant but calm in response to the ongoing bird flu outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu.
17062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...rittaajmal71
Since fleeing to the United States in 2014, Guo Wengui has founded a number of projects in the United States, such as GTV Media Group, GTV private equity, farm loan project, G Club Operations Co., LTD., and Himalaya Exchange.
Slide deck with charts from our Digital News Report 2024, the most comprehensive exploration of news consumption habits around the world, based on survey data from more than 95,000 respondents across 47 countries.
12062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
15062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
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16062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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लालू यादव की जीवनी LALU PRASAD YADAV BIOGRAPHYVoterMood
Discover the life and times of Lalu Prasad Yadav with a comprehensive biography in Hindi. Learn about his early days, rise in politics, controversies, and contribution.
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
The Rise of Christian Persecution In Islamic Countries (1).pdf
The Responsibility to Protect Report: Lessons from West Africa
1. The Responsibility to Protect Report: Lessons from West Africa
By
Kayode Fayemi,
Centre for Democracy & Development
It can be reasonably argued that ECOWAS in West Africa represents the first
example in Africa of a process of institutionalizing humanitarian intervention on the
continent. Established in 1975 to promote cooperation and development in all fields
of economic activities among its 16 member states, ECOWAS entered into
cooperative security from a primarily regional economic integration objective. Even
when the need for a security umbrella became obvious and the Protocol relating to
Mutual Defence was launched in 1981, the protocol concentrated on inter-state or
border related issues and pointedly prohibited involvement in internal matters with the
clause on non-interference. In the context of post-cold war West Africa however, in
which the triggers of instability manifest themselves in internally driven, even if
externally exacerbated conflicts, the inadequacy of the 1981 protocol became obvious.
The Liberian civil war and the Sierra Leone internal crisis convinced the regional
security leaders of the need to address internal security issues. The nature of the
intervention in the two countries however raised additional questions about the need
for a sustainable security architecture with clearly defined principles, processes and
mechanisms, rather than ad-hoc arrangements. In taking this lesson to heart, West
African leaders sought to address questions of clarity over mandate, political
acceptance, composition of an intervention force, military capability, doctrinal
interoperability and accountability of the mission. To this end, the regional body has
put in place a raft of agreements - The ECOWAS Revised treaty of 1993, the Protocol
relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution,
Peacekeeping and Security approved in 1999 and the Supplementary Protocol on
Democracy & Good Governance endorsed by the Heads of State in December 2002.
All of these protocols and agreements demonstrate the benefits of developing
institutions and structures on the basis of experience. It also indicates that a great deal
of local thinking is propelling the institutionalisation of collective security
architecture in West Africa.
Prior to and since the development of the mechanism in 1999 and its supplementary
protocol in 2002, it is not an exaggeration to state that ECOWAS has been the main
laboratory for norm building in regional humanitarian intervention. The ECOWAS
mechanism is the most comprehensive in contemporary international law, not only
because it takes internal security issues as legitimate cause (s) of intervention, but also
in spawning new forms of international law for collective regional security.
Somehow, this is not a credit often given to the body and most international
commentators on the experience of intervention in West Africa dwell often on the
problems encountered in the course of those interventions, and not the overarching
contributions to humanitarian intervention and customary international law. The RTP
report is not exempt from this major faux pas. Indeed, a recurring criticism at the
regional consultation on the report that we just held in Abuja, was the almost total
black out in the RTP report on this contribution. Save its mention in a single page –
1
2. (p.48), in relation to endorsement of regional operations by the Security Council, the
ECOWAS experience received no mention in the report. Although West Africa offers
better insights into how not to organise interventions, the only consultation held in
Sub-saharan Africa before the report was published took place in Maputo,
Mozambique.
We believe that this has been largely due to a lot of ignorance about the exploits of
the regional body partly borne out of modesty about its trail blazing efforts in
promoting this paradigmatic shift in international law and a lop-sided concentration
on the less than impressive aspects of the various missions conducted. Yet, the ICISS
report on The Responsibility to Protect is a vindication of the sub-regional efforts and
this is why its recommendations will not generate any controversy in the West
African sub-region. For instance, the idea of humanitarian intervention in situations
of internal conflict is already accepted in West Africa and written into the protocol.
Since it was done in West Africa, the African Union’s Constitutive Act has also
adopted the same principle and it has formed the basis of the NEPAD’s peace and
security cluster.
In spite of these positive developments however, it is important to see the trajectories
of ECOWAS’s role in regional security as an evolving one. From the ‘first
generation’ ECOWAS which de-emphasised security issues, to the ‘second
generation’ ECOWAS which conducted intervention by ad-hoc arrangements and the
“third generation” ECOWAS in which ECOMOG operates under the clear mandate of
the regional body, not outside of it – as a regional security mechanism with a legal
basis.
The ECOWAS Mechanism and its Challenges
In spite of the changes that have occurred and the structures put in place, questions
still abound about process and implementation and the product is still a long way
away from where it should be. The most recent experience in Cote d’Ivoire points to
some of the gaps in the mechanism, whilst underscoring the opportunities that are
there for utilizing some of the recommendations in the RTP report in enhancing the
Protocol. If ECOWAS declarations of intent are indeed turned into substance as the
Heads of Government and the Executive Secretariat are determined to achieve, it is
possible for humanitarian intervention to take a much firmer root in West Africa in
time to come. In terms of institutions, the Mechanism has established several
institutions, organs and strategies, all with defined responsibilities and aims that
address peace and security in the sub-region. The most critical institutions are:
• The Mediation and Security Council – The Council operates at the level of heads
of state and government, ministers and ambassadors, charged with the
responsibilities of taking decisions that impact on peace and security, including
authorising deployment of missions;
• The Defence and Security Commission – Made up of Defence chiefs and security
officials charged with the responsibilities of dealing with the technicalities of
military intervention;
• ECOMOG, the erstwhile ad-hoc force now formally established as a multi-
purpose stand-by force ready for immediate deployment. ECOMOG is described
as multi-purpose in the sense that it can assume one of several functions of
2
3. observation, monitoring and peacekeeping. More significantly, it can be deployed
for humanitarian intervention or the enforcement of sanctions. It can also
undertake policing activities in order to control fraud and/or organised crime;
• An early warning system, in the form of a regional observation network has been
created. Established within the secretariat and also in four zones within the
Community, the observation centres are charged with collecting data on states
ranging across economic, political, security and social sectors to be analysed with
a view to detecting early warning signals that may signify potential conflicts
which could then inform region-wide conflict prevention strategies;
• A Council of Elders is also proposed as a mechanism for injecting traditional
conflict resolution mechanism to assume a role in mediation, conciliation and
negotiation. This is made up of 32 eminent persons drawn from within and
outside the region with a mandate for preventive diplomacy and it is convened as
and when required by the Executive Secretariat.
As Figure 1 below shows, the Executive Secretariat plays a central role in ensuring
that the Conflict Mechanism functions adequately. As stated above, the Executive
Secretary has the responsibility to deploy the Council of Elders in any given situation.
More importantly, the newly created office of Political Affairs, Defence and
Security(PADS) headed by a Deputy Executive Secretary is primarily charged with
the implementation of the mechanism, supervision of the Early warning operations
and the zonal observation centres, servicing of the Defence and Security Commission
and policy formulation and implementation of all peacekeeping and humanitarian
operations.
The Mechanism and its supplementary protocol on Democracy and Good Governance
also take a broader view of security, stressing the importance of human security and
democratic governance in the security sector, including roles for civil society. The
Protocol also covers institutional capacity building in the community in order to
provide humanitarian assistance in conflict or disaster area and provides a framework
for action by the community in the critical area of peace-building.
Whilst the ECOWAS mechanism offers a good approach to designing a framework
for cooperative security, it also remains work in progress. Indeed, the Community
also demonstrates commitment to revising and improving the document based on new
information and there is growing evidence of that commitment on the part of the
Executive Secretariat and the Authority of Heads of State.
Among the current gaps is the lack of any substantive role for the Community
Parliament. This gap was recognized and noted at the December 2001 summit of the
organization and the regional body is now considering approaches to involving the
ECOWAS Parliament in the implementation of the Conflict Mechanism and the
Supplementary Protocol on Good Governance and Democracy through the revision of
the Protocol that established the Parliament. In the protocol establishing the
Parliament, it is essentially a forum, composed of delegations from national
parliaments, whose ‘opinion may be sought on matters concerning the Community’
on a range of areas prior to their adoption by the Council’ with little or no supra-
national legislative powers. This is clearly seen as a system that suffers from a ‘huge
dose of democratic deficit’ since parliamentarians are the only direct representatives
of the citizens in the Community. Yet, true as this is, the history of trans-national
3
4. legislatures the world over is one of evolution, usually from delegations from national
parliaments to directly elected representation. It is also the case that the powers of
trans-national parliaments gradually evolve from being largely consultative
assemblies to genuine decision-making legislatures, both in scope and in powers.
Circumstances dictate these inevitable transitions and the performance of the
parliament to date gives the impression that its powers will certainly grow in
consonance with the quality of representation in the Parliament.
Second, there are problems of hegemonic regionalism, leaderism, formalism and
donor driven institutionalisation. Many of the institutions created by the Mechanism
for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security owe
their survival not to the commitment of member states in terms of their financial
contribution, but to the generosity of external supporters with their own subjective
interests. This obviously raises a fundamental question of accountability and strategic
interests especially when those interests conflict with ECOWAS’ positions. Various
attempts are however being made to address this problem, but none to date has proved
to be successful in getting states to meet their assessed contributions to the
Community, leaving the wealthiest and most populous State to underwrite the
expenses of the organisation, with accusations of hegemony in its wake.
The current problems remain at three levels – political, structural and operational
A third, perhaps most critical problem with the ECOWAS framework is that of the
lack of agreement on a common understanding on security and stability. Although the
protocols referred to above were signed with fanfare by most of the Heads of
government and their representatives, nation-building peculiarities make it difficult
for member states to exhibit a shared understanding of a common future.
In spite of the progress described above, a sense of disillusionment is still widespread
in West Africa with the current state of regional security cooperation. Indeed, the
unfortunate occurrence in Cote d’Ivoire seems to be promoting the view in some
circles that despotic peace may be better than democratic freedom. Coupled with the
impression that the gains of the last decade is being eroded in the post 9/11 period, it
is important for the United States and other international actors in Africa to be clear
about the message that is being promoted. It would be sad if the view were to gain
widespread acceptance that despotic peace is better than democratic, even if
problematic freedom. The fact that the ECOWAS has not been quick off the mark in
responding to the Ivorien crisis underscores the need for a framework that goes
beyond the creation of institutions and structures, but one that also possesses the
capacity and the credibility to act on the side of humanitarian intervention and
restoration of order.
This seminar on the Responsibility to Protect report offers us the opportunity to be
clear about the success story in West Africa without underestimating the enormous
challenges that the sub-region faces in constructing a framework for
operationalisation that is realistic and achievable.
Towards a Framework for Regional Security Cooperation: Recommendations
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5. Although what the West African experience demonstrates is that cooperative security
is possible, even among states that lack common values, the future success of
cooperative security depends not only on spreading values that promote human
security, but also on developmental regionalism that intensifies economic ties even in
the quest to foster a sense of a ‘security community’ that serves the interest of all its
members. The closer the ties among states and their citizens in the socio-economic
spheres, the more they will find ways to further their security cooperatively.
Hence, given the context of regionalism described above and the challenges to
cooperative security in Africa, a number of factors are, in my own view, central to the
success or otherwise of the process of entrenching cooperative security in any
regional bloc, if we are to move beyond the formalism of the moment. They include,
but are not necessarily limited to the following key elements:
• Understanding the nature of the post-colonial state and the nation-building
prospects in Africa;
• Subscription to and institutionalisation of core regional values and norms;
• Focusing on deepening democratic and open governance and preventing violent
conflicts through political processes;
• Promoting long term conditions for security and development by using human
security as a bedrock for peace;
• Developing an integrated peacebuilding approach to human security – through the
promotion of governmental and non-governmental approaches and treating
peacekeeping, peacemaking and post-conflict transformation in a continuum;
• Entrenching democratic governance of the security sector by establishing a clear
role definition for security services whilst enhancing professionalism of the sector;
• Building the capacity of African institutions for early warning, as well as
enhancing their capacity to prevent, manage and resolve conflicts;
• Strengthening developmental regionalism as a means of addressing the negative
aspects of globalisation;
• Establishing the parameters of genuine continental and global partnership –
including role clarification between sub-regional bodies, African Union, United
Nations etc.
Whilst it is difficult to be prescriptive about the framework for security cooperation in
Africa, it is gratifying to note that most of what I have stated here are fully reflected
as the key responsibilities of the new African Union Peace and Security Council
approved at the African Union Summit in Durban, especially in relation to NEPAD
and in the sub-regional mechanisms with which I am most familiar, ECOWAS.
The challenge is one of achieving and promoting the values of ownership,
participation, open and transparency accountability, fundamental freedoms and the
rule of law and implementation of agreed principles, rather than structures. The
overriding importance of responsible politics and responsive leadership in building
regional security cooperation is evident from the above. Until we get both right, the
best that can be hoped for remains hegemonic regionalism, which may keep the
peace, but hardly promotes fundamental values of ownership
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6. The discussion then focussed on the legality of the Liberian and Sierra Leone’s
interventions and this produced various perspectives on the legality and legitimacy of
intervention, especially in Sierra Leone where the ECOWAS intervention took a different
trajectory which polarised member states more than the Liberian experience did. In
examining the two interventions in Liberia and Sierra Leone, it was Dr Bundu’s view that
based on the two laws that currently govern regional action (Chapter VII and ECOWAS
Protocol), no enforcement action can be taken by a regional body. Although Article 52 of
Chapter VIII of the UN Charter allows for regional mechanisms for peace support
operations, this must be seen to have been done within a regional framework in which the
United Nations delegates regional action. Unilateral, precipitate and unauthorised action
by individual states cannot be seen as a legitimate basis for military intervention.
In sharp contrast to this viewpoint, some participants felt that any action aimed at
preventing humanitarian disaster could not be described as illegal and for this reason laws
guiding intervention should not be cast in stones. According to one proponent of this
view, customary international law, which also regulates the conduct of states, is made by
the practice of states, by convention rather than by laid down guidelines. He explained
that at least in four cases – unilateral interventions had received retroactive endorsement
from the United Nations. In pursuit of this line of argument, the participant explained that
the intervention in Sierra Leone could be justified as a military assistance package, a
humanitarian intervention or in the context of a threat to regional security. It was the view
of some participants that ECOWAS while customary international law may indeed allow
intervention of a type i.e. in cases of self defence, human rights violation cannot vitiate
the illegality of the action taken by a group of states in the name of humanitarian
intervention.
Even if this may not be legal in the context of the current international law, its legitimacy
was unanimously endorsed. One participant expressed the strong view that by
sanctioning unilateral action of states and/or regional institutions, especially where
capacities within the region are not even handed, proponents of unilateral action may be
promoting states intent on using intervention as an opportunity to eliminate legitimate but
uncooperative governments rather than for the purpose of a security umbrella. Nigeria’s
role under a regime such as that of General Sani Abacha raised the spectre of this
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7. scenario graphically and it also pointed out the difficulty some states had in condemning
the internal problems of the country whilst it was exporting democratic principles
elsewhere in the region.
For other participants though, the legal challenge should not focus exclusively on the
ECOMOG or the security mechanism per se. Since regional collective security refers to
values, interests and norms that transcend the military element of security, the challenge
is how to frame the law to ensure that illegal overthrow of legitimately constituted
governments will not be allowed. This will emphasise the preventive element of conflict
management, rather than the current emphasis on conflict resolution after the fact.
Although consensus was not reached on the distinction between international law and
customary international law as they affect the legal basis of collective regional security,
the conference agreed that the Protocol of 1981 sets the legal basis for peace support
operations, but the current mechanism under discussion is set to enhance that position,
hence the need for policy oriented institutions to work with governments and the
ECOWAS secretariat in shaping the final outcome of the mechanism.
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